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        <title>Psychologica Belgica Feed</title>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Weaponizing the Appraisal: Justice Violations, Psychological Safety, and Employee Voice in a Saudi Multinational Organization]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1519</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Background: Conduct that degrades employees — belittling speech, the coercive use of rank, and treatment stratified by contractual or national category — ranks among the most consequential and least tractable problems confronting the human resource (HR) function, which authors the policies prohibiting such conduct, administers the channels through which it is reported, and answers for the outcome when a report yields nothing. This study asks how such conduct persists within an organization that formally forbids it, and where HR can intervene, by reconstructing the fairness appraisals and safety calculations that employees use to decide whether to speak. Evidence bearing on that question has accumulated overwhelmingly in Anglophone, individualist economies, leaving scholarship and practice alike thinly provisioned for hierarchical Gulf workplaces, where deference norms, kinship obligation, and stratified expatriate labor markets condition what employees regard as sayable.
Purpose: This theory-driven exploratory study investigates three questions of a single large Saudi-headquartered multinational: how personnel interpret the unacceptable conduct they encounter or witness, why so few translate that interpretation into a formal complaint, and which organizational arrangements hold the resulting pattern in place.
Theoretical Framework: Two established lenses are combined. Organizational Justice Theory (OJT; Colquitt, 2001; Greenberg, 1987) supplies the vocabulary through which employees appraise the fairness of outcomes, procedures, and interpersonal treatment. Psychological Safety Theory (PST; Edmondson, 1999; Kahn, 1990) provides the vocabulary for perceived risk associated with speaking. Read jointly, the two treat harmful conduct not as isolated incivility but as a fairness appraisal that simultaneously recalibrates the felt cost of voice.
Methodology: Evidence was assembled within a single bounded case and drawn from two registers of employee talk. The first comprises 197 unsolicited postings left by staff on a company-wide internal communication platform. The second comprises thirty-nine semi-structured conversations held privately with employees across operational, professional, supervisory, and senior grades, and across permanent and agency contracts, spanning four nationality groupings. Both corpora were interpreted through reflexive thematic analysis (Braun &amp; Clarke, 2006, 2019), double-coded on a stratified subsample, and read against one another for convergence.
Key Findings: The analysis produced five categories. Supervisory authority was misused, most consequentially when appraisal ratings were used as leverage over compliance. Concerns were then withheld as a reasoned response to observed retaliation rather than as passive acceptance. Beneath both lay structural arrangements — contractual standing and personal connection — that distributed dignity before any encounter took place. Declared commitments to respect diverged visibly from enacted practice, and that divergence was itself read as evidence of where institutional protection lay. Cultural, religious, and generational registers supplied the terms in which employees judged conduct and justified their responses.
Contributions: The study formalizes the Justice–Safety Vicious Cycle Model, a six-stage account in which each fairness violation lowers the perceived safety of speaking, each withheld concern removes the information that would otherwise trigger correction, and the resulting procedural dormancy licenses the next violation. Empirically, it supplies rare interior evidence from a Saudi industrial workplace and isolates the weaponization of performance appraisal as a distinct instrument of control. Methodologically, it demonstrates what is gained by reading spontaneous internal discourse alongside elicited interview accounts. For HR, the findings relocate the problem from individual supervisory temperament to the systems the function itself designs and administers — appraisal calibration and appeal, the separation of evaluation from investigation, enforceable protection for those who report, parity of treatment across employment categories, and merit-based personnel decisions — and the model identifies where in the cycle each of these levers takes effect.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Maintaining Self-Control in Chaos: The Protective Role of Sense of Power]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1497</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As a crucial mechanism for regulating human behavior, self-control is influenced by both internal individual factors and external environmental factors. Existing research has established that disordered environments can impair an individual’s self-control, but exploration of moderating factors remains insufficient. This paper proposes that the sense of power is a significant moderating factor in the relationship between disordered environments and self-control. Through experiments employing an intertemporal choice task, a breath-holding task, and a Stroop task, this study verified both the impairing effect of disordered environments on self-control and the moderating role of the sense of power. The results demonstrate that disordered environments harm the willingness to exert self-control, behavioral performance, and inhibitory control. The self-control of individuals with a high trait sense of power was not negatively affected by disordered environments. Furthermore, elevating the state sense of power can protect self-control from the detrimental effects of disordered environments. