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        <title>Transport and Telecommunication Journal Feed</title>
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            <title>Transport and Telecommunication Journal Feed</title>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Simulated Annealing Vs. Mixed Integer Programming for CVRP: A Case Study of Fuel Deliveries in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) in the context of fuel delivery to gas stations. The CVRP aims to minimize total travel distance for a fleet with limited capacity. Fuel delivery, however, introduces unique complexities within the CVRP framework. The study proposes integrating the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm with a customized CVRP model specifically designed for gas station networks. This model incorporates real-world constraints like vehicle capacity, fuel demands at each station, and road network distances. The paper outlines the design of the SA-based CVRP model for fuel delivery. It details the objective function (minimizing distance) and the SA’s exploration mechanism for generating candidate solutions. To assess its effectiveness, the proposed approach undergoes computational tests in Poland’s gas station network serviced by the Samat transportation company. The performance of the developed SA-based CVRP model is compared with the conventional Mixed Integer Programming model for CVRP powered by Gurobi. The results aim to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed SA-based heuristic in finding efficient routes for fuel deliveries.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Combined Availability Prediction Methods for Multicarrier Microwave Links]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Nowadays, microwave backhaul can reliably provide several gigabits of capacity, in many cases due to the aggregation of multiple parallel links working at different frequencies. While the availability prediction methods for a single carrier link are well-known and widely applied for link budget calculations, the method for estimating the availability of the multicarrier system‘s combined throughput (or simply the combined availability) needs to be developed. The purpose of this article is to compare the obtained practical results with software simulation output based on ITU recommendations, as well as to evaluate the theoretical approach to combined availability calculation of a multicarrier link. The results showed a correlation between experimental and theoretical methods, as well as a results deviation between different theoretical models including the ITU-based model, which will be discussed herein.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Simulation of Real-Time Systems]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article presents the development of a real-time system simulator and discusses the results obtained through its application. The simulator is designed in accordance with the fundamental principles of real-time systems, incorporating traffic sources that generate both hard and soft data streams. Hard data streams demand stringent transmission conditions, such as minimal latency beyond what is required for essential operations to ensure accurate data transmission. Conversely, soft data streams allow for variations in transmission parameters. The simulator was developed using the event scheduling approach and implemented in the C++ programming language.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cooperative Road and Lane Aware V2I Communication for Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Self-Driving Vehicles]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Autonomous self-driving vehicles are becoming more essential in research due to its features and implementation. Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) is a critical component in autonomous self-driving cars. With the proper implementation of V2I communication many road accidents can be prevented. The proposed work implements new cooperative algorithm that embeds road classification, lane marking detection and classification. The proposed algorithm uses Road Side Unit (RSU) and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) for V2I communication. This algorithm enhances the safety in lane changing with the incorporation of lane marking detection. The results clearly demonstrate the implementation of V2I communication with an acceptable efficiency of 99% that enhances the road safety.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Exploring Barriers to the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the Transportation Sector in the Context of Industry 5.0: A Qualitative Expert-Based Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates barriers to the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the transportation and logistics sector within the context of Industry 5.0, emphasizing human centricity, sustainability, and system resilience. A qualitative expert-based research approach was applied using asynchronous email interviews with 54 experts representing transport operators, logistics service providers, SMEs, public sector institutions, technology providers, and academia from multiple countries. The analysis identified eight interrelated categories of barriers affecting AI implementation in transport systems, including data quality and integration issues, infrastructure limitations, financial constraints, lack of human competencies, managerial challenges, psychological resistance, ethical and safety concerns, and regulatory uncertainty. SME specific challenges were further examined using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, confirming the central role of data, competences and resource constraints. The findings indicate only partial alignment of current AI initiatives with Industry 5.0 values and provide implications for intelligent transport systems, transport safety, and policy development.