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Examples of SPO triples extracted from scientific statements_
| # | PMID | Year | Sentence | Subject | Predicate | Object |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11748351 | 2001 | 95232561. The high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. | Low-Density Lipoproteins (Chem. & Drugs) | PREDISPOSES (others) | Cardiovascular Diseases (Disorders) |
| 2 | 16541193 | 2006 | 62140. Our finding suggests that the CYP2C9*3 gene variant significantly alters the plasma concentration and acute DBP response at the 6-h point following irbesartan treatment in Chinese hypertensive patients | Hypertensive (Disorders) | PROCESS_OF (functionally_related_to) | Patients Living Beings |
| 3 | 27733220 | 2016 | 7853995. Subgroup analysis for each outcome measure was performed for the observing time point after the transplantation of MSCs. | Stem cells Anatomy | PART_OF physically_related_to | Marrow Anatomy |
| 4 | 32421381 | 2020 | 345332630. Our data seem to suggest that COVID-19 is probably an additional risk factor for DVT in hospitalized patients. | COVID-19 (Disorders) | PREDISPOSES others | Deep Vein Thrombosis Physiology |
| 5 | 32493073 | 2020 | 345298871. COVID-19 presented with deep vein thrombosis: an unusual presentation. | COVID-19 (Disorders) | COEXISTS_WITH others | Deep Vein Thrombosis Physiology |
| 6 | 32351121 | 2020 | 345367243. In this brief review, we will elaborate on the role of RAS and ACE2 in pathogenesis of COVID-19. | Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (Chem. & Drugs) | CAUSES (functionally_related_to) | COVID-19 (Disorders) |
Frequencies of the uncertain cue words_
| Cue words | Frequency in all SemMedDB sentences | Frequency in our Triples Store sentences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown lexicon | ||||
| uncertain* | 227,014 | (10.57%) | 191 | (12.87%) |
| unknown | 525,536 | (24.48%) | 499 | (33.62%) |
| Hedging lexicon | ||||
| maybe | 10,286 | (0.48%) | 142 | (9.57%) |
| may | 5,946,955 | (276.96%) | 10,050 | (677.19%) |
| might | 949,536 | (44.22%) | 2,639 | (177.82%) |
| possible | 1,751,994 | (81.59%) | 1,611 | (108.55%) |
| potential | 2,879,336 | (134.10%) | 2,675 | (180.25%) |
| seems | 333,677 | (15.54%) | 154 | (10.38%) |
| perhaps | 84,058 | (3.91%) | 32 | (2.16%) |
| likely | 1,052,986 | (49.04%) | 1,248 | (84.09%) |
| sometimes | 119,942 | (5.59%) | 26 | (1.75%) |
| Conflicting lexicon | ||||
| conflict* | 175,516 | (8.17%) | 59 | (3.98%) |
| contradict* | 46,639 | (2.17%) | 10 | (0.67%) |
| controvers* | 208,264 | (9.70%) | 308 | (20.75%) |
| debat* | 122,332 | (5.70%) | 54 | (3.64%) |
| no consensus | 17,907 | (0.83%) | 9 | (0.61%) |
| questionable* | 21,159 | (0.99%) | 5 | (0.34%) |
| refut* | 9,710 | (0.45%) | 9 | (0.61%) |
Examples of uncertain sentences and triples from different parts of scientific statements_
| Statement Location | Supporting Sentences | SPO Triples |
|---|---|---|
| Premise (Background) | Liver X receptors (LXRs) play a central role in atherosclerosis; however, LXR activity of organic pollutants and associated potential risk of atherosclerosis have not yet been characterized. | liver X receptor_AFFECTS_Atherosclerosis |
| Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is considered to be a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but this remains controversial. | Phospholipase A2_PREDISPOSES_Acute coronary syndrome | |
| Hypothesis (Objective) | We therefore performed a case-control study investigating the possible relation between ACE gene polymorphisms and MVPS in Taiwan Chinese. | Mitral Valve Prolapse_ASSOCIATED_WITH_gene polymorphism |
| Given the uncertainty regarding the relationship of C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) to atherosclerotic burden, our aim was to determine whether CRP and Hcy are related to the presence of subclinical coronary plaque and stenosis. | Stenosis_ASSOCIATED_WITH_C-reactive protein | |
| Evidence (Results) | Ischemic heart disease was identified as the possible etiology of HF in a greater proportion of non-Chinese patients (47.7% vs. 35.3%; p < 0.001) whereas hypertension (26.1% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001) and valvular heart disease (11.6% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001) were relatively more common in Chinese patients. | Myocardial Ischemia_CAUSES_Heart failure |
| Genetic polymorphisms of four genes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been demonstrated to associate with the increased risk for both MDD and stroke, while the association between identified polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and serum paraoxonase (PON1) with depression is still under debate, for the existing studies are insufficient in sample size. | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A_PREDISPOSES_Cerebrovascular accident Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A_PREDISPOSES_Major Depressive Disorder Arylesterase_PREDISPOSES_Cerebrovascular accident Arylesterase_PREDISPOSES_Major Depressive Disorder | |
