Table 1
Correlation matrix between the response variables in the MANCOVA model
| Intrinsic motivation | Extrinsic motivation | Amotivation | Self-efficacy | Test anxiety | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic motivation | 1 | 0.41** | −0.26** | 0.31** | −0.04 |
| N | 322 | 322 | 322 | 321 | 320 |
| Extrinsic motivation | 0.41** | 1 | 0.14* | 0.20** | 0.07 |
| N | 322 | 322 | 322 | 321 | 320 |
| Amotivation | −0.26** | 0.14* | 1 | −0.21** | 0.10 |
| N | 322 | 322 | 322 | 321 | 320 |
| Self-efficacy | 0.31** | 0.20** | −0.21** | 1 | −0.28** |
| N | 321 | 321 | 321 | 321 | 320 |
| Test anxiety | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 | −0.28** | 1 |
| N | 320 | 320 | 320 | 320 | 320 |
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Table 2
Demographics and characteristics of profiles
| Profile membership N (%) | Higher Burnout Lower QOL (HBLQ) | Moderate Burnout Moderate QOL (MBMQ) | Lower Burnout Higher QOL (LBHQ) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of students | 62 (20%) | 131 (41%) | 124 (39%) | 316 |
| Males | 21 (15%) | 54 (39%) | 64 (46%) | 139 |
| Females | 40 (23%) | 77 (44%) | 60 (33%) | 177 |
| Age (mean) | 22.9 | 22.8 | 24.4 | – |
| Year 3 | 18 (21%) | 44 (50%) | 26 (29%) | 88 |
| Year 4 | 18 (20%) | 41 (46%) | 31 (34%) | 90 |
| Year 5 | 26 (19%) | 46 (33%) | 67 (48%) | 139 |
Table 3
Correlations between burnout and quality of life with academic motivation
| Intrinsic motivation | Extrinsic motivation | Amotivation | Self-efficacy | Test anxiety | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBI-MEAN | −0.16** | 0.01 | 0.26** | −0.23** | 0.36** |
| Physical QOL | 0.17** | −0.02 | −0.17** | 0.28** | −0.24** |
| Psychological QOL | 0.20** | −0.01 | −0.31** | 0.35** | −0.33** |
| Social QOL | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.31** | 0.18** | −0.15** |
| Environmental QOL | 0.11* | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.20** | −0.24** |
CBI Copenhagen Burnout Inventory
**Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
Table 4
Academic motivation least square mean scores (LSM) and standard errors (SE) by profile membership
| Profile membership LSM (SE)* | Higher Burnout Lower QOL | Moderate Burnout Moderate QOL | Lower Burnout Higher QOL | P value** | Effect size –partial Eta squaredc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsica | 3.25 (0.08) | 3.46 (0.06) | 3.57 (0.06) | 0.006 | 0.03 |
| Extrinsica | 2.90 (0.11) | 3.00 (0.08) | 2.82 (0.08) | 0.240 | 0.01 |
| Self-efficacyb | 3.27 (0.08) | 3.52 (0.05) | 3.64 (0.06) | 0.001 | 0.04 |
| Test anxietyb | 3.52 (0.12) | 2.86 (0.08) | 2.54 (0.08) | <0.0001 | 0.13 |
| Amotivationa | 1.64 (0.08) | 1.36 (0.05) | 1.18 (0.05) | <0.0001 | 0.07 |
*The reporting least square means (LSMs) are adjusted for gender and year level
** P values from MANCOVA
aMeasured by a modified version of the AMS; range of scores = 1 to 5
bMeasured by the MSLQ; range of scores = 1 to 5
cEffect sizes from partial Eta squared: Small = 0.01–0.06, Medium = 0.06–0.138, Large >0.138 [23]
Table 5
Post hoc comparisons of burnout and quality of life between profiles only, including significant dimensions of the domain
| Academic motivation | Comparisons between profiles | Mean difference* | Standard error | P valuea | 95% CI for differencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic motivation | HBLQ vs LBHQ | −0.31 | 0.10 | 0.004 | (−0.56,−0.08) |
| Amotivation | HBLQ
vs MBMQ HBLQ vs LBHQ | 0.28 0.46 | 0.09 0.95 | 0.008 <0.001 | (0.05,
0.51) (0.24, 0.69) |
| Self-efficacy | HBLQ vs
MBMQ HBLQ vs LBHQ | −0.25 −0.37 | 0.10 0.08 | 0.027 0.001 | (−0.48,−0.02) (−0.60,−0.13) |
| Test anxiety | HBLQ vs MBMQ HBLQ vs LBHQ | 0.66 0.98 | 0.14 0.14 | <0.001 <0.001 | (0.32,
1.00) (0.63, 1.32) |
CI confidence interval, HBLQ Higher Burnout Lower QOL, MBMQ Moderate Burnout Moderate QOL, LBHQ Lower Burnout Higher QOL
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
aAdjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
Fig. 1
Progress test scores for each profile over time