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Telematics-Enabled Coordination of Mobile Emergency Decontamination Processes in Transport Hubs]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Mass decontamination in transport hubs is a time-critical emergency-response task following accidents involving hazardous goods, where operational effectiveness depends on rapid coordination, reliable control, and traceable execution. This paper proposes a telematics-enabled digital coordination framework for mobile emergency decontamination in transport-hub environments. The framework is formalised as a four-layer cyber-physical architecture integrating operator interaction, application-layer control, equipment-level execution, and persistent audit-oriented data management. Its operational logic is supported by a deterministic lifecycle model, algebraic preset validation, and role-based access control. The proposed approach was evaluated through scenario-based simulation and a transport-hub case study. The results confirmed functional correctness and operational feasibility of the framework, while the case study indicated a 42% reduction in mean response time and a 44% reduction in sustainability-related operational loss compared with conventional manual coordination. The study shows that mobile decontamination can be interpreted as a digitally coordinated safety service within transport hubs and that telematics-enabled orchestration can improve response readiness and operational resilience in disruption-sensitive environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Simulation Studies of Various Structures of Optical Switching Networks]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article presents a research of loss probability in various structures of elastic optical network nodes. To conduct the research, an elastic optical networks simulator, which enables to determine loss probabilities of switching network nodes of any structure, was implemented. The simulator is able to offer network traffic composed of Erlang, Engset, and Pascal traffic streams, specified with input parameters. The article includes topics within the realm of elastic optical networks, provides a description of algorithms implemented in the simulator, its input data and parameters, describes the structures of the examined switching network nodes, and presents research results for individual structures and systems. The studies were conducted on practically utilized switching network node structures like Banyan, Baseline, and Omega and Clos switching network nodes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Research of Some Hazard Factors and Intensity of a Set Security Events in the Telecommunication System]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article considers the tasks of the study and analysis some factors danger and intensity of a set of security events in multiservice local and corporate public communication networks. Based on the study, a new approach is proposed for creating a mathematical model danger and intensity of a set security events in multiservice telecommunications networks under the threat of subscriber and network unauthorized access. As a result of the study, analytical formulas were obtained for the formal dependence integrated criteria for the quality of indication as single and multiple security events and hazard factors with a parameter, components of the information security vector and the conditional probability intensity of a set of security events. For a comparative analysis, a numerical calculation was carried out and a graphical dependence of the probability of the degree resistance to security threats in a communication system on the probability danger and the intensity of a set of security events was constructed when using different feedback coefficients. The relevance of using machine learning technology in the tasks of assessing the effectiveness of management based on security events in multiservice communication networks using the k-nearest neighbours (KNN) method, which classifies an object as a class, is considered. Based on the modeling, the metrics for assessing the quality of classification by the KNN algorithm are presented and a graphical dependence True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Positives Rate (FPR) is constructed for comparative analysis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of the Elitist Ant System and Clustering Methods for Solving the Constrained Vehicle Routing Problem]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of e-commerce necessitates automated Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) solutions that account for real urban topology, particularly in metropolises such as Almaty. This study implements a hybrid «Cluster-First, Route-Second» approach. This approach integrates K-Means clustering and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) using real road distance matrices (OSRM API) instead of Euclidean metrics. Comparative experiments on verified geodata demonstrated the superiority of the method over the Genetic Algorithm. A 42% reduction in route length and the elimination of topological errors were achieved. Decomposition analysis confirmed the optimality of K-Means for driver workload balancing. Practical application on a fleet of 4 vehicles showed the potential to reduce annual mileage by over 31,000 km. This provides financial savings exceeding 1.44 million tenge and a reduction in CO₂ emissions of 11.8 tons, offering a validated tool for sustainable urban logistics.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhancing Information Resources for Urban Freight Management through Image Processing and Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0016</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0016</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The issue of incomplete data on the volume and types of freight transport in urban areas is well known, leading to difficulties in managing transport processes and hindering the development of strategic approaches for modern cities. To improve the management of freight flows, it is essential to distinguish freight vehicles from private and public transport. This paper investigates and develops methods for vehicle detection and tracking using cameras mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), aiming to enhance urban logistics data through image processing and analysis algorithms. A multi-camera vehicle detection and tracking algorithm was developed to support the analysis and evaluation of traffic flow efficiency in urban logistics, ultimately contributing to improved transportation management aligned with emission reduction principles.