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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Ubiquity Press</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Visual Search Task Reveals Categorical Representation of Topological Spatial Relations Between Objects]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.523</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Geometry provides a rigorous mathematical framework for understanding the spatial relations between objects. Topological properties are regarded as among the most fundamental invariants in geometry. To investigate how the visual system represents topological structures (e.g., inside/outside relations, connectivity), the current study employed the visual search task and visual stimulus sets designed by varying the distance between two objects equally. Results showed that task performance improved when the difference in object relations crossed category boundaries defined by topological properties. The study excluded the influence of potential confounding factors, such as the perceived depth caused by occlusion (experiments 1a and 1b). Furthermore, when the relevant inside/outside topological category boundary was removed, performance varied systematically with metric distance (experiment 1c). The categorical advantage was further observed across different modes of connectivity (experiments 2a, 2b, and 2c). These findings provided evidence for the categorical representation of topological spatial relations in visual perception.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Thought to Senses: Assessing the Relationship Between the Generation Effect and Multisensory Facilitation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.522</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The current study investigated whether the generation effect, a memory advantage for self-generated verbal information, is enhanced in multisensory conditions. Such a finding would be consistent with the multisensory facilitation effect, a phenomenon wherein multiple sensory inputs may reduce the cognitive load required to process and respond to co-occurring stimuli from multiple senses. Although extensive research has explored the generation effect, the multisensory aspect of this task has been overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to determine if the generation effect is modulated by the multisensory facilitation effect. Multisensory facilitation involves the brain’s ability to efficiently process information from diverse sensory sources simultaneously, enhancing cognitive performance. We employed a 2 (Task Type: generate, read) × 3 (Sensory Modality: auditory, visual, multisensory) factorial design, utilizing word pair lists and a cued recall test. A generation effect emerged for the auditory and audiovisual condition, but not for the visual condition. The hypothesis that the magnitude of the generation effect would be greater for the multisensory encoding condition was not supported. The current study addresses a gap in existing literature by examining the multisensory component of generation tasks and extends the current understanding of multisensory learning by incorporating verbal stimuli as the visual component.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Memorization Modulates the Lifespan of Event Files]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.521</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The present study examined whether memorization influences retrieval of stimulus–response (S–R) representations, or event files. Repeating some but not all features of an event file impairs performance (partial repetition costs). Previous findings show smaller partial repetition costs after long than short intervals between formation and retrieval, suggesting that event file representations decay within a few seconds. Short-term memory processes such as rehearsal or attentional refreshing may mitigate this decay and preserve event files.
In this experiment (N = 223), participants performed an S1R1–S2R2 task and were either instructed to memorize S1 identity (memorization group) or received no such instruction (control group). Partial repetition costs were compared between short (500 ms) and long (5,000 ms) intervals between R1 and S2. The memorization group also completed a forced-choice S1-identity memory task after each trial.
In both groups, partial repetition costs were smaller after long than short R1-S2 intervals in response times and error rates. Partial repetition costs were also larger in the memorization group than in the control group across both intervals. In error rates, this group difference was modulated by interval length, with larger partial repetition costs following short intervals in the memorization group; a supplementary check showed this pattern was sensitive to a small number of trials, possibly reflecting reduced power (see Discussion). Exploratory analyses showed that better S1 memory performance was associated with slower event file decay. The findings provide evidence that memorization can mitigate event file decay, with implications for the interplay between binding, attention, and short-term memory.