A Novel Metric for Assessing National Strength in Scientific Research: Understanding China's Research Output in Quantum Technology through Collaboration

Figures & Tables

	Autonomy_{China→countries} > 0	Autonomy_{China→countries} < 0	Autonomy_{China→countries} = 0
Developed countries (31)	28	2	1
Developing countries (68)	42	11	15

No.	Country	CT	Contribution proportion	No.	Country	CT	Contribution proportion
1	USA	1,593,667.96	30.57%	75	Cameroon	364.35	0.007%
2	China	639,792.41	12.28%	76	Iceland	358.65	0.007%
3	Germany	471,644.89	9.05%	77	Moldova	332.54	0.006%
4	England	317,155.23	6.08%	78	Indonesia	326.91	0.006%
5	Japan	230,317.08	4.42%	79	Ethiopia	294.08	0.006%
6	Italy	199,203.76	3.82%	80	Philippines	291.82	0.006%
7	France	198,179.40	3.80%	81	Czechoslovakia	281.92	0.005%
8	Canada	163,038.66	3.13%	82	Kazakhstan	238.84	0.005%
9	Austria	154,559.69	2.96%	83	Jordan	213.80	0.004%
10	Switzerland	135,561.92	2.60%	84	Kuwait	206.25	0.004%
11	Spain	113,040.28	2.17%	85	Sri Lanka	200.63	0.004%
12	Australia	111,733.35	2.14%	86	Oman	196.78	0.004%
13	India	91,204.80	1.75%	87	Lebanon	162.98	0.003%
14	Netherlands	80,271.91	1.54%	88	Malta	155.93	0.003%
15	South Korea	62,339.05	1.20%	89	Brunei	98.70	0.002%
16	Russia	61,630.01	1.18%	90	Azerbaijan	92.67	0.002%
17	Israel	60,244.46	1.16%	91	Palestine	83.25	0.002%
18	Poland	51,529.10	0.99%	92	Macedonia	81.75	0.002%
19	Sweden	46,708.93	0.90%	93	Vatican	74.46	0.001%
20	Brazil	41,762.49	0.80%	94	Bosnia & Herceg	72.07	0.001%
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
74	Bahrain	368.82	0.007%	147	Eritrea	0.23	0.000004%

China	Strongly dominant	Substrongly dominant	Dominant	Subweakly dominant	Weakly dominant
Developed Countries	64.13%	1.64%	1.01%	1.26%	31.96%
USA	79.99%	2.39%	0.65%	1.30%	15.66%
Germany	66.77%	0.81%	1.21%	0.70%	30.51%
England	63.17%	1.02%	1.89%	0.87%	33.04%
Japan	67.23%	1.38%	0.61%	2.60%	28.18%
France	41.99%	1.10%	1.38%	1.10%	54.42%
Italy	49.40%	5.22%	0.80%	2.01%	42.57%
Canada	69.73%	1.44%	1.26%	1.08%	26.49%

Developing Countries	29.75%	0.51%	1.06%	1.24%	67.44%
India	42.52%	2.80%	1.40%	2.34%	50.93%
Russia	31.58%	0.38%	1.88%	0.75%	65.41%