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of Infrared Thermography on Bus Air Compressor Units for Preventive Fault Detection]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0010</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The following paper presents the application of Non-destructive Testing methods such as thermography for fault finding in internal components of buses and specifically the air compressor unit. Such units consist of a small internal combustion engine that provides air to the vehicle’s breaks, suspension and passenger door operations. Hoses transferring compressed air from the compressor to the rest of the system can get clogged, leading the air compressor to potential failure and even fire of the unit. Thermal imaging was applied in a number of Mercedes Citaro LE and Volvo B9 buses provided by a bus fleet operator, to evaluate whether such clogging can be detected at an early stage, during routine maintenance of the bus. A number of acquisitions, using a thermal camera were taken, with the air compressor under different loads and under heating or cooling phase of the unit. The paper presents that thermography can be used to detect such failures by observing specific hoses of the unit as well as the overall thermal behaviour of the air compressor.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[YOLOV10 vs. YOLOV8: Performance Improvements for Vehicle Detection at Multilane Roundabouts]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0012</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0012</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study compares YOLOv8 and YOLOv10 for vehicle detection in multilane roundabouts, a complex environment characterized by frequent occlusions and non-linear movement patterns. A large UAV-based dataset was collected from multiple roundabouts, capturing diverse geometric configurations and congestion levels. The dataset was preprocessed, annotated, and used to train and evaluate both algorithms under identical conditions. The results reveal that YOLOv10 models achieve higher recall across all vehicle categories, making them more effective for complete vehicle detection, including those with occlusions. In contrast, YOLOv8 models maintain slightly higher precision, reducing false positives, which is advantageous in applications prioritizing classification accuracy. Larger YOLOv10 models also demonstrate lower inference latency, thereby improving the feasibility of real-time deployment. However, YOLOv8 offers faster training times and is more memory-efficient in smaller configurations. Therefore, YOLOv8 is suitable for resource-limited environments that require high precision, while YOLOv10 excels at recall-oriented tasks. These findings contribute to the advancement of vehicle detection technologies, supporting the development of more effective and scalable intelligent transportation systems.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cost Modeling Framework for International Refrigerated Road Transport using Adduced Transport Expenses Per Kilometer]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0017</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0017</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In international refrigerated road transport, tariff-based pricing practices often overlook the actual cost structure of cold-chain operations and the influence of environmental, regulatory and logistical constraints. This paper develops a structured cost-modelling framework that introduces an Adduced Transport Expenses per 1 km indicator, which consolidates distance-based, time-dependent and organisational costs into a single per‑kilometer measure. All cost components are systematically differentiated across three operational dimensions and normalised by route length and vehicle load, enabling consistent cost benchmarking across routes, seasons and vehicle configurations. The methodology is validated using real operational data from long‑haul refrigerated transport on the Baku–Ankara route, demonstrating how the model can be used to estimate minimum freight tariffs, support more transparent rate negotiations and inform strategic decision-making in international cold‑chain logistics planning.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Passenger and Freight Demand under Macroeconomic Volatility: Evidence from South Korea and The United States]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0011</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0011</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the asymmetric effects of economic growth and recession on airline demand by focusing on South Korea’s and the United States’ air passenger and freight sectors. Quarterly data from 1990 to 2023 are analyzed to identify the impact of economic fluctuations on air passenger and freight demand, incorporating macroeconomic variables such as the industrial production index, consumer price index, and oil prices. The results reveal a significant asymmetry in how airline demand responds to economic growth versus recessions. In South Korea and the United States, negative shocks lead to more pronounced declines in air passenger and freight demand versus the increases observed during periods of economic growth. Enhancing the aviation sector’s resilience can help protect jobs and maintain crucial transport links. The nuanced understanding of short- and long-term dynamics from this study delivers new insights into the airline sector’s response to macroeconomic shocks.