A Morphology-Driven Method for Measuring Technology Complementarity: Empirical Study Involving Alzheimer's Disease

Wang, Xuefeng; Li, Rongrong; Liu, Yuqin; Lei, Ming

doi:10.2478/jdis-2022-0017

Figures & Tables

The schematic diagram of a morphology-driven method for measuring technology complementarity.

The realization steps of technology complementarity measurement based on the improved morphology-driven method: a case study involving Alzheimer's disease

The comparison between the technology complementarity methods based on SAO and IPC.

The cluster analysis of S based on S similarity matrix.

The cluster analysis of AO based on AO similarity matrix.

Extracted SAO semantic structure and corresponding patentee_

Patent Number	Patentee Code	S(Subject)	A(Action)	O(Object)
JP2006199666	AAKS-C; NAGS-CNAGS-C	Agent	Treats	Amnesia
JP2008214245	NAGS-C	Inhibitors	Treats	Alzheimer's Disease
		Inhibitors	Treats	Arteriosclerosis
		Inhibitors	Treats	Diabetic Nephropathy
		Inhibitors	Treats	Diabetic Neuropathies
		Inhibitors	Treats	Diabetic Retinopathy
		Inhibitors	Treats	Inflammation
		Inhibitors	Treats	Cerebrovascular accident
		Inhibitors	Treats	Myocardial Ischemia
WO200294259; EP1387678-A1; AU2002314036; US2004235813	PLAC-C	Peptides	Disrupts	Adenosine triphosphatase activity
		Amyloid	Interacts_With	aapp
		HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins	Interacts_With	aapp
		Pharmaceutical Preparations	Treats	Disease
		HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins	Treats	Disease
		HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins	Treats	Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
WO200288108; US2003013712; EP1383759; US6727364; AU2002305226; JP2004528351; CN1505625; AU2002305226	PROC-C	Macular degeneration	Affects	Hair growth
		Pterygium	Affects	Hair growth
		Disease	Associated_With	cytokine activity
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Causes	Cachexia
		Prophylactic treatment	Causes	skin disorder
		Prophylactic treatment	Causes	Dermatitis, Atopic
		Prophylactic treatment	Causes	Scleroderma
		Prophylactic treatment	Causes	Epidermolysis Bullosa
		Prophylactic treatment	Causes	Psoriasis
		Macular degeneration	Affects	Hair growth
……	……	……	……	……

The technology morphology matrix for MERI-C_

	TQ₁	…	TQ₁₁₄	…	TQ₂₀	…	TQ₃₆
TM₁					Acetic Acid-TREATS-CNS Disorder;
TM₂
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
TM₂₁₄			Down Syndrome-Causes-Alzheimer's Disease; Down Syndrome-Causes-Alzheimer's Disease;		Down Syndrome-Causes-Epilepsy;
TM₂₁₅					Antibodies-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Antibodies-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders;
TM₂₁₆
TM₂₁₇	Ethanol-Treats-Autoimmune Diseases; Ethanol-Treats-Autoimmune Diseases;	…	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Parkinson Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Parkinson Disease; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Neurodegenerative Disorders; Potassium Channel Blockers-Treats-Alzheimer's Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Huntington Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Dementia; Ethanol-Treats-Huntington Disease; Ethanol-Treats-Dementia; Ethanol-Treats-Mental Disorders; Serine-Prevents-Dementia;		Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Cns Disorder; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Treats-Cns Disorder; Ethanol-Treats-Epilepsy; Ethanol-Treats-Cerebrovascular Accident; Ethanol-Treats-Epilepsy; Ethanol-Treats-Cerebrovascular Accident;	…	…
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
TM₄₂₅

A sample morphological matrix_ (Assuming there are only three attributes and each attribute has only two levels)

		Attribute 1		Attribute 2		Attribute 3

		Level 1	Level 2	Level 1	Level 2	Level 1	Level 2
Attribute 1	Level 1
Attribute 1	Level 2
Attribute 2	Level 1
Attribute 2	Level 2
Attribute 3	Level 1
Attribute 3	Level 2

Results of technology complementarity between institutions based on IPC classification numbers_

