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        <title>Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration &amp; Economics Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/WRLAE</link>
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            <title>Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration &amp; Economics Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Objectives, effects and legal admissibility of creating restrictions on export of goods by individual EU Member States vis-à-vis third States]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Export restrictions are measures applied by the Member States of the European Union with the aim of controlling the export of certain goods beyond their borders. Their application is, as a rule, prohibited under Article 35 TFEU, which guarantees the freedom to export goods between Member States as an element of the free movement of goods — a cornerstone of the internal market. However, this provision does not apply to restrictions on the free movement of goods between Member States and third countries. The regulation of such exports falls within the scope of the common commercial policy conducted by the European Union pursuant to Articles 206-207 TFEU.
The purpose of this article is to analyse export restrictions on goods that are applied unilaterally by individual EU Member States in their relations with third countries. The legal permissibility of establishing certain restrictions on the export of goods to third countries derives from Regulation (EU) 2015/479 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2015 on common rules for exports.
Such restrictions may therefore be introduced only to the extent that the EU legislature — acting within the framework of the common commercial policy, which falls within the exclusive competence of the European Union — has authorised Member States to do so. This issue was recently confirmed, for the first time in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, in its judgment of 13 November 2025 in Commission v Hungary, which will also be discussed in this article.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Strategic and foreign investments in Albania: structural incentives, governance challenges, and the risks of corrupt clientelism]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0012</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0012</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper provides a detailed analysis of Albania’s legal framework for foreign and strategic investments within the broader context of the country’s post-communist transition. Following the fall of the dictatorial regime in 1990, Albania faced significant legal and institutional challenges in establishing a free market economy, particularly in regulating and encouraging foreign investment. The development of key legislation—particularly Law No. 7764 (1993) “On Foreign Investments” and its subsequent amendments—shows Albania’s efforts to align with democratic and economic standards, further supported by the 1998 Constitution.
With Albania’s designation as an EU candidate country and the start of negotiations to complete the 35 acquis chapters, national authorities have increased efforts to attract foreign investment through strategic legal reforms and international cooperation. Despite these advances, the implementation of investment projects is still hindered by deep-rooted issues, including corruption, clientelism, excessive centralisation of power, and limited fiscal transparency.
This study employs a dual-method research approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data from Albanian and international statistical sources. Through comparative analysis, it evaluates the effectiveness of Albania’s legal tools in promoting investment and examines the legal constraints that affect strategic sectors. The findings highlight the progress made and the persistent systemic barriers to creating a sustainable and transparent investment environment.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Ban on social media platforms? A European Union perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In recent years, social media platforms have become one of the most popular spaces to share ideas and opinions and to get information. Yet, there are some doubts concerning their functioning — for example, their rules of moderation, as well as the manipulation of recommendation algorithms and disinformation. This article analyses whether these reasons would be sufficient to ban social media platforms in the European Union, and its main conclusion is that currently such a ban would violate the freedom of expression adherent to these platforms. The only available option to ban them would be if they violated the EU rules on data protection. The article then deliberates other available options for the European Union to mitigate the enumerated defects of social media platforms. One of them is the use of the Digital Services Act (DSA) provisions; currently, there are ongoing proceedings against Facebook and X concerning the alleged violations of the DSA. Another alternative would be to regulate content moderation and recommendation algorithms on these platforms. Lastly, the EU could create its own, Europe-based platform.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Transparency of municipal companies in the largest Polish cities]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article discusses issues around municipal companies’ transparency in dealing with public transport in the largest Polish cities (with over 300,000 inhabitants) – Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Lublin, and Bydgoszcz. The authors of the article based their research on the report “Transparency of municipal companies in the Visegrad countries. Pilot applications for Poland,” which was prepared by the Watchdog Citizens Network. The questions from the report were simplified and adapted by the authors of the article to address 10 research areas: access to public information, inspections, financial matters, company staff, EU and state funding, public procurement, anti-corruption activities, employee employment, sponsorship and grants, and use of property. The aim of the article is to research the transparency of municipal companies in the nine largest Polish cities. The research hypothesis – which was affirmed in part – was as follows: The more transparent a company is, the more additional functions it has than just that of a carrier.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[How is AI changing work in the marketing industry?]