References
- Guo, T, Horvath, C, Chen, L, Chen, J, Zheng, B. Understanding the nutrient composition and nutritional functions of highland barley (Qingke): a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020;103:109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIFS.2020.07.011.
- Farag, MA, Xiao, J, Abdallah, HM. Nutritional value of barley cereal and better opportunities for its processing as a value-added food: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;62:1092–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1835817.
- Zhang, X, Bian, Z, Yuan, X, Chen, X, Lu, C. A review on the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) light on the nutrients of sprouts and microgreens. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020;99:203–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIFS.2020.02.031.
- Simkin, AJ, Kapoor, L, Doss, CGP, Hofmann, TA, Lawson, T, Ramamoorthy, S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. Photosynth Res 2022;152:23–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11120-021-00892-6.
- Wang, P, Chen, S, Gu, M, , Chen, X, Chen, X, Yang, J, et al.. Exploration of the effects of different blue LED light intensities on flavonoid and lipid metabolism in tea plants via transcriptomics and metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:4606. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS21134606.
- Craine, EB, Bramwell, S, Ross, CF, Fisk, S, Murphy, KM. Strategic malting barley improvement for craft brewers through consumer sensory evaluation of malt and beer. J Food Sci 2021;86:3628–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15786.
- Wanikawa, A. Flavors in malt whisky: a review. J Am Soc Brew Chem 2020;78:260–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2020.1795795.
- Wan, Y, Wu, Y, Zhang, M, Hong, A, Liu, Y. Effects of photoperiod extension via red–blue light-emitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics in Paeonia lactiflora. Acta Physiol Plant 2020;42:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11738-020-03157-2/FIGURES/4.
- Poonia, A, Pandey, S, Vasundhara. Application of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for food preservation, post-harvest losses and production of bioactive compounds: a review. Food Prod Process Nutr 2022;4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43014-022-00086-0/TABLES/3.
- Wang, JL, Evers, JB, Anten, NPR, Li, Y, Yang, X, Douma, JC, et al.. Far-red light perception by the shoot influences root growth and development in cereal-legume crop mixtures. Plant Soil 2024;1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11104-024-06903-4/FIGURES/6.
- Wang, Z, Fan, S, Wu, J, Zhang, C, Xu, F, Yang, X, et al.. Application of long-wave near infrared hyperspectral imaging for determination of moisture content of single maize seed. Spectrochim Acta Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021;254:119666. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAA.2021.119666.
- Madrera, RR, Negrillo, AC, Valles, BS, Fernández, JJF. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity in seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Foods 2021;10:864. https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS10040864/S1.
- Khwanchai, P, Chinprahast, N, Pichyangkura, R, Chaiwanichsiri, S. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid contents, and the GAD activity in germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.): effect of rice cultivars. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014;23:373–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10068-014-0052-1.
- Wei, Y, Wang, S, Yu, D. The role of light quality in regulating early seedling development. Plants 2023;12:2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS12142746.
- Chutimanukul, P, Piew-ondee, P, Dangsamer, T, , Thongtip, A, Janta, S, Wanichananan, P, et al.. Effects of light spectra on growth, physiological responses, and antioxidant capacity in five radish varieties in an indoor vertical farming system. Horticulturae 2024;10:1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/HORTICULTURAE10101059.
- Chen, X, Chhun, S, Xiang, J, Tangjaidee, P, Peng, Y, Quek, SY. Microencapsulation of cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) iljinskaja extracts: a promising technique to protect phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities. Foods 2021;10:2910. https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS10122910/S1.
- Cao, Q, Teng, J, Wei, B, Huang, L, Xia, N. Phenolic compounds, bioactivity, and bioaccessibility of ethanol extracts from passion fruit peel based on simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem 2021;356:129682. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2021.129682.
- Zhu, Z, Li, X, Zhang, Y, Wang, J, Dai, F, Wang, W. Profiling of phenolic compounds in domestic and imported extra virgin olive oils in China by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. LWT 2023;174:114424. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2023.114424.
- Abdel-Aty, AM, Elsayed, AM, Gad, AAM, , Barakat, AZ, Mohamed, SA. Antioxidant system of garden cress sprouts for using in bio-monitor of cadmium and lead contamination. Sci Rep 2023 13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37430-4.
- Sadeer, NB, Montesano, D, Albrizio, S, , Zengin, G, Mahomoodally, MF. The versatility of antioxidant assays in food science and safety – chemistry, applications, strengths, and limitations. Antioxidants 2020;9:709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIOX9080709.
- Li, W, Liu, SW, Ma, JJ, Liu, HM, Han, FX, Li, Y, et al.. Gibberellin signaling is required for far-red light-induced shoot elongation in pinus tabuliformis seedlings1. Plant Physiol 2020;182:658–68. https://doi.org/10.1104/PP.19.00954/-/DCSUPPLEMENTAL.
- Zhen, S, van Iersel, MW. Far-red light is needed for efficient photochemistry and photosynthesis. J Plant Physiol 2017;209:115–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPLPH.2016.12.004.
- Singkhornart, S, Ryu, GH. Effect of soaking time and steeping temperature on biochemical properties and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of germinated wheat and barley. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2011;16:67–73. https://doi.org/10.3746/JFN.2011.16.1.067.
- Park, JH, Kang, MJ, Kang, JR, Shin, JH. Changes in the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of barley during germination using different pre-treatment methods. Food Sci Preservation 2018;25:337–43. https://doi.org/10.11002/KJFP.2018.25.3.337.
- Lee, YJ, Jang, GY, Li, M, Kim, MY, Kim, EH, Lee, MJ, et al.. Changes in the functional components of barley produced from different cultivars and germination periods. Cereal Chem 2017;94:978–83. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-05-17-0114-R.