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Prediction During Within- and Cross-Language Phrase Comprehension: Evidence from Eye-Tracking]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.518</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Language comprehension involves actively predicting upcoming words, but it remains unclear how the brain responds when predictions are disconfirmed. In the present study, we examined the effect of prediction disconfirmation by measuring eye movements in two visual-world eye-tracking experiments. Additionally, we explored such processing within one language as well as across a bilingual’s two languages to explore the question of whether the effect of prediction disconfirmation is language-specific or language-independent. In a within-language and a cross-language experiment, Chinese-English bilinguals heard a classifier-noun phrase (e.g., “a grain of rice”) in which the classifier was always presented in Mandarin Chinese, their L1, and selected a picture corresponding to the presented noun from a set of three pictures displayed on the screen. Across trials, the congruency of the classifier-noun phrase was manipulated: the noun could be congruent (e.g., “a grain of rice”) or incongruent (e.g., “a grain of furniture”) with the classifier. Experiment 1 (N = 40) used the same language (participant’s L1, Chinese) for classifier and noun, whereas Experiment 2 (N = 40) used different languages (Chinese for the classifier; but participants’ L2, English, for the noun). The results revealed temporal patterns of eye movements that may reflect residual activation of representations referring to disconfirmed predictions shortly after disconfirmation, followed by a reduction in their influence that may be related to inhibitory processing. Together, these findings suggest similar temporal patterns of eye movements following prediction disconfirmation in within-language and cross-language contexts, pointing to a dynamic and language-independent trajectory in the processing of lexical representations affected by prediction disconfirmation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Age-Related Differences in Naming Latency Variability]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.520</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Variability in naming latencies is expected to increase with age on multiple levels, but few studies have examined whether this is indeed the case. In the present study, we tested whether performance variability increases with age by comparing young and older adults in the amount of naming latency variability between participants, across items, and within participants across trials and days. We additionally used estimates of performance variability for power analyses to determine how samples (i.e., participants/items) should be adjusted to achieve sufficient power in studies comparing latencies across age groups. We tested older adults (aged 65–75) on two occasions (7–16 days apart) and compared their naming latencies with those of young adults (aged 18–35) tested in another study using the same procedures. We replicated the age-related slowing in naming latencies reported by some authors. We found greater between-item variability in older participants, no evidence for or against an age-related increase in between-participant variability, and evidence for no increases in participant variability across trials with age. Moreover, variability across days was greater in the young than the older adult group. We discuss the relevance of these findings for designing future studies as well as for better understanding mixed findings in past studies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Effects of Personality, Anxiety and Depression on the Attentional Processing of Emotional Faces]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.519</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Individual differences in emotional information processing may be explained by attentional biases related to personality traits and affective symptoms. The present study examined how personality, anxiety, and depression symptoms relate to visual attention toward emotional facial expressions. Participants (N = 103) from a non-clinical student sample completed the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI) and Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), followed by an eye-tracking task assessing attention to paired neutral and emotional faces. Attentional processing was assessed using initial orienting (time to first fixation) and sustained attention (fixation duration).
Participants showed a general bias toward emotional faces, orienting faster to and fixating longer on emotional compared to neutral stimuli. Higher neuroticism was associated with faster initial orienting to fearful and sad expressions and prolonged fixation on emotional faces overall. Anxiety symptoms were linked to faster initial orienting across emotional expressions, indicating heightened sensitivity to emotional stimuli. Depressive symptoms were associated with longer fixation durations on emotional faces overall, without evidence of mood-congruent bias toward sad expressions. Other personality traits showed limited associations with attentional indices. Gender differences were minimal, although males oriented faster to angry faces.