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the boundary conditions of, and interventions for, the impairing effect of disordered environments on self-control.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Household Labour During the Workday in Remote Work Contexts. Who Integrates It, and Why?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1477</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Remote work is often presented as a means to balance out work and family domains, by giving the ability to integrate the two domains. Using border theory and social role theory as a framework, the present study aims to uncover the relationships of autonomy, job demands, work engagement, and the involvement with domestic tasks, with doing household labour during the workday (HLW), and how these relationships may differ depending on gender. The study was conducted among a sample of 1309 workers (65.77% women), who worked remotely at least once a week. Hypotheses were tested with a logistic regression and fractional polynomials. Results were in contradiction with the hypothesized relationships. Job demands and work engagement increased the probability of doing HLW. Autonomy decreased the probability of doing HLW. Involvement in domestic tasks was non-linearly associated with HLW. Specifically, workers who had to deal with domestic tasks mostly by themselves were more likely to resort to HLW, whereas others were less likely to do so. The relationships of autonomy, job demands, work engagement and IDT with HLW did not differ depending on gender.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of the Emotional Dynamics Associated with the Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Dimensions of Empathy among Adolescent Bystanders of Bullying Situations in Physical Education Classes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1479</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Bullying represents a major issue in physical education (PE) contexts. The role of bystanders is crucial, with their empathy being an essential lever to react to such situations. However, this empathy does not always seem to be a sufficient condition for action. This study examines highly empathic students, who are more likely to engage in helping behaviors, in order to analyze the emotions related to the different dimensions of empathy as well as the factors that facilitate or hinder bystander helping behaviors toward victims in the context of PE. The study is based on a qualitative approach involving interviews with 20 students aged 12 to 14. Each interview consists of recalling a critical incident of bullying observed during PE classes, as well as two open-ended questions on factors influencing bystander intervention in this context. The findings indicate that emotions related to affective empathy can influence the type of response adopted. They also reveal that the emotional vocabulary used to describe victims’ emotions is still developing, and that early adolescence represents a particularly favorable period for its enrichment. Moreover, although students may display high levels of empathy, certain characteristics of PE classes could nevertheless generate fear, thereby hindering empathic processes and limiting their translation into helping behaviors. This research provides a better understanding of the relationships between empathy, the characteristics of PE classes, and reactions to bullying in this context, while offering directions for future research and a foundation for researchers to design interventions that can be implemented in PE classes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On the Construct Validity of Performance-Based Emotion Recognition Tests: Correlations with Social-Emotional Functioning and Cognitive Skills]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1443</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examined the construct validity of performance-based emotion recognition tests. We recruited 227 adults (30–60 years old) through Prolific to complete four emotion recognition tasks in addition to measures of self-reported empathy, crystallised intelligence, social confidence, loneliness/well-being, interest in people versus things, and reading enjoyment (all measured with at least two indicators). Consistent with previous research, performance-based emotion recognition tasks were positively correlated and formed a separate cluster. This cluster correlated with crystallised intelligence but not with self-reported emotion recognition skills, social-emotional functioning, interest in people vs. things, or reading pleasure. Overall, our findings suggest that performance-based emotion recognition tests primarily assess skills related to those measured by performance-based tests of cognitive intelligence, rather than skills related to the social-emotional functioning as experienced by the participants. This may partially explain the low correlation between subjective and performance-based measures of emotion recognition.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Testing Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the Dutch PSS-10, MBI-ES, and PANAS in a Bimonthly 6-Month Panel]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1528</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Monitoring teacher well-being over time is essential in both research and practice to understand changes, evaluate interventions, and support occupational health. This study examines the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Dutch versions of three commonly used scales related to well-being: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Utilizing three bimonthly waves of data collected from a cohort of elementary school teachers in Flanders (n = 237), we evaluated the scales’ configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance over time. