Mapping AI Adoption across Europe: A Cluster Analysis of National Responsibility

This paper explores the responsibility of European countries in adopting artificial intelligence (AI) through a cluster analysis approach. Using hierarchical clustering (Ward’s method) and K-means clustering, distinct groupings of nations are identified based on their level of AI adoption. The analysis reveals key performance poles, highlighting countries leading to AI adoption and those facing significant challenges due to digital infrastructure, public trust, and policy frameworks. The study relies on data from Eurobarometer 95.2 (2021), incorporating variables related to digital literacy, AI perception, internet usage, and technological infrastructure. Results show clear regional disparities: Northern and Western European countries demonstrate higher AI adoption responsibility, benefiting from strong policies and digital ecosystems. In contrast, Southern and Eastern European nations face obstacles such as limited infrastructure and weaker regulatory frameworks. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of AI adoption dynamics, revealing structural differences between clusters and offering insights into the key drivers of AI integration. By applying unsupervised machine learning techniques, this research underscores the need for tailored policy interventions to bridge the AI adoption gap. The results provide a foundation for designing targeted strategies that promote AI integration across different national contexts, ensuring more inclusive and sustainable technological development.