These findings suggest that neuroticism, anxiety, and depression contribute to distinct components of attentional bias, with neuroticism linked to both early and sustained processing of negative emotional stimuli, anxiety to early vigilance, and depression to prolonged attention to emotional cues. Results support models emphasizing both vigilance and maintenance mechanisms in emotional attention and highlight the role of individual differences in attentional processes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Age and Physical Activity Modulate the Spatial Mapping of Time-Related Words]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.514</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The processing of temporal concepts is known to be intertwined with spatial cognition. For instance, reaction times (RTs) are shorter when participants classify past- and future-related words with left- and right-lateral responses, respectively, in line with the so-called mental time line hypothesis. While some research has addressed individual differences in processing temporal concepts, it still remains unclear how such space–time congruency effects are influenced by the most crucial time-related factor in our lives – age. To address this question, we asked 94 participants aged 19 to 80 years old to classify past, future, and neutral words as related to time by using left and right response keys. In addition, we collected information regarding participants’ self-reported level of physical activity, as it was shown to be a predictor of healthy ageing. We found that younger participants processed future-related words faster than past-related words, whereas older participants processed past-related words faster than future-related words. This ageing effect was modulated by physical exercise: The higher the self-reported level of physical activity in older participants, the smaller the past-related RT bias. Finally, our data revealed an age-related decline in space–time congruency effects among participants with lower self-reported physical activity. These findings indicate that the conceptual representation of time undergoes lifelong changes influenced by multiple factors, including age and physical activity. We suggest an integrative construct of dynamic conceptual time whereby the individual’s bodily and life-course experiences lead to gradual changes in the processing of temporal concepts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Perceptual Contaminants to Assessments of Visuospatial Working Memory: The Influences of Path Clutterness and Endpoint Crowding]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.517</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Identifying individual differences in various cognitive constructs has important implications for settings such as clinical and educational assessments. Yet, cognitive tasks themselves often do not measure a single construct. As such, there is value in understanding the mixture of constructs involved in cognitive task performance, as this would allow target constructs to be better isolated. For example, tasks assessing visuospatial working memory (VSWM), in addition to measuring the “of interest” processes of encoding and maintenance, also involve lower-level perceptual processes. Here, we examined perceptual contaminant effects on VSWM using a modified Corsi Block Tapping Task, in which participants observed and reproduced sequences of spatial locations. Two forms of perceptual interference were manipulated: path clutterness, in which distractors appeared near the virtual path connecting successive targets, and endpoint crowding, in which distractors appeared near the target locations themselves. Endpoint crowding produced clear decrements in task performance, whereas path clutterness produced no detectable changes in performance. These findings indicate that perceptual processes, specifically visual crowding, influence VSWM assessment. This underscores the importance of accounting for perceptual processes in the design and interpretation of working memory measures.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Behavioral Constraint Legibility Under Concealment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.515</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Everyday cognition requires observers to find organization in continuous behavior as surface form changes. Behavioral streams can carry a constraint that governs what remains coherent across variation. This study examines whether such a constraint can remain publicly legible when it structures an action stream and remains concealed from observers.
The study examined this question in Untitled, Literally, a full-length abstract choreographic work presented in five public performances. Eight sections were constructed with Essence-to-Movement (EtoM), a procedure for preserving a specified behavioral constraint across varied movement conditions. One section, Drink Me, served as an internal contrast. Following the performances, audience members completed an anonymous voluntary questionnaire (N = 393).
We tested the hypothesis that observers who reported structural routes into the work would show lower uncertainty, stronger active meaning-making, and lower preference for the internal contrast. The observed profile was consistent with this hypothesis. Structural-entry reports were associated with lower uncertainty, stronger active meaning-making, and sharper within-work discrimination between constraint-governed material and the internal contrast. These associations are interpreted within a post-performance self-report design under concealment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[How to Measure the Reliability of Tasks in Experimental Psychology]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.516</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Calculating the reliability of experimental tasks can be surprisingly difficult using existing tools. Although R packages such as psych are robust, they often require data in wide format and assume carefully selected items that avoid floor and ceiling effects. To encourage the reporting of task reliability in experimental research, I have written an R function, ICC_participants_long, which uses the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to measure the reliability of participant scores directly from data in long format. Applying this function revealed that the current split-half approach may underestimate the reliability of experimental tasks. Furthermore, the model-based approach makes it possible to generate Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) as estimates of participants’ scores, which provides an informative supplement to the raw means.