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0011</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0011</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the marketing industry, with a focus on the Polish market. The research aims to understand the impact of AI on job roles, market dynamics, and marketing practices. The study employs a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data was gathered through the analysis of job market trends in Poland, utilizing job postings data from online platforms. Additionally, Google Trends was used to assess the level of interest in AI tools in both the USA and Poland. Qualitative insights were drawn from case studies of AI applications in marketing, exemplified by specific profiles and campaigns utilizing AI technologies. Findings indicate a significant decline in traditional marketing job offers in Poland, alongside a growing interest in AI-driven tools, particularly in content creation and customer engagement. While AI presents opportunities for increased efficiency and innovation, it also brings challenges related to job displacement and the need for new skills in the marketing workforce.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Russian Oil Price Cap: Problems of Regulation by EU Law]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article analyses the legal challenges and uncertainties faced by the European Union in regulating the price cap on Russian oil. Initiated by the Price Cap Coalition, comprising major Western nations, the price cap is an innovative legal tool aimed at restricting Russian oil revenues amidst the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. The article examines the legal nature of the Price Cap Coalition and discusses whether this coalition constitutes an international agreement. It includes an in-depth analysis of the price cap’s legal framework, including its personal, temporal, and material scope. Furthermore, the article scrutinises the legal complexities, such as compliance issues, exemptions, contradictions, and imperfections within EU rules. Additionally, it addresses Russian legal countermeasures against the price cap mechanism. The analysis concludes that while legally innovative, the mechanism’s efficacy is undermined by structural weaknesses in its legal design and compliance framework.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Anticrisis Management and Business Scaling in Wartime: Strategic Implications for Ukrainian Corporations]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has fundamentally reshaped the operating environment of Ukrainian enterprises, forcing them to adapt to extreme uncertainty, disrupted logistics, and rapid institutional change. Under these conditions, business scaling has emerged not only as a growth mechanism but also as a key component of anticrisis management, aimed at ensuring operational continuity, resilience, and access to new markets. This article examines business scaling processes in the Ukrainian postal and digital services sector during wartime, with a particular focus on the expansion of Nova Post into European markets. The study integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, drawing on interviews with managers of Nova Post’s Ukrainian and European branches, internal company data, and secondary analytical sources. The findings demonstrate that wartime scaling is closely linked to migration flows, relocation of enterprises, and shifting consumer needs, transforming scaling into a crisis-response tool rather than a traditional strategic choice. The research identifies the key drivers, risks, and benefits of international scaling during the war, including logistical resilience, support of communication infrastructure, and strengthened economic and social stability. The study concludes that Nova Post’s scaling strategy, based on startup principles, rapid experimentation, and digital transformation, enabled the company to expand to thirteen European countries despite wartime constraints. While the single-case design limits the generalizability of results, the research contributes to the literature on crisis-driven strategic behaviour and provides practical recommendations for enterprises scaling under extreme uncertainty.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Behavioural Model of Pension Decision-Making]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study addresses the issue of behavioural determinants of pension decisions. Its main objective is to develop a model of pension decision-making that takes into account the behavioural determinants of such decisions. The paper is theoretical and systematic in nature. Its overview section, which is based on a search and critical analysis of the mainstream literature, outlines the neoclassical approach to pension decisions, refers to neoclassical retirement models and identifies the resulting determinants of retirement decision-making. The main part of the paper presents the concept of a behavioural model of pension decision-making, which is formulated on the basis of inductive reasoning based on premises identified in work in the area of the psychological foundations of decision-making and behavioural economics. The considerations presented lead to the formulation of arguments justifying the research thesis, according to which individual pension decision-making, in addition to the factors taken into account in neoclassical retirement models, is also influenced by factors of a behavioural nature.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Law in terms of the challenges of the present times]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The democratic state of law, despite being formed as an exemplary model of liberal democracy, has been facing challenges in recent years that prompt reflection on the formation of the state system through the prism of the theory and philosophy of law. This work asks to what extent the formation of the legal order from the point of view of the theory and philosophy of law may influence the durability of democracy or its lack, especially in countries where the democratic system was introduced only after 1989. The author concludes that the current point in the development of the democratic system defining it is a turning point at which the current balance of legal structures of the democratic system should be redefined. The proposed solution is to implement the modified legal concept of the social contract by John Rawls into post-war liberalism. The combination of trends currently present in liberal democracies and the theory of John Rawls, according to the author, should lead to the strengthening of the democratic system in the European Union countries and weaken authoritarian systems by preventing the use of the weaknesses of democracy to pursue their particular interests.