	AAKS-C	ABBI-C	ABBO-C	ABLY-C	ACAD-C	ACET-C	ACIM-C	ACOR-C	ACVE-C	ADCE-C	ADDE-C	ADIR-C	AFFI-C	…..
AAKS-C	0	0.0897	0.1091	0.0769	0.0684	0.1047	0.0576	0.0538	0.0544	0.0692	0.0682	0.0333	0.0612	…..
ABBI-C	0.0712	0	0.124	0.0687	0.0681	0.126	0.0619	0.0561	0.0511	0.0727	0.0803	0.03	0.0686	…..
ABBO-C	0.0818	0.1135	0	0.0745	0.0741	0.1288	0.0594	0.059	0.0719	0.0867	0.0696	0.0478	0.0548	…..
ABLY-C	0.0983	0.1077	0.1242	0	0.0783	0.1336	0.0725	0.0749	0.0765	0.0941	0.074	0.0436	0.0715	…..
ACAD-C	0.1367	0.153	0.1695	0.1251	0	0.1458	0.1009	0.0924	0.1132	0.1395	0.1232	0.0777	0.1038	…..
ACET-C	0.1058	0.1456	0.1636	0.1174	0.0859	0	0.0954	0.0695	0.0996	0.1131	0.0936	0.0764	0.1006	…..
ACIM-C	0.1005	0.1222	0.1306	0.0932	0.0765	0.1318	0	0.0808	0.0812	0.1006	0.0662	0.0408	0.0576	…..
ACOR-C	0.1093	0.1296	0.1449	0.1077	0.0781	0.1174	0.0927	0	0.09	0.1061	0.0905	0.0708	0.0902	…..
ACVE-C	0.0864	0.1028	0.1326	0.088	0.0775	0.1312	0.0714	0.0682	0	0.0805	0.0771	0.0425	0.0662	…..
ADCE-C	0.0831	0.1041	0.1292	0.0857	0.0857	0.1246	0.071	0.0636	0.0605	0	0.0685	0.0518	0.0723	…..
ADDE-C	0.1183	0.1464	0.1478	0.1027	0.105	0.1391	0.0745	0.0863	0.0941	0.1067	0	0.063	0.0788	…..
ADIR-C	0.1149	0.1274	0.1561	0.1039	0.0929	0.1556	0.0798	0.0969	0.0908	0.1183	0.0918	0	0.0904	…..
AFFI-C	0.1107	0.1342	0.133	0.0997	0.0898	0.1463	0.0653	0.0871	0.0828	0.1088	0.0763	0.0583	0	…..
AGEN-C	0.1147	0.1321	0.1695	0.1249	0.1017	0.1295	0.0966	0.0826	0.0896	0.1013	0.1174	0.0812	0.1081	…..
AICU-C	0.0916	0.1114	0.1296	0.0934	0.0862	0.1333	0.0652	0.0741	0.0585	0.0768	0.0689	0.0425	0.0641	…..
AISS-C	0.1211	0.1379	0.1665	0.1327	0.0944	0.159	0.1033	0.1076	0.1065	0.1188	0.1129	0.0764	0.0965	…..
AJIN-C	0.1206	0.1338	0.1498	0.108	0.1054	0.1572	0.0947	0.097	0.0859	0.102	0.0913	0.0578	0.0849	…..
ALKP-C	0.1511	0.1663	0.1826	0.1467	0.1155	0.1668	0.129	0.1101	0.1203	0.1473	0.1285	0.0936	0.1178	…..
ALKU-C	0.1144	0.1455	0.1328	0.1083	0.0915	0.1319	0.0975	0.0833	0.106	0.1266	0.1094	0.0681	0.1024	…..
ALLR-C	0.1419	0.1666	0.1766	0.1337	0.0935	0.1461	0.1179	0.0996	0.1217	0.1443	0.1116	0.0944	0.1089	…..
…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..

Comparison of rankings based on the three technology similarity methods with rankings based on expert knowledge_

Institutions	rankings based on SAO	rankings based on expert	absolute value	Institutions	rankings based on IPC	rankings based on expert	absolute value
HOFF-C	1	6	5	UYMI-C	1	7	6
PFIZ-C	2	1	1	UYXM-C	2	9	7
TAKE-C	3	8	5	UCNT-C	3	8	5
FARB-C	4	5	1	SYTO-C	4	5	1
GLAX-C	5	2	3	UJIN-C	5	10	5
BRIM-C	6	4	2	ZYMO-C	6	2	4
ASTR-C	7	3	4	UYSY-C	7	4	3
AMHP-C	8	9	1	ZHJA-C	8	6	2
SMIK-C	9	10	1	TAKI-C	9	1	8
NOVS-C	10	7	3	THRE-C	10	3	7
The sum of absolute value of difference between the rankings based on technology similarity method with rankings based on expert			26				48
The average value of absolute value of difference between the rankings based on technology similarity method with rankings based on expert			2.6				4.8