| Claims (Conclusions) | This study shows a significant association of hypertension susceptibility loci only in obese Chinese children, suggesting a likely influence of childhood obesity on the risk of hypertension. | Hypertensive disease_AFFECTS_Obesity |
| Our data demonstrate that TrkB protects endothelial integrity during atherogenesis by promoting Ets1-mediated VE-cadherin expression and plays a previously unknown protective role in the development of CAD | ETS1 gene, ETS1_INTERACTS_WITH_cadherin 5 |
Top 10 SO pairs with the highest IE value_
| # | Subject_Object Pair | Start year | End year | # Sentence | IE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Polymorphism, Genetic (Genetic Function / Physiology) | _ | Coronary Arteriosclerosis (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | 2010 | 2019 | 9 | 1.837 |
| 2 | Fibrinogen (AAPP / Chem. & Drugs) | _ | Ischemic stroke (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | 2006 | 2015 | 5 | 1.522 |
| 3 | Vascular Diseases (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | _ | Human (Human / Living Beings) | 2003 | 2013 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 4 | Epinephrine (Hormone / Chem. & Drugs) | _ | Cardiopulmonary Arrest (Pathologic Function / Disorders) | 2007 | 2007 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 5 | Ischemic stroke (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | _ | Variation (Genetics) (NPOP / Phenomena) | 2008 | 2016 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 6 | Gene Expression (Genetic Function / Physiology) | _ | Population Group (Human / Living Beings) | 2016 | 2018 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 7 | Reactive Oxygen Species (BACS / Chem. & Drugs) | _ | Apoptosis (Cell Function / Physiology) | 2017 | 2020 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 8 | Basal Ganglia (BPOC / Anatomy) | _ | Hematoma (Pathologic Function / Disorders) | 2012 | 2017 | 4 | 1.500 |
| 9 | HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Organic Chemical /Chem. & Drugs) | _ | Acute coronary Syndrome (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | 2009 | 2019 | 6 | 1.459 |
| 10 | Hyperuricemia (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | _ | Hypertensive Disease (Disease or Syndrome / Disorders) | 2012 | 2019 | 14 | 1.430 |
Sample sentences from SO pairs with high IE_
| Polymorphism, Genetic_Coronary Arteriosclerosis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | PMID | Year | Predicate | Sentence |
| 1.1 | 20668462 | 2010 | AFFECTS | To clarify whether polymorphisms of the RAGE gene were related to CAD, we performed a case-control study in Chinese Han patients. |
| 1.2 | 22363637 | 2012 | AFFECTS | Our findings failed to demonstrate a correlation between (CAG)(n) polymorphism with CAD; however, we concluded that the rare 21bp deletion might have a more compelling effect on CAD than the common (CAG)(n) polymorphism, and MEF2A genetic variant might be a rare but specific cause of CAD/MI. |
| 1.3 | 22345093 | 2012 | NEG_AFFECTS | The three other polymorphisms of the RAS do not seem to influence the development of CAD in type 2 diabetes. |
| 1.4 | 23583798 | 2013 | AFFECTS | However, given the limited number of studies and the potential biases, the influence of this (myeloperoxidase (MPO) G463A) polymorphism on CAD risk needs further investigation. |
| 1.5 | 24155913 | 2013 | CAUSES | Our findings provided strong evidence for the potentially contributory roles of RAGE multiple genetic polymorphisms, especially in the context of locus-to-locus interaction, in the pathogenesis of CAD among northeastern Han Chinese. |
| 1.6 | 24239227 | 2014 | AFFECTS | Some polymorphisms in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 gene (FGFR-4) have been correlated with coronary artery disease, however, the role of polymorphisms in the FGFR-4 gene in ischemic stroke remain unknown. |
| 1.7 | 27323132 | 2016 | AFFECTS | There is growing evidence that polymorphisms in NOS3 influence the progression of CAD; however, there is also a controversy regarding the association of polymorphisms in the gene encoding NOS3 and CAD. |
| 1.8 | 30826813 | 2019 | AFFECTS | Studies have reported that inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene −251 A/T (rs4073) polymorphism is correlated with CAD susceptibility, but the result remains controversial. |
| 1.9 | 31770200 | 2019 | AFFECTS | Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to reassess the effects of this (interleukin-8 gene) polymorphism on CAD risks. |