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that all three scales demonstrate adequate longitudinal measurement invariance, supporting their stability and reliability for repeated measurement. Notably, this is among the first studies to test longitudinal measurement invariance of these widely used scales over a 6-month period in an applied occupational setting. These findings strengthen confidence in their use for monitoring well-being over time.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Self-Objectification, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame Across Countries: A Comparison Between US, UK, Belgian, Israeli, and Thai Women]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1387</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Cross-national research on self-objectification remains notably limited. The present study investigated the associations between self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame among women in Belgium (N = 239), the United Kingdom (N = 213), and the United States of America (N = 159) in Study 1, and in Belgium (N = 209), Israel (N = 299), and Thailand (N = 230) in Study 2. In Study 1, employing the Likert version of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (LSOQ), we demonstrated that self-objectification indirectly predicts body shame through body surveillance in the case of Belgian, UK, and US women. In Study 2, we successfully replicated these indirect effects among Belgian, Israeli, and Thai women. This research stands as one of the first empirical, cross-national investigations of the improved self-objectification scale, evidencing the robust association between self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame across countries.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Conscious and Resilient? Associations Between Temperament, Emotional Awareness, and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Youth]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1399</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Introduction: Emotion regulation (ER) plays a crucial role in children and adolescents’ emotional well-being. However, the use of adaptive strategies often remains challenging during early adolescence, partly because cognitive functions that support adaptive ER, such as executive functions, are still developing. In addition, individual differences, such as temperament (positive and negative emotionality) and emotional awareness, play a key role in shaping how youth engage with ER strategies. This study investigated how temperament and emotional awareness are associated with the use of adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies in youth, and whether emotional awareness moderates these relationships.
Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 220 children and adolescents (age 8–15) from the general population completed self-report questionnaires measuring temperament, emotional awareness, and ER strategy use.
Results: Analyses revealed a significant interaction between negative emotionality and emotional awareness in predicting maladaptive ER strategies. Contrary to expectations, emotional awareness did not act as a consistent protective factor in youth: those high in both negative emotionality and emotional awareness still reported greater use of maladaptive strategies.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that emotional awareness plays a complex role in ER among youth with temperamental vulnerability. Rather than functioning as a uniformly protective factor, its influence appears to depend on emotional context and temperament.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reconceptualizing Workplace Thriving and Setting Future Research Agenda]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1416</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Workplace Thriving empowers individuals to thrive in their jobs and flourish in their careers. It is conceptualized as a psychological state in which individuals experience vitality and learning. Limiting thriving to these two has reduced its applicability despite the concept being interconnected, multi-dimensional, and holistic. This work examines thriving, identifies the shortcomings of the existing literature, and proposes a fresh perspective for reconceptualizing it. After defining the construct as “a state of positive engagement and well-being derived when employees are mindful, resourceful, and resilient, enabling them to navigate organisational challenges and achieve effectiveness,” the study proposes a fecund conceptual model. The study focuses on contextual, proximal, and resource factors, such as deriving mindfulness, resourcefulness, and resilience. This reconceptualization presents arguments for understanding thriving, enabling individuals to navigate their organizational lives more effectively.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Stand-Alone Mobile Mindfulness App for People Experiencing Infertility: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (MoMiFer-RCT)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1375</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Objectives: Infertility and its treatments result in considerable emotional burden. This study aimed to examine the impact of a stand-alone mobile mindfulness application (MoMiFer-app).
Methods: A pilot RCT was conducted with participants randomized into an intervention group (n = 34) using the MoMiFer-app, and a wait-list control group (n=38). Outcomes were collected at baseline, 1.5 months, and 3 months post-randomization using experience sampling method (ESM) and self-report questionnaires. Primary outcomes included symptoms of emotional distress (DASS-21+ESM) and fertility-related quality of life (FertiQoL). Secondary outcomes assessed repetitive negative thinking (PTQ), self-compassion (SCS-SF), and mindfulness skills (CHIME-SF+ESM). App usage was evaluated through app-tracking.