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Does Attending to Information in Working Memory Improve Long-Term Memory?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.513</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[There is broad agreement among memory researchers that WM processes can influence LTM formation. Prior research has suggested that holding information in WM for a longer time may benefit LTM because of mechanisms such as refreshing, elaboration, or consolidation – processes presumed to rely on focused attention. However, studies manipulating free time do not isolate attention effects from other factors. Several studies have used a more direct way to study the effect of attention on LTM performance by using prioritization techniques (such as retro-cuing and rewarding) whereby attention is directed towards specific information in WM during the WM retention interval. Here we review these studies. The results are mixed: Whereas some studies find LTM benefits for prioritized items, others do not. Variability in outcomes could not be explained by differences in memory set size, presentation mode, material type, kind of priority signal, or test format. When an LTM benefit is present, the difference in performance remains modest. Thus, focused attention in WM generates at best a small benefit to LTM. Most of the included studies made use of a surprise LTM test and thus, further research is needed to determine whether the intent to remember information in the long term interacts with attention to promote LTM encoding. Altogether, our review findings suggest that attention to information in WM is insufficient on its own for robust LTM encoding.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Repeating Task-Irrelevant Contexts Does Not Bias Task Choice and Performance in Voluntary Task Switching]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.512</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Goal-directed behaviour requires both efficient task execution as well as adequate task choice. Task choice may reflect deliberate evaluation of costs and benefits, but it may also be biased by bottom-up memory retrieval. Specifically, re-encountering a previously experienced context could retrieve a prior task choice, thereby influencing subsequent decisions. In the present study, using the voluntary task-switching (VTS) paradigm, we examined whether repeating a context would retrieve a task by manipulating whether a task-irrelevant context stimulus repeated or changed across consecutive trials. Based on a feature binding and episodic retrieval framework, we hypothesized that the context—albeit task irrelevant—could become bound with the task in each trial. Consequently, repeating the context would retrieve or reactivate the previous-trial task. Therefore, we predicted that context repetitions would increase task-repetition rates and task-repetition benefits. We used an adaptive VTS procedure (Mittelstädt, Miller, &amp; Kiesel, 2018), wherein the onset of the stimulus affording a task repetition is delayed compared to the stimulus affording a task switch. The delay between the stimuli increases for every consecutive task repetition. We included a task-irrelevant context (a coloured box in Experiments 1 and 2, or a picture in Experiment 3) that could switch or repeat unpredictably in each trial. Contrary to the predictions, we found no evidence that repeating a task-irrelevant context affected either task choice or performance, even when context saliency was enhanced in Experiment 3. We discuss these findings in light of the interplay of performance optimization and task-set availability in VTS.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Verb Speed on the Processing of Goal-Oriented Visual Scenes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.510</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Research on mental simulation in language comprehension has yielded mixed findings, with some studies reporting evidence for sensorimotor simulation during language processing and others not. The current study is a conceptual cross-linguistic replication of two eye-tracking experiments on the online processing of speed-induced language originally conducted in English. Participants heard sentences containing a fast- or a slow-motion verb in Estonian (e.g., Laps vudis/tatsas puu juurde ‘The child scurried/toddled to the tree.’), while their eye-movements to a corresponding image with an Agent, Path, and Goal were recorded. We were only partly able to find indications of mental simulation triggered by verb semantics. When sentences were longer and more complex (including a Path phrase such as ‘along the path’), the effect of verb speed (fast vs. slow) on eye-movements varied as a function of scene type (with or without a distractor). Time-course analysis suggested attention allocation differences with earlier looks to the Goal in response to slow compared to fast sentences, but only when the sentences were longer and the scenes had no distractor. These mixed findings make it difficult to formulate strong conclusions about mental simulation of speed. If mental simulation of speed exists, it appears to be less consistently observed in visual-world studies than mental simulation of other information researched in the literature, such as colour. The study highlights the importance of addressing mental simulation in a diverse set of studies and of extending them beyond Indo-European languages.