No.	Country	SR	SS	No.	Country	SR	SS
1	USA	0.54	853,088.21	75	Philippines	0.22	63.31
2	China	0.77	493,650.57	76	Moldova	0.19	61.86
3	Germany	0.36	170,519.88	77	Indonesia	0.16	51.88
4	Japan	0.59	136,364.59	78	Macedonia	0.62	50.78
5	England	0.33	105,841.36	79	Kazakhstan	0.21	49.26
6	Italy	0.42	84,291.22	80	Jordan	0.21	45.08
7	India	0.70	63,615.28	81	Cuba	0.07	41.72
8	France	0.32	63,100.22	82	Qatar	0.03	35.43
9	Canada	0.34	54,791.26	83	Jamaica	0.61	34.89
10	Austria	0.28	43,443.24	84	Serbia Monteneg	0.53	30.53
11	Switzerland	0.28	37,720.08	85	Bahrain	0.08	29.09
12	Australia	0.33	36,955.01	86	Oman	0.14	27.10
13	Spain	0.31	34,742.01	87	Sri Lanka	0.12	24.12
14	South Korea	0.55	34,124.41	88	Brunei	0.24	23.50
15	Russia	0.46	28,491.90	89	North Korea	0.33	23.45
16	Iran	0.77	23,826.65	90	Malta	0.14	21.40
17	Israel	0.37	22,480.51	91	North Macedonia	0.29	19.60
18	Netherlands	0.27	21,887.75	92	Lebanon	0.10	15.97
19	Brazil	0.52	21,704.77	93	Bosnia & Herceg	0.15	11.01
20	Poland	0.41	20,901.86	94	Azerbaijan	0.10	9.32
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
74	Cyprus	0.08	29.09	147	Panama	−0.08	−5.01

Collaboration patterns	Dominant country	Largest contributing country	Subordinate country	Weight
Strongly dominant	i	i	j	5/15
Substrongly dominant	i	j		4/15
Dominant	i		j	3/15
Subweakly dominant		i	j	2/15
Weakly dominant			i j	1/15

Country	Number of Papers	Zero citation Papers	Proportion
USA	40,906	2,224	5.44%
Peoples R China	40,180	4,876	12.14%
Germany	18,633	748	4.01%
England	11,904	441	3.70%
Japan	11,726	958	8.17%
Italy	8,937	492	5.51%
India	7,394	906	12.25%
Russia	6,252	721	11.53%
Brazil	3,520	316	8.98%
Iran	3,061	427	13.95%

No.	Country	Betweenness Centrality	Degree Centrality	Closeness Centrality
1	France	0.0700	106	0.7650
2	South Africa	0.0607	90	0.7083
3	USA	0.0594	111	0.7846
4	Germany	0.0518	106	0.7650
5	Spain	0.0516	94	0.7183
6	China	0.0427	99	0.7391
7	England	0.0421	105	0.7612
8	India	0.0384	94	0.7217
9	Canada	0.0367	92	0.7116
10	Sweden	0.0335	89	0.7018

	China	USA	Singapore	Japan	Australia	...	Algeria
China		↙10.36%↑−9.66%	↙10.66%↑ −9.05%	↙11.76%↑ −5.10%	↙9.53%↑ −10.84%		↙6.67%↑0
USA	↙20.02%↑9.66%		↙12.97%↑0.09%	↙12.92%↑ −1.58%	↙14.18%↑0.91%		↙12.38%↑1.90%
Singapore	↙19.71%↑9.05%	↙12.88%↑ −0.09%		↙15.87%↑5.333%	↙15.22%↑4.03%		↙0.00%↑0
Japan	↙16.86%↑5.10%	↙14.51%↑1.58%	↙10.54%↑ −5.33%		↙15.79%↑5.53%		↙33.33%↑33.33%
Australia	↙20.37%↑10.84%	↙13.28%↑ −0.91%	↙11.19%↑ −4.03%	↙10.26%↑ −5.53%			↙0.00%↑ −33.33%
...						...	...
Algeria	↙6.67%↑0	↙10.48%↑ −1.90%	↙0.00%↑0	↙0.00%↑ −33.33%	↙33.33%↑33.33%	...

No.	Collaboration country (Number of papers)	Collaboration strength^a	Collaboration papers
1	Sri Lanka (64); Cyprus (109)	0.51	43
2	Sri Lanka (64); Georgia (139)	0.46	43
3	Estonia (189); Sri Lanka (64)	0.39	43
4	Cyprus (109); Georgia (139)	0.38	47
5	Egypt (1,386); Saudi Arabia (1,567)	0.36	528