Results: Multilevel analysis showed no significant improvement in primary outcomes. However, the MoMiFer-app significantly enhanced self-compassion and mindfulness skills, as assessed by self-report questionnaires. A significant condition&times;time effect was observed for mindfulness skills at 1.5 months (T1; p = .02) and 3 months (T2; p = .02), and for self-compassion at 3 months (T2; p = .006). No effect was observed on repetitive negative thinking. The app was rated as good quality, but nearly half of the participants (47%) practiced mindfulness with the app once a week or less.
Conclusions: Online mindfulness-based interventions can be valuable in fertility care providing easily accessible low-intensive mental support, even if they do not directly improve emotional distress or quality of life in the short term. The trial&rsquo;s timing during the COVID-19 pandemic and low app usage may have influenced outcomes. Further research on potential stressors and ways to increase user adherence is needed to better understand the app&rsquo;s impact.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Psychometric Validation of the Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) in Dutch Among Flemish Adolescents]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1365</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A, Paschke, Austermann &amp; Thomasius, 2020) was the first screening tool for gaming disorder based on the new ICD-11 criteria. In order to increase the international applicability of the GADIS-A, the current study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the instrument. It was validated in a survey among 1773 Flemish (= Dutch-speaking part of Belgium) video game playing adolescents. EFA and CFA were performed to check the factor structure. The Video Game Addiction Test (VAT), gaming time, passion for gaming, Gaming Disorder Scale for Parents (GADIS-P), sensation seeking, impulsivity, adolescents&rsquo; school and social life, and simulated and monetary gambling were employed to derive construct validity, and life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety to check criterion validity. Analyses suggested a two-factor structure in the Dutch GADIS-A, similar to the original study: the first factor relates to negative consequences, while the second factor reveals cognitive-behavioral symptoms. Both subscales and the total scale showed acceptable-to-good internal consistency (&alpha; = 0.78-0.85). Significant correlations were established between GADIS-A and all other variables (except for sensation seeking), congruent with previous research. The Dutch version of the GADIS-A proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing gaming disorder in adolescents. It was also linked, for the first time, to the increasingly blurring lines between video gaming and monetary gambling.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Disorders of Consciousness, Language and Communication Following Severe Brain Injury]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1381</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Patients with severe brain injuries and disorders of consciousness (DoC) represent a complex clinical population in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and management, including critical ethical considerations. Behavioral assessment scales remain the primary tools for evaluating the level of consciousness of these patients following a coma; however, they heavily depend on language and communication abilities. This reliance can lead to underestimating residual consciousness in cases where language impairments go undetected. Accordingly, the latest international guidelines on DoC diagnosis have highlighted aphasia as a significant confounding factor that must be addressed. On the other hand, accurately assessing residual language abilities is essential for better characterizing the patient&rsquo;s cognitive profile. This, in turn, enables neuropsychologists and speech-language therapists to tailor and plan effective rehabilitation programs. This review examines the current literature on language function and communication skills in patients with DoC, detailing the latest tools for assessing and managing language and consciousness in individuals with severe brain injuries. We explore the critical role of language function in evaluating residual consciousness, particularly in DoC behavioral diagnoses and in identifying covert consciousness through neuroimaging passive or active paradigms. Furthermore, we discuss how therapies aimed at recovering consciousness&mdash;such as pharmacological treatments, electromagnetic therapies, sensory or cognitive stimulation, and communication aids like brain-computer interfaces&mdash;may also impact or rely on language function and communication abilities. Further research is needed to refine methodologies and better understand the interplay between language processing, communication and levels of consciousness.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Single Case Evaluation of an Emotion Regulation Training in Adolescents]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1337</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The high prevalence of mental health problems, especially in adolescence, promotes research on psychological interventions. Recently, focus has shifted from disorder specific to transdiagnostic interventions. Since emotion regulation (ER) underlies various mental disorders, targeting this transdiagnostic mechanism is Particulary interesting. The current study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of an emotion regulation training for children and adolescents (EuREKA) in six adolescents (M = 12.50, SD = 1.52; 50% girls) enrolled in an inpatient treatment center for internalizing and/or externalizing problems. Using a single case design, ER was monitored weekly during both baseline and treatment phase. In addition, pretraining and posttraining measurements on both psychopathology and ER were included. Although caution is warranted due to the nature of the study and the small sample size, the overall results suggest that EuREKA is a feasible and potentially promising approach for treating both internalizing and externalizing problems. However, some mixed results in the individual outcomes were observed, making it challenging to provide general conclusions on the effectiveness of EuREKA.