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Balancing Cognitive Flexibility and Stability: The Role of Reward, Autism, and Transdiagnostic Traits]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.511</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In our daily lives, we often need to switch between states of cognitive flexibility and stability based on environmental demands. It has been suggested that people can learn to navigate this balance based on reinforcement, but that this may be impaired in autism or other transdiagnostic dimensions. Replicating previous work, we show that people (n = 412) voluntarily switch tasks more when previously rewarded more for performing well on task-switch trials. Interestingly, we also found that it was difficult to unlearn this shift in cognitive flexibility when the mapping between task-switching and reward suddenly reversed. People with an autism diagnosis or high autism traits were not slower or faster in learning these contingencies. However, our results suggested a generally smaller task-rule interference effect and larger switch costs in autism and high autism traits, in line with prevalent ideas that they show more cognitive stability at the cost of less flexibility. A similar pattern was found for a significantly correlated Compulsivity and intrusive thought not capitalised for consistency please and Alexithymia component extracted from a rotated principal component analysis, highlighting the need to consider co-occurring symptoms. Together, our findings show that people learn to vary task-switching behaviour as a function of reinforcement, which may be hard or slow to unlearn, as well as interindividual variations along the flexibility-stability trade-off that show a relation to autism.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cultural Influences on Name Agreement: A Set of 237 Standardized Photographs of French Speakers in Quebec and France]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.509</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigated name agreement for a set of 237 photographs from the Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS; Brodeur et al., 2010, 2014), using modal name agreement as a percentage-based measure of naming consensus and the H-value as an information-based measure of response dispersion. Data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 105 Quebec French speakers and 106 France French speakers, who reported no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. We hypothesized that cultural context would yield differences in H-values and modal names between the two groups of speakers representing two varieties of French. For each photograph, we report the dominant (modal) name, modal name agreement, alternative responses, and the corresponding H-value. Across the dataset, mean modal name agreement was 83.81% for Quebec French speakers and 83.34% for France French speakers, while mean H-values were 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. Distributional comparisons did not reveal significant differences in H-values between varieties. However, complementary item-level analyses indicated that H-values were slightly but significantly higher in France French, with a small effect size, and that H-values were positively associated across varieties. Descriptive comparisons also showed substantial overlap in modal names across varieties, while identifying a subset of items with different dominant labels. This study provides the first cross-cultural normative dataset for Quebec and France French, underscoring the importance of culturally adapted naming norms in both cognitive research and clinical practice.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Is Prospective Memory Monitoring Governed by Dual Processes of Initiating a Retrieval Mode and Checking for Targets? A Conceptual Replication and Extension of Guynn (2003)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.508</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Prospective memory (PM) is often supported by monitoring the environment for a PM target that signals it is the appropriate time to perform the intention, a process that is attentionally demanding and therefore induces a cost to the ongoing task. Consequently, monitoring is employed strategically by heightening monitoring in contexts where PM targets are likely to occur, and relaxing monitoring in other contexts. In a seminal paper, Guynn (2003) proposed a dual-process model to explain the mechanisms of strategic monitoring, positing that strategic monitoring is supported by two processes: retrieval mode and target checking. The dual-process model has since been a fundamental contributor within the PM domain, playing a critical role in both theoretical and empirical progress. Although the dual-process model has undoubtedly left its mark, Guynn’s (2003) original findings have not yet been replicated. Moreover, there has been no test of whether these results are replicable in a more traditional PM paradigm. In Experiment 1, we conceptually replicated Guynn’s (2003) findings in support of the dual-process model of strategic monitoring after adjusting her design slightly to provide a more complete characterization of the influence of strategic monitoring on ongoing task costs. Experiment 2 aimed to conceptually replicate the evidence for the dual-process model in a traditional ongoing task within the PM literature, a lexical decision task. Although we found little support for the dual-process model in lexical decision task performance, the pattern of results raises the possibility that task characteristics may affect engagement of retrieval mode and target checking. Ultimately, this study provides the first replication of Guynn (2003) and highlights the need for further investigation of the dual-process model in other PM paradigms.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Imaginative Thought]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.506</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[I suggest that the imagination is the engine of the mind. Its power can be illustrated in several domains that otherwise may seem quite disparate. I start first with moral decision making. Experimental results show the power of our imagination in bringing about immediate change in our moral judgments. Even actions we consider completely morally unacceptable can become neutralised. The impact of the moral imagination has many consequences, including its effects on our ability to understand other people’s perspectives and their sometimes false beliefs. Next, I turn to causal reasoning. Experimental results show that the entertainment of counterfactual possibilities drives our causal explanations, even though causal and counterfactual explanations can have very different content. The impact of the causal imagination has many consequences including its effects on our ability to understand decisions made by Artificial Intelligence decision support systems. In the final section, I consider the mechanics of the imagination and the cognitive processes that underlie the mental simulation of alternatives to reality. Experimental results show that we construct mental models to represent the meaning of a counterfactual conditional. Our imagination of multiple possibilities has many consequences, including its effects on counterfactual inferences.