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Money From Busking: Legal and Tax Aspects of the Activity of Street Performers in Selected EU Countries]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper shows the activities of street performers in selected European countries from the perspective of current challenges in tax law. The research problem concerns the regulation of donations received by street performers by legal and tax legislation. The paper is the result of qualitative ethnographic fieldwork and an analysis of legal acts regulating the rights and obligations of street performers in the legal tax area. The results help to raise public awareness of both the legality of street performances and the lawful treatment of donations received from spectators. Moreover, the article promotes knowledge concerning the social benefits of donations to street performers. Furthermore, the authors highlighted contemporary trends and challenges related to street performers’ receipt of donations and how donations received in different currencies or cashless forms are taxed.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Use of the Insurance Method in the Peru Pension System]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 14 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The unique formula of the pension system in Peru consists of two competing schemes - a public pay-as-you-go scheme (SNP) and a privately funded scheme (SPP). However, only the SNP scheme can be considered as a solution using the insurance method due to the presence of a premium as a source of financing and a common risk fund. On the other hand, SPP uses an investment method to accumulate retirement resources. Using the example of Peru, it can also be stated that the influence of „black swans” (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) on human behaviour may lead to the complete annihilation of resources accumulated with rational justification intended for retirement purposes.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Arbitration as a successful method of resolving disputes in the Polish energy sector: Implications for managers]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2025-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The main purpose of the article is to evaluate the possibility of using alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods in resolving investment disputes in the energy sector. The basic method is the analysis of the literature on the subject, laws regarding the use of ADR methods and their interpretation presented by representatives of the doctrine. The article consists of two main parts. The first presents the characteristics of ADR methods: negotiations, mediation, conciliation, arbitration and mixed methods. The second part analyses in depth the selected ADR method—arbitration—based on the literature on the subject and comments from representatives of the doctrine and attempts to justify the claim that arbitration is a beneficial method of dispute resolution in the energy sector. Through the analysis of laws and subject literature, potential advantages and disadvantages of using ADR methods in resolving investment disputes in the energy sector are indicated. The authors take the view that combining the positive aspects of a court with the advantages of ADR supports arbitration as a method of resolving investment disputes in the energy sector. However, an unambiguous assessment will only be possible after conducting future research in the form of multiple case studies, which will allow for the empirical verification of the propositions identified during the literature review on the subject. Because of the specificity and importance of the energy sector, the dispute resolution method used in that sector should predominantly be investment arbitration; however, in certain situations (depending on the legal form and ownership structure of the entity represented by the manager), commercial arbitration may also be used in the discussed sector.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Neutralising the practice of digital piracy – a case of Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Digital piracy, file-sharing, and generally unauthorised copying of digital information goods is a significant problem for the film, music and publishing industries. In the internet age, it has gained a massive and global character. The scale of this problem is surprising, mainly because digital piracy is commonly considered negative or illegal. That raises the question, how is it possible that although some unauthorised copying practices are illegal, the phenomenon is widespread, especially in the context of personal preferences and rationalization? This article attempts to answer this question in the case of Poland, based on the theory of neutralisation, which explains how people justify their actions to free themselves from the feeling of shame related to violating the law or immoral activity. In order to be able to answer the above-formulated research question, it was decided to conduct a survey on a sample of 1,000 adult Poles. The research material was collected in August 2020 using a Computer-Assisted Web Interview. Exploratory Factor Analysis has shown that people claiming to use unauthorised (“pirate”) sources of access to information goods such as movies, music, or books justify it by claiming that it is not very harmful and nobody gets hurt. As a result, it is plausible to argue that the neutralisation theory explains some practices involving unauthorised copying in Poland, including pirating.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Influence of Demographic and Economic Factors on the Widow’s Reverse Annuity Benefits in Coronavirus Pandemic]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many areas of society and the economy. In the epidemiological field, it has significantly increased mortality, especially in the elderly population. It has greatly affected the real estate and financial market. The price of housing, inflation, and interest rates rose. Therefore, housing is currently unaffordable. The analysis of the Life Expectancy Tables jumped to a higher risk of death for men than for women. The pandemic has made women more likely to be widowed than men, and more often, while their economic and social status has worsened.
Higher mortality rates have an impact on the cash flow associated with insurance and reverse annuity contracts. Reverse annuity benefits also depend on the value of property and the interest rate.