The number of S and the concept of S_

No	S	No	S	No	S	No	S	…..
1	Abetalipoproteinemia	29	Alkaline Phosphatase	67	Antiepileptic Agents	112	Bile Acids	…..
2	Spontaneous abortion	30	Alleles	68	Epitopes	113	Binding Sites	…..
3	Abscess	31	Allergens	69	Antigens	114	Biogenesis	…..
4	Acetic Acid	32	Allergic rhinitis NOS	70	Antihypertensive Agents	115	Biological Products	…..
5	Acetylation	33	Alopecia	71	Antimalarials	116	Biotin	…..
6	Acetylcholine	34	Alopecia Areata	72	Antineoplastic Agents	117	Bipolar Disorder	…..
7	Acetylcholinesterase	35	Altitude Sickness	73	Antioxidants	118	Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder	…..
8	Acids	36	Alzheimer's Disease	74	Antiviral Agents	119	Bladder, Neurogenic	…..
9	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	37	Amenorrhea	75	Anxiety Disorders	120	Bulla	…..
10	Acriflavine	38	Amides	76	Aortic Aneurysm	121	Blood Coagulation Disorders	…..
11	Actins	39	Amidines	77	Aphasia	122	Blood Glucose	…..
12	Addison's disease	40	Amines	78	Apolipoproteins	123	Bone Diseases	…..
13	Adenine	41	Amino Acids	79	Apolipoprotein E	124	Bone Diseases, Metabolic	…..
14	adenoma	42	Transaminases	80	Desire for food	125	Bone Marrow Transplantation	…..
15	Adenosine Monophosphate	43	Amnesia	81	Appetite Regulation	126	Bone Regeneration	…..
16	Receptors, Purinergic P1	44	Amyloid	82	cardiac arrhythmia	127	Bone Resorption	…..
17	ATP phosphohydrolase	45	Amyloidosis	83	Art Therapy	128	Brain Diseases	…..
18	ADENYLATE KINASE	46	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	84	Arthritis	129	Brain Neoplasms	…..
19	Immunologic Adjuvants	47	Analgesics	85	Arthritis, Gouty	130	Malignant neoplasm of breast	…..
…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..

Results of technology complementarity between institutions based on SAO_

	AAKS-C	ABBI-C	ABBO-C	ABLY-C	ACAD-C	ACET-C	ACIM-C	ACOR-C	ACVE-C	ADCE-C	ADDE-C	ADIR-C	AFFI-C	…..
AAKS-C	0	0.002	0.0016	0.0023	0.0021	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	0.0023	…..
ABBI-C	0.0535	0	0.0201	0.0529	0.0509	0.0509	0.0504	0.0513	0.0527	0.0521	0.0511	0.0534	0.0528	…..
ABBO-C	0.0656	0.0332	0	0.0653	0.0634	0.0626	0.063	0.0642	0.0654	0.0647	0.0637	0.066	0.0652	…..
ABLY-C	0.005	0.0041	0.0041	0	0.0051	0.0049	0.005	0.005	0.0048	0.005	0.0049	0.0048	0.005	…..
ACAD-C	0.0096	0.0068	0.0068	0.0098	0	0.0086	0.0087	0.0088	0.0096	0.0093	0.0093	0.0096	0.0093	…..
ACET-C	0.0125	0.0095	0.0087	0.0124	0.0113	0	0.0122	0.0116	0.0123	0.0119	0.0121	0.0125	0.0121	…..
ACIM-C	0.0085	0.0049	0.005	0.0085	0.0074	0.0082	0	0.0076	0.0079	0.0077	0.008	0.0084	0.0075	…..
ACOR-C	0.0071	0.0046	0.005	0.0071	0.0061	0.0062	0.0063	0	0.0066	0.0062	0.0066	0.0071	0.007	…..
ACVE-C	0.0023	0.0012	0.0014	0.0021	0.0021	0.0021	0.0018	0.0017	0	0.0019	0.0021	0.0019	0.0021	…..
ADCE-C	0.004	0.0023	0.0025	0.0041	0.0035	0.0035	0.0033	0.0031	0.0037	0	0.0039	0.004	0.0039	…..
ADDE-C	0.0091	0.0063	0.0062	0.0089	0.0085	0.0086	0.0085	0.0085	0.0089	0.0089	0	0.009	0.0089	…..
ADIR-C	0.0016	0.0012	0.0014	0.0014	0.0014	0.0015	0.0015	0.0015	0.0012	0.0015	0.0015	0	0.0015	…..
AFFI-C	0.0023	0.0013	0.0013	0.0023	0.0018	0.002	0.0014	0.0022	0.0021	0.0021	0.0021	0.0023	0	…..
AGEN-C	0.0017	0.0008	0.0013	0.0017	0.0016	0.0018	0.0012	0.0014	0.0015	0.0017	0.0014	0.0017	0.0014	…..
AICU-C	0.0025	0.0021	0.0013	0.0025	0.0022	0.0023	0.0022	0.0021	0.0021	0.0021	0.0025	0.0025	0.0023	…..
AISS-C	0.006	0.0046	0.0043	0.006	0.0051	0.0055	0.0053	0.0056	0.0058	0.0056	0.006	0.0058	0.0058	…..
AJIN-C	0.0029	0.0023	0.0027	0.0029	0.0025	0.0026	0.0027	0.0027	0.0027	0.0027	0.0027	0.0029	0.0027	…..
ALKP-C	0.0027	0.0018	0.0016	0.0027	0.0028	0.0025	0.0027	0.0025	0.0025	0.0025	0.0021	0.0027	0.0027	…..
ALKU-C	0.0042	0.0028	0.0025	0.0044	0.0035	0.0039	0.0044	0.0044	0.0044	0.0044	0.0043	0.0042	0.0042	…..
ALLR-C	0.0327	0.0297	0.0284	0.033	0.0316	0.0311	0.0323	0.0321	0.0327	0.0322	0.0314	0.033	0.0327	…..
ALLX-C	0.0004	0.0002	0.0002	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	…..
…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..