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Thanks to Reviewers 2024]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1402</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[All manuscripts published in Psychologica Belgica have been assessed conscientiously and unselfishly by expert reviewers. The quality of our journal totally depends on their valuable and constructive criticisms to the authors. Both the editors and the authors highly appreciate the input and dedication of all our reviewers. Many thanks.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Do Anti-Egalitarians Report Increased Support for People with Language Difficulties when Exposed to Gender-Fair Language?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1342</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In many countries, the use of gender-fair language is heavily debated. In France, some opponents to gender-fair language have argued that it hinders language comprehension for people who have difficulties with language (PDLs). This argument was notably promoted by (far) right-wing personalities and newspapers. The justification-suppression model of prejudice and the concept of ideology malleability suggest that such a defence of PDLs may be a strategy to oppose gender-fair language and promote the status quo. We hypothesized that threatening participants with gender-fair language would lead high-SDO individuals to report greater concern for PDLs. In two experimental studies (ntotal = 1117, France), we did not find support for our prediction. Overall, SDO was negatively correlated with support for PDLs, whereas participants supporting gender-fair language were also more concerned with PDLs. This suggests that contrary to what some conservative commentators have claimed, gender-fair language supporters do not overlook the question of language accessibility, as opposed to anti-egalitarians. To our knowledge, this is the first research to bridge literature on the justification of prejudice and gender-fair language.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From a Measure of Confidence to a Measure of the Level of Knowledge]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1332</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Confidence degrees assigned by respondents to their responses are generally taken at their face value. An experiment where respondents were asked to indicate twice their confidence in their (changed or unchanged) response has, however, showed that those confidences can greatly vary over time at the individual level. I propose a model that takes that variation into account and considers confidence as a latent variable &ndash; the level of knowledge &ndash; to be estimated through a true score approach. The model is defined in the special case of a scale with a given number of confidence degrees. It assumes that when faced with this type of testing requirements, a person experiences uncertainty in a way that can be represented by a finite set of partial knowledge states. It leans mainly on a conditional independence assumption. As the model is intractable under that sole assumption, additional testable and simple constraints must be imposed on the way confidence errors are distributed. The model was applied to data collected in the experiment. The results show that, under a general (population) overestimation bias, very different individual profiles are hidden with different distributions of errors. The model enables also to make predictions about one single individual by only examining his (her) calibration errors. Some errors patterns observed on the replicated data can indeed be anticipated with the proposed models.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Does the Need for Control Hinder Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1324</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Virtual reality (VR) has witnessed significant growth in the mental health field. However, clinical observations reveal substantial variability across individuals&rsquo; responses to VR. This diversity could be attributed to differences in the sense of presence, a key factor in VR&rsquo;s efficacy. Understanding the influence of personality traits on shaping the sense of presence in VR is essential, as it holds the potential to enhance the effectiveness of VR interventions. In the current study, we investigate the potential impact of the need for control on one&rsquo;s sense of presence in VR, hypothesizing that a higher need for control is associated with lower presence levels. We conducted research with 40 adults who completed questionnaires (assessing perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, experiential avoidance, Big Five, sense of presence, anxiety level) and engaged in a VR immersion. Results suggest that the need for control positively influences the sense of presence, which is contrary to the literature. A discussion is proposed to explore the impact of high need for control, indicating that its effects may depend on the anxiety-inducing nature of the immersion condition. We put forth an innovative theoretical model on how a strong desire for control could affect the sense of presence in different immersive conditions. Our findings warrant further investigations in this direction.