This article analyses the impact of higher mortality rates, property values, and interest rates on annuity benefits for widows. The actuarial value of the life annuity is used on the calculation of benefits. The interest rate is modelled using the Svensson model of spot interest and the 3m WIBOR. Financial mathematics for life insurance and demographic methods are used.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Selected issues regarding children’s rights in the war on terror with a particular focus on Syria]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0026</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0026</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The aim of the article is to analyse the legal situation of the children held in camps in northeast Syria. The situation in the camps is devastating and poses a threat to the children’s right to life as well as physical and mental integrity. The article explores whether the states of citizenship of these children exercise any jurisdiction over them, and if the answer is affirmative, to what extent they exercise this jurisdiction. Next, the research will focus on the question of whether the states of citizenship have the obligation to repatriate those children from Syria. To this aim, the status of these children as victims of human trafficking will be also examined. Lastly, the deliberations will focus on the policy of citizenship revocation that is applied by some states in terrorism combatting and it will be studied whether this policy can be applied to children in conformity with international law. It results from the analysis that states have obligations towards children placed in the Syrian camps being their nationals, especially an obligation to repatriate them and to enable their rehabilitation and reintegration.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Individual right to clean air including compensation for health damage – comment on JP v Ministre de la Transition écologique, C-61/21]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

On the one hand, the EU member states are to manage ambient air quality in line with the Air Quality Directive (dir. 2008/50/EC) provisions that put forward local air quality targets. On the other hand, EU citizens have their right to demand that their local authorities pass ‘air quality plans’ for towns or districts where air quality standards were below the so-called limit values. In 2008, in the Janecek
Judgement of the Court of Justice of 25.07.2008, C-237/07 Dieter Janecek v. Freistaat Bayern EU:C:2008:447. case the Court of Justice of the EU (the CJEU) for the first time recognised the direct effect of Articles 13 and 23 of this directive, and in this way granted rights to individuals to challenge local air quality plans for their inefficiency.
The main point of this article is to prove that EU citizens have a subjective, justiciable right to clean and healthy air, and to examine whether this right entitles them to compensation for health damage due to air pollution, as was the subject matter of the commented case: JP v Ministre de la Transition écologique. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the three conditions of the Francovich rule for state liability established in the Brasserie du Pêcheur case: ‘1. the rule of law infringed must be intended to confer rights on individuals; 2. the breach must be sufficiently serious, 3. and there must be a direct causal link between the breach of the obligation resting on the state and the damage sustained by the injured parties’
Judgement of the Court of Justice of 5.03.1996, C-46/93 and 48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur EU:C:1996:79..
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Implementation of EU Acts in the Czech Parliament: A Slow and Laborious Quest with an Uncertain Outcome]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0027</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0027</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article focuses on the statutory implementation practice of EU legislation in the Czech Republic based on statistical evidence. The main focus is a comparison of the length of the legislative procedure in the Parliament from 2010–2021, i.e. three election periods of the Chamber of Deputies, which is the dominant body of law-making in the Czech Republic. In conclusion, the author describes an unusually lengthy implementation process and analyses possible reasons for one of the worst transposition-on-time results within the EU. However, he refutes the claim that the transposition deficit is mostly caused by the Parliament.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal Trust and Social Development: Chosen Aspects of the Relationship]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2024-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The deliberations will be aimed at the basic meanings of legal trust, its social role in the development of society and the relationship between law and social evolution. The considerations carried out is to confirm the assumption made of the complex nature of trust and its role in social development. First of all, formal and legal entrustment arises when the formal requirements of the legal system are guaranteed – coherence, non-contradiction, differentiation, hierarchy. Secondly, trust in the law arises in the situation of the existence of institutional guarantees of the rule of law and the systemic principle of trust, which is expressed not in retroactivity, correctness of legislation, protection of acquired rights, protection of the so-called interests in progress. Taken together, the fulfilment of these requirements determines the stability of the state of law, the predictability of its application, legality, durability, and, consequently, the ontological security of individuals and social development.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Civil Proceedings in Austria1]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0025</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2022-0025</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only posed immense challenges to public health but has also necessitated a significant shift in legal frameworks to address the dynamic circumstances it has created. This article provides an overview of the measures taken in Austrian civil procedure law to cushion the impact of the pandemic. It covers changes that have reshaped the structure of civil procedural law in the long term, as well as specific „COVID provisions” that are still relevant today in some cases. Among other things, it discusses amendments to the Insolvency Code and the Execution Code, amendments to the General Social Insurance Act and the Federal Tax Code, and the 1st and 2nd COVID-19 Justice Accompanying Acts.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Why Do So Few Preliminary Questions Come From Czechia?]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2023-0020</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/wrlae-2023-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Although a substantial part of the body of laws of an EU Member State is founded upon European Union law and norms, the number of preliminary questions emanating from courts in the Czech Republic appears to be disproportionately low compared to other similar EU Member States. The aim of this article is to analyse and outline possible reasons for the lack of preliminary questions coming from the Czech Republic. In her analysis, the author identifies three possible factors underpinning the issue. These factors include attitudes towards the EU and a general lack of understanding of the relevance of EU laws and norms; the role of preliminary rulings; and the perception and recognition of courts. An integral part of this analysis is a critical commentary on the shifts in how courts and tribunals are perceived within the meaning of Art. 267 TFEU. Lastly, the author offers guidance to fellow legal professionals and academics for interpreting EU norms.
]]></description>
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