The semantic similarity calculation results between AO based on UMLS_

AO1	AO2	similarity	AO1	AO2	similarity	AO1	AO2	similarity	AO1	AO2	similarity	AO1	AO2	similarity	AO1	AO2	similarity	…..
7	661	1	3	4	0.5	15	2,715	0.1861	15	2,285	0.079	15	6,404	0.0278	107	3,714	0.0085	…..
28	728	1	3	5	0.5	15	7,638	0.1861	15	3,700	0.079	15	7,392	0.0278	107	3,925	0.0085	…..
100	320	1	9	2,835	0.48	40	1,630	0.1828	15	3,791	0.079	15	7,497	0.0278	107	6,199	0.0085	…..
9	19	0.98	9	3,872	0.48	40	2,578	0.1828	15	4,099	0.079	15	7,982	0.0278	107	7,552	0.0085	…..
86	210	0.9728	9	5,795	0.48	40	3,761	0.1828	15	4,295	0.079	15	8,291	0.0278	27	7,813	0.0077	…..
46	125	0.9706	90	3,053	0.4706	40	3,983	0.1828	15	5,800	0.079	22	1,452	0.0278	71	1,540	0.0075	…..
90	282	0.9706	90	8,578	0.4706	40	6,052	0.1828	15	5,913	0.079	22	2,325	0.0278	71	3,655	0.0075	…..
25	835	0.96	25	2,509	0.46	40	7,427	0.1828	15	5,953	0.079	22	3,738	0.0278	71	3,737	0.0075	…..
59	810	0.9445	25	8,307	0.46	1	3,954	0.1667	15	5,955	0.079	22	3,879	0.0278	71	6,001	0.0075	…..
60	1,207	0.9	59	2,358	0.4445	1	7,175	0.1667	15	6,056	0.079	22	5,939	0.0278	71	6,129	0.0075	…..
87	566	0.8936	59	5,968	0.4445	41	1,408	0.1667	15	7,359	0.079	22	6,051	0.0278	71	7,454	0.0075	…..
26	859	0.8846	59	6,323	0.4445	41	2,662	0.1667	15	7,572	0.079	22	7,369	0.0278	46	1,645	0.0073	…..
13	41	0.875	59	7,905	0.4445	41	7,606	0.1667	109	3,226	0.0715	37	1,497	0.0266	46	4,009	0.0073	…..
27	1,137	0.8334	61	3,502	0.4385	23	1,450	0.1539	69	2,962	0.0709	37	3,544	0.0266	30	1,761	0.0067	…..
76	896	0.7756	73	1,625	0.4	23	2,567	0.1539	69	7,469	0.0709	37	3,736	0.0266	30	2,752	0.0067	…..
69	258	0.775	73	2,488	0.4	23	2,851	0.1539	97	5,964	0.0648	37	5,920	0.0266	30	4,207	0.0067	…..
19	66	0.7728	73	6,196	0.4	23	6,274	0.1539	26	1,761	0.0633	37	6,059	0.0266	30	7,587	0.0067	…..
74	775	0.7586	73	7,854	0.4	23	8,562	0.1539	26	2,752	0.0633	37	7,592	0.0266	48	1,653	0.0062	…..
87	498	0.74	87	1,592	0.3936	15	1,496	0.1464	26	4,207	0.0633	41	1,340	0.0266	86	4,115	0.006	…..
31	540	0.7364	87	2,976	0.3936	15	2,353	0.1464	26	7,587	0.0633	41	2,286	0.0266	23	1,536	0.0058	…..
…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..