- AL-Ansi, W, Mahdi, AA, Al-Maqtari, QA, Mushtaq, BS, Ahmed, A, Karrar, E, et al.. The potential improvements of naked barley pretreatments on GABA, β-glucan, and antioxidant properties. LWT 2020;130:109698. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2020.109698.
- Hyun, TK, Eom, SH, Jeun, YC, Han, SH, Kim, JS. Identification of glutamate decarboxylases as a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthetic enzyme in soybean. Ind Crops Prod 2013;49:864–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2013.06.046.
- Eprintsev, AT, Anokhina, GB, Shakhov, ZN, Moskvina, PP, Igamberdiev, AU. The role of glutamate metabolism and the GABA shunt in bypassing the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the light. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25:12711. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS252312711/S1.
- Vann, K, Techaparin, A, Apiraksakorn, J. Beans germination as a potential tool for GABA-enriched tofu production. J Food Sci Technol 2020;57:3947–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13197-020-04423-4.
- Rai, MK, Shekhawat, NS, Harish, , Gupta, AK, Phulwaria, M, Ram, K, et al.. The role of abscisic acid in plant tissue culture: a review of recent progress. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult (PCTOC) 2011;106:179–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11240-011-9923-9.
- Galieni, A, Falcinelli, B, Stagnari, F, , Datti, A, Benincasa, P. Sprouts and microgreens: trends, opportunities, and Horizons for novel research. Agronomy 2020;10:1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRONOMY10091424.
- Edwards, J, editor. Procrop barley growth and development. Orange: Industry & Investment NSW; 2010.
- Li, W, Liu, SW, Ma, JJ, Liu, HM, Han, FX, Li, Y, et al.. Gibberellin signaling is required for far-red light-induced shoot elongation in Pinus tabuliformis seedlings. Plant Physiol 2020;182:658–68. https://doi.org/10.1104/PP.19.00954.
- Villaño, D, Fernández-Pachón, MS, Moyá, ML, Troncoso, A, García-Parrilla, M. Radical scavenging ability of polyphenolic compounds towards DPPH free radical. Talanta 2007;71:230–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2006.03.050.
- Thaipong, K, Boonprakob, U, Crosby, K, Cisneros-Zevallos, L, Hawkins Byrne, D. Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J Food Compos Anal 2006;19:669–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFCA.2006.01.003.
- Wu, W, Wu, H, Liang, R, Huang, S, Meng, L, Zhang, M, et al.. Light regulates the synthesis and accumulation of plant secondary metabolites. Front Plant Sci 2025;16:1644472. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2025.1644472/XML.
- Olszowy, M. What is responsible for antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds from plants? Plant Physiol Biochem 2019;144:135–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2019.09.039.
- Du, L, Yu, P, Rossnagel, BG, Christensen, DA, McKinnon, JJ. Physicochemical characteristics, hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid) and their ratio, and in situ biodegradability: comparison of genotypic differences among six barley varieties. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:4777–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF803995P/ASSET/IMAGES/JF-2008-03995P_M001.GIF.
- Silva, MC, Dos Anjos, JP, Guarieiro, LLN, Machado, BAS. A simple method for evaluating the bioactive phenolic compounds’ presence in Brazilian craft beers. Molecules 2021;26:4716. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26164716.
- Zhang, S, Zhang, L, Zou, H, Qiu, L, Zheng, Y, Yang, D, et al.. Effects of light on secondary metabolite biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Front Plant Sci 2021;12:781236. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2021.781236.
- Jung, WS, Chung, IM, Hwang, MH, , Kim, SH, Yu, CY, Ghimire, BK. Application of light-emitting diodes for improving the nutritional quality and bioactive compound levels of some crops and medicinal plants. Molecules 2021;26:1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26051477.
- Šimić, G, Lalić, A, Horvat, D, Viljevac Vuletić, M, Dvojković, K, Jukić, M, et al.. Genotypic, environmental, and processing effects on phenolic content and antioxidant activity in barley and wheat. Plants 2025;14:1664. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS14111664/S1.
- Noreen, S, Tufail, T, Mubashar, H, Bader-ul-ain, H, Hassan, A, Zafar, A, et al.. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of different varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) available in Pakistan. Front Nutr 2025;12:1618457. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2025.1618457.
- Barbarestani, SY, Samadi, F, Zaghari, M, Pirsaraei, ZA, Kastelic, JP. Dietary supplementation with barley sprouts and d-aspartic acid improves reproductive hormone concentrations, testicular histology, antioxidant status, and mRNA expressions of apoptosis-related genes in aged broiler breeder roosters. Theriogenology 2024;214:224–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2023.10.030.
- Sova, M, Saso, L. Natural sources, pharmacokinetics, biological activities and health benefits of hydroxycinnamic acids and their metabolites. Nutrients 2020;12:2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12082190.
- Di Giacomo, S, Percaccio, E, Gullì, M, , Romano, A, Vitalone, A, Mazzanti, G, et al.. Recent advances in the neuroprotective properties of ferulic acid in Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. Nutrients 2022;14:3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU14183709.
- Halpani, CG, Mishra, S. Design, synthesis, characterization of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid amide derivatives as an antibacterial/antioxidant agent. Pharmaceut Sci Adv2024;2:100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSCIA.2023.100023.
- Antonio Hernández Cortés, J, Tolera, GB, Heo, J-Y. Optimizing germination, growth, and antioxidant potential of Aegopodium podagraria L. under different LED light spectra. Seeds 2025;4:2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/SEEDS4030032.