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Assessment of Service Quality in Public Transport Using an Underperformance Approach: A Case Study of Constantine, Algeria]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper proposes a new approach to evaluating the quality of public transport based on underperformance analysis. This approach aims to identify actual service failures by combining objective data and user perceptions. In this context, the objective of this paper is to offer a more reliable evaluation tool adapted to the contexts of developing countries, where certain service deficiencies tend to be normalized. The proposed approach is applied to a real case study in Constantine public transport; a series of objective and subjective indicators are calculated on the basis of infractions provided by local authorities and user perceptions of the service. This approach thus allows for a better understanding of the sources of quality degradation and supports more effective decisions for improving public transport in order to achieve the overall objectives of sustainable mobility.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Computer Vision Approach to Evaluating Crosswalk Safety for Vulnerable Road Users]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[With advancements in computer vision and cloud computing, Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs) now provide actionable insights to mitigate safety concerns before collisions occur. This study, conducted as part of the STREET21 research project and contributes to the existing body of knowledge by examining Post-Encroachment Time (PET), a time-based SSM, at a high-traffic urban intersection which many young vulnerable users (university students) cross as pedestrians for their daily commuting needs. In total 513 traffic conflict events were identified and mapped for the purposes of the analysis. The spatial analysis provides critical insights into the patterns of traffic conflicts. Results of the quantitative analysis demonstrate that pedestrian conflicts predominantly involved right-turning vehicles, followed by through vehicles, potentially indicative of red-light violations. The applied methodology underscores the efficacy of video analytics as a scalable alternative to traditional crash data analysis, enabling the evaluation of intersection designs and temporary treatments before permanent implementation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On a Hybrid Decision Support Framework for Train Selection in Indian Railways: An Integration of Dominance-Based Rough Set Approaches and Machine Learning Models]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0002</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) operates one of the most heavily utilized railway reservation systems globally, reflecting the central role of Indian Railways (IR) as an affordable and essential mode of transportation across the country. However, selecting an appropriate train remains a complex decision-making task for passengers, primarily due to the uncertainty surrounding ticket availability on preferred travel dates. To address this challenge, the present study proposes a hybrid decision support system designed to aid passengers in selecting optimal train options, particularly for tourism-related travel. This research employs a Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach (DRSA) within a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework to analyze preference-based data and extract interpretable decision rules in the form of “if...then” statements. These rules assist decision makers in evaluating multiple train-related criteria simultaneously. For comparative purposes, the Classical Rough Set Approach (CRSA) is also implemented to identify the relative advantages and limitations of both rough set methodologies in addressing train selection complexity. In addition, the study integrates machine learning techniques by utilizing two predictive models – Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Support Vector Machine Classifier (SVMC) – to estimate overall train ratings based on user preferences and historical data. Model performance is evaluated using standard classification metrics, including accuracy and precision. By combining MCDM techniques with machine learning algorithms, the proposed hybrid framework enhances the train reservation experience, enabling passengers to make informed, preference-aligned travel decisions through the Indian Railways reservation system.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of World Experience and Experimental Implementation of Unmanned Radio Intelligence Systems]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0007</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article presents a comprehensive review and experimental analysis of the development of unmanned systems designed for electronic reconnaissance (REI) tasks. It combines a global assessment of technological trends, engineering solutions, and patent activity in the field of UAV-based radio intelligence platforms with the results of a practical implementation of a prototype SDR-based measurement system. The study outlines structural architectures, modular payload configurations, autonomous navigation strategies, and the integration of artificial intelligence in signal detection and direction-finding. Particular attention is given to approaches for enhancing situational awareness through adaptive signal processing and GNSS-independent navigation. The experimental part demonstrates the design, calibration, and field testing of a multi-antenna SDR system for real-time direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Comparative analysis confirms the system’s accuracy and viability, highlighting the feasibility of compact, low-cost radio intelligence solutions. The paper concludes with recommendations for further R&amp;D in autonomous REI systems, emphasizing AI integration, modular design, and resilience to electronic countermeasures.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Integrated Modeling and Validation of HHO-Based Nox Reduction in Spark-Ignition Engines]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study presents the design, testing and optimization