The cleaning process and results_

Number	Cleaning process	Results
#1	Separation of primitive natural semantic relations.	306,957
#2	Delete 684 records with missing relationships.	305,913
	Delete 2231 records with missing subject.	303,682
	Delete 2072 records with missing predicate.	301,610
	Delete 362 records with missing PMID number.	301,248
#3	Delete the remarks and analysis information of subject, predicate and object.	301,248
#4	Delete records where Subject and Object are meaningless numbers and mathematical formulas.	301,242
#5	Remove the SAO semantic structure that is not related to technology and only retain SAO semantic structure whose semantic relationship are the functionally related and conceptually related.	122,769

Schematic diagram of the technology morphological matrix_

	TQ₁	TQ₂	………	TQ_k
TM₁
TM₂
………			SAO_ij
TM_f

The specific search strategy of Alzheimer's disease form Derwent_

Search strategy

Result

TS=((Alzheimer* (disease* or dementia)) or Alzheimer or (Alzheimer (Dementia* or (Sclerosis or Syndrome) or (Type Dementia) or (Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia))) or (Dementia ((Alzheimer's type) or Alzheimer* or (of The Alzheimer* Type) or (Alzheimer's type) or (in Alzheimer's disease) or (of Alzheimers Type))) or (Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia) or (Senile Dementia of The Alzheimer Type)or (Senile Dementia)or (simple senile dementia)) AND PY=(2000–2018)

48,268

The number of AO and the concept of AO_

NO	A	O	NO	A	O	NO	A	O	…..
1	Affects	Myelination	21	Affects	Hair Growth	41	Affects	Tauopathies	…..
2	Affects	Septicemia	22	Affects	AIDS Dementia Complex	42	Affects	Graves’ Disease	…..
3	Affects	Chronic Pain	23	Affects	Rheumatoid Arthritis	43	Affects	Orchitis	…..
4	Affects	Bacteria	24	Affects	Diabetes Mellitus	44	Affects	Hashimoto Disease	…..
5	Affects	Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocyte	25	Affects	Glomerulonephritis	45	Affects	Autoimmune Oophoritis	…..
6	Affects	Proteins	26	Affects	Spinal Muscular Atrophy	46	Affects	Oxidation-Reduction	…..
7	Affects	Gngm	27	Affects	Parkinson Disease	47	Affects	Prostate	…..
8	Affects	Response	28	Affects	Psoriasis	48	Affects	Gluconeogenesis	…..
9	Affects	Aging-Related Process	29	Affects	Cerebellar Degeneration	49	Affects	Drug Interactions	…..
10	Affects	Entire Nervous System	30	Affects	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	50	Affects	Acidification	…..
11	Affects	Neuraxis	31	Affects	Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic	51	Affects	Energy Balance	…..
12	Affects	Hydrolysis	32	Affects	Retinitis Pigmentosa	52	Affects	Graft Rejection	…..
13	Affects	Alzheimer's Disease	33	Affects	Retroviridae Infections	53	Affects	Facilitation	…..
14	Affects	Disease	34	Affects	Inflammatory Disorder	54	Affects	Receptor Function	…..
15	Affects	Dementia	35	Affects	Patients	55	Affects	Autoimmune Diseases	…..
16	Affects	Signal Transduction Inhibition	36	Affects	Immune System Diseases	56	Affects	Sex Behavior	…..
17	Affects	Folliculitis	37	Affects	Neurodegenerative Disorders	57	Affects	Growth	…..
18	Affects	Diabetes	38	Affects	Neoplasm	58	Affects	Organism	…..
19	Affects	Aging	39	Affects	Lamellipodium Biogenesis	59	Affects	Memory Disorders	…..
20	Affects	Apoptosis	40	Affects	Intestinal Diseases	60	Affects	Insulin Resistance	…..
…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..	…..

A Morphology-Driven Method for Measuring Technology Complementarity: Empirical Study Involving Alzheimer's Disease

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Appendix 3

Appendix 4