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Working at Home Through Technology After the Workday Ended: Organizational and Personal Processes Involved and Their Direct and Indirect Effects on Mental Health]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1356</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Workers often make use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the workplace and outside normal working hours, either voluntarily or compulsorily, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. This study had three main objectives. Firstly, to explore whether workplace flexibility was associated with technology-assisted supplemental work (TASW), and whether this, in turn, is associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Secondly, to analyze if this relationship between workplace flexibility and TASW could be moderated by subjective workplace telepressure and workers&rsquo; technoaddiction. Finally, to investigate whether the execution of this type of supplemental work was linked to psychological distress through the mediating effects of psychological detachment, work-family conflict, and subjective vitality. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 during the pandemic, involved 577 professionals (72.8% women and 27.2% men) from various productive sectors. The participants were primarily from Spain, followed by other Hispanic American countries and European Union countries. Results revealed that workplace flexibility was associated with increased supplemental work, especially among those workers experiencing higher levels of subjective workplace telepressure and technoaddiction. Furthermore, this type of supplemental work was linked to greater psychological distress by hindering psychological disconnection from work, heightening work-family conflict, and reducing feelings of vitality. The discussion has focused on preventive measures.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Assessing the French Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI): Psychometric and Qualitative Properties Through the Three French Versions of the IRI Scale]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1328</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.5334/pb.1328</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is one of the most used self-report measures of empathy, comprising 4 factors assessing both cognitive and affective empathy. Nowadays, three different French adaptations of this instrument co-exist. This research compares the three French adaptations of the IRI scale using both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. In Study 1, a French-speaking sample (N = 339) completed all three French IRI versions at 2-month time intervals in a counterbalanced order. In Study 2, the item wording of the three versions was evaluated by six independent professional translators. Study 1 assessed the items&rsquo; distribution, the scale&rsquo;s factorial structure, the subscales&rsquo; internal consistency, and their correlations with alternative measures of empathy (the Empathy Quotient) and other clinically relevant indicators (anxiety, depression). These quantitative analyses highlighted that all three French adaptations can be used for research purposes. They all exhibit acceptable internal consistency, a factorial structure compliant with the 4-factor model originally proposed by Davis, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. However, by combining item quantitative analyses and translators&rsquo; judgments, we revealed some problematic items in each version. Taken together, the findings suggest that the French IRI adaptations by Guttman &amp; Laporte (2000) and Braun et al. (2015) should be slightly preferred. To improve the overall quality of each French IRI version, we provide some recommendations about how to adapt problematic items.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Relationship Between Harsh Parenting and Adolescents&rsquo; Pro-Environmental Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/pb.1344</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.5334/pb.1344</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Background: Parents play a crucial role in cultivating adolescents&rsquo; pro-environmental behavior, which has attracted researchers&rsquo; attention. Nevertheless, the role of negative parenting styles has not been adequately concerned.
Objectives: This research aimed to explore the influence of harsh parenting on adolescents&rsquo; pro-environmental behavior based on the Ecological Systems Theory, considering intrinsic motivation as a possible mediator and three types of values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values) as possible moderators.
Participants and Setting: Data were collected at two stages through self-report questionnaires filled in by 602 adolescents (40.2% boys) in China with an average age of 16.25 years.
Methods: The questionnaires assessed pro-environmental behavior, harsh parenting, intrinsic motivation, and values. Research hypotheses were tested by Model 4 and Model 14 of the SPSS PROCESS macro.
Results: Results showed that harsh parenting was negatively associated with adolescents&rsquo; pro-environmental behavior, which was mediated by intrinsic motivation. The interactions of three types of values and intrinsic motivation affected pro-environmental behavior differently. The relationship between intrinsic motivation and adolescents&rsquo; pro-environmental behavior was negatively moderated by egoistic values, but positively moderated by altruistic and biospheric values.
Conclusions: The results revealed that harsh parenting was negatively and significantly correlated with adolescents&rsquo; pro-environmental behavior and such a relationship was mediated by intrinsic motivation and was moderated by values.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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