Table 1
Survey question derived and proportion of students per predictor
|
Survey question |
Predictor |
Number of students identified (% cohort) |
|---|---|---|
|
1. Do you consider yourself to come from a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background? |
Perceived CALD |
270 (31.7) |
|
2. In which country were you born? |
Defined CALDa |
133 (15.6) |
|
2b. Are you an international student enrolled in an Australian University programme? |
International student |
106 (12.4) |
|
5. Which language did you first speak as a child? |
English as an additional language |
127 (14.9) |
|
6. Do you speak a language other than English at home? |
Language other than English at home (LOTEH) |
219 (25.7) |
aDefined CALD identified with data from survey questions 2 and 6.
Table 2
Placement outcome data according to predictor variables
|
Predictor |
Category |
Placement outcome N (%) |
Total placements N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pass |
At risk | ||||
|
Student predictors |
Perceived CALD Status |
Perceived CALD |
794 (87.9) |
109 (12.1) |
903 (32.8) |
|
Not perceived CALD |
1740 (94.4) |
104 (5.6) |
1844 (67.1) | ||
|
Defined CALD |
CALD |
370 (86.3) |
59 (13.8) |
429 (15.6) | |
|
Not CALD |
2164 (93.4) |
154 (6.6) |
2318 (84.4) | ||
|
ISa |
International student |
283 (85.2) |
49 (14.8) |
332 (12.1) | |
|
Domestic student |
2251 (93.2) |
164 (6.8) |
2415 (87.9) | ||
|
EALb |
EAL |
336 (83.8) |
65 (16.2) |
401 (14.6) | |
|
EFLd |
2198 (93.7) |
148 (6.3) |
2346 (85.4) | ||
|
LOTEHc |
LOTEH |
655 (88.2) |
88 (11.8) |
743 (27.0) | |
|
English only |
1879 (93.8) |
125 (6.2) |
2004 (73.0) | ||
|
Interactions between predictors |
ISa and EALb |
92 (76) |
29 (24) |
121 (4.4) | |
|
Perceived CALD and EALb |
307 (82.5) |
65 (17.5) |
372 (13.5) | ||
|
Perceived CALD and LOTEHc |
576 (87.0) |
86 (13.0) |
662 (24.1) | ||
|
ISa and LOTEHc |
243 (85.3) |
42 (14.7) |
285 (10.4) | ||
|
Control predictors |
University ID |
A |
563 (91.5) |
52 (8.5) |
615 (22.4) |
|
B |
1294 (91.3) |
123 (8.7) |
1417 (51.6) | ||
|
C |
677 (94.7) |
38 (5.3) |
715 (26.0) | ||
|
Programme |
Undergraduate |
1818 (93.1) |
134 (6.9) |
1952 (71.1) | |
|
Masters |
716 (90.1) |
79 (9.9) |
795 (28.9) | ||
|
Year (of placement assessment) |
2011 |
701 (93.3) |
50 (6.7) |
751 (100) | |
|
2012 |
794 (89.6) |
92 (10.4) |
886 (100) | ||
|
2013 |
1039 (93.6) |
71 (6.4) |
1110 (100) | ||
|
Total placements |
2534 (92.2) |
213 (7.8) |
2747 (100) | ||
CALD culturally and linguistically diverse
aInternational students
bEnglish as an additional language
cLanguage other than English at home
dEnglish as a first language
Table 3
Odds ratios for variables predicting ‘at risk’ placement
|
Predictor OR of ‘at risk’ placement outcome (CI = 95 %) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Predictor |
Predictors entered individually |
Model 1: Single predictors entered together |
Model 2: Single predictors entered with interactions |
Final model: Non-significant student predictors removed | |
|
Student predictors |
English as an additional language (EAL) |
2.75 (1.82–4.17)*** |
2.19 (1.27–3.76)** |
1.75 (0.90–3.53) |
2.38 (1.55–3.67)*** |
|
Language other than English at home (LOTEH) |
1.99 (1.38–2.89)*** |
0.80 (0.44–1.46) |
0.83 (0.45–1.54) |
– | |
|
International student (IS) |
2.33 (1.48–3.66)*** |
1.71 (1.00–2.91)* |
1.34 (0.65–2.77) |
1.83 (1.14–2.92)* | |
|
Perceived CALD |
2.19 (1.53–3.14)*** |
1.48 (0.86–2.56) |
1.57 (0.90–2.75) |
– | |
|
Interactions between predictors |
IS and EAL |
– |
– |
1.66 (0.59–4.65) |
– |
|
IS and LOTEHa |
– |
– |
Estimation problem/high standard error |
– | |
|
Perceived CALD and EALa |
– |
– |
– | ||
|
Perceived CALD and LOTEHa |
– |
– |
– | ||
Unconditional (Null) OR = 0.07 (0.06–0.09)***, variance estimate = 1.31, median odds ratio = 2.98
Final model OR = 0.04 (0.02–0.07)***, variance estimate = 1.21, MOR = 2.86
Year, University and Programme variables were entered as controls for individual predictors and for each model iteration
OR odds ratio, CALD culturally and linguistically diverse
aInteractions between IS and LOTEH; Perceived CALD and EAL; Perceived CALD and LOTEH were eliminated from Model 2 due to estimation problems and standard error
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, N = 2747, common subjects = 852