Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
The number of retractions attributed to each reason in the year of publication_
| Reasons | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falsification | 81 | 91 | 85 | 118 | 101 | 101 | 82 | 90 | 141 | 148 | 128 | 83 | 30 |
| Fabrication | 68 | 81 | 78 | 81 | 55 | 48 | 61 | 69 | 59 | 54 | 58 | 49 | 27 |
| Plagiarism | 125 | 96 | 157 | 160 | 195 | 220 | 194 | 208 | 203 | 191 | 181 | 183 | 88 |
| Fake Peer-review | 10 | 28 | 51 | 119 | 194 | 162 | 86 | 125 | 221 | 196 | 724 | 2,774 | 7,592 |
| Paper Mill | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 64 | 89 | 75 | 179 | 416 | 594 | 460 | 288 | 98 |
| AIGC | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 55 | 46 | 289 | 521 | 194 |
| Inappropriate Authorship | 24 | 26 | 34 | 52 | 72 | 132 | 112 | 128 | 104 | 123 | 173 | 230 | 191 |
| Duplication | 231 | 314 | 319 | 354 | 367 | 425 | 396 | 452 | 547 | 614 | 535 | 315 | 138 |
| Ethical Violations | 23 | 19 | 18 | 31 | 29 | 22 | 30 | 45 | 54 | 63 | 74 | 161 | 369 |
| Other Misconducts | 56 | 61 | 88 | 103 | 100 | 100 | 111 | 119 | 135 | 179 | 283 | 567 | 2,466 |
Characteristics of Amend dataset for retreated papers_
| Retraction | Retraction Rate | Misconduct | Misconduct Rate | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retraction | 32,515 | 6.64 | 26,620 | 5.44 | 81.87% |
| Gold | 14,519 | 16.38 | 13,487 | 15.21 | 92.89% |
| Non-Gold | 17,996 | 4.49 | 13,133 | 3.28 | 72.98% |
Frequency and proportion of reasons for academic misconduct retraction
| Reason | Frequency | Percent | Reason | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falsification | 1,712 | 4.83% | AIGC | 1,176 | 3.82% |
| Fabrication | 1,568 | 4.42% | Inappropriate Authorship | 1,562 | 4.41% |
| Plagiarism | 2,648 | 7.47% | Duplication | 6,152 | 17.36% |
| Fake Peer-review | 12,413 | 35.02% | Ethical Violations | 1,130 | 3.12% |
| Paper Mill | 2,283 | 6.44% | Other Misconduct | 4,798 | 13.54% |