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Competing Biases in Real-Time Sentence Processing]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.507</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In sentences such as “John remembered the boy took some time to rest”, the locally ambiguous noun phrase (NP) “the boy” is initially parsed as the direct object of the matrix verb “remembered” (the object analysis). When the embedded verb “took” is encountered, the NP is revised as the subject of the embedded clause (the subject analysis). Open questions are how the real-time resolution of this complement ambiguity is influenced by semantic/categorial constraints (i.e., whether the locally ambiguous NP is a semantically/categorially appropriate object of the matrix verb) and selectional frequency (i.e., the frequency with which the matrix verb takes a direct object NP). The present study addressed these questions and also examined whether temporal adjuncts, which can bias parsing towards the object analysis (e.g., “John remembered the boy after…”), influence real-time ambiguity resolution. The results showed that semantic/categorial constraints and selectional frequency drive the processor towards the subject analysis before embedded-verb disambiguation. However, temporal adjuncts gradually increased in influence and ultimately overrode these biases during processing. The observed parsing process was also simulated within an interactive constraint-based framework. Together, the experimental and simulation results suggest that real-time sentence processing is dynamically shaped by multiple competing biases.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Orthographic Neighbourhood Size Effects in Chinese Character Recognition: Small, Inconsistent, and Theoretically Ambiguous]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.505</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.5334/joc.505</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Existing orthographic neighbourhood size measures for Chinese words rely on the representation of words or characters as consisting of two components, which leads to coarse measurements. Recently, Wang and Keuleers (2024) proposed the use of Ideographic Description Sequences (IDSs) which encode the basic stroke patterns of characters and their spatial relationships to create more precise neighbourhood measures. In two studies, we compared the effect of different neighbourhood size measures on recognition of single Chinese characters, while controlling for character frequency and number of strokes. In Study 1, we replicated the conventional two-unit approach using neighbourhood size measures for semantic (N-sc) and phonetic (N-pc) components. We found no effect of N-pc or N-sc. In Study 2, we used IDS-based measures to represent orthographic similarity at a more detailed level. In Study 2a, we found that the effect of a neighbourhood size measure based on single-component substitution (N-ch) was inhibitory but weak. In Study 2b, we found that a neighbourhood density measure using weighted edit distance (WLD-10) showed facilitation. In Study 2c, we found that this facilitatory effect was retained with a normalised measure (WND-10). While conceptually the IDS-based measures are better neighbourhood measures and one might hope that this would also imply stronger neighbourhood effects, our results show that the effects of neighbourhood size on character recognition remained small and difficult to interpret theoretically. Our results suggest that if any meaningful effects of orthographic neighbourhood size exist for character recognition in Chinese, they are probably small and inconsistent.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Prior Beliefs about Volatility on Adaptive Behavior]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.5334/joc.504</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.5334/joc.504</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Humans adapt to environmental changes by balancing empirical observations with prior beliefs and evaluating if unexpected events indicate a true change. The specific factors that govern updating behavior in dynamic environments remain to be elucidated. We here examined how prior beliefs about environmental volatility affect updating of cue-target contingencies, particularly when observations violate these beliefs. Thirty-two participants completed two versions of a probabilistic reversal-learning task, in which auditory cues signaled the location of a subsequent visual target stimulus. In a reactive task version, participants indicated the target location after its appearance; in a predictive task version, they predicted the target’s location based on the cue information. Cue-target contingencies either remained stable or reversed once within a block, thereby creating a stable and a reversal environment. Before each block, participants received either true or false information about volatility, i.e., about whether the cue-target contingency would remain stable or change. We analyzed reaction times (reactive task) and choices (predictive task) with model-free measures and a Rescorla-Wagner learning model. Participants generally adapted to the contingency changes in both tasks. In the reactive task, prior beliefs had no significant effect. In the predictive task, believing that a reversal environment was stable reduced learning rates. In stable environments, falsely believing the environment contained a reversal increased decision noise, reduced accuracy and increased choice variability. These findings demonstrate that prior beliefs about volatility shape updating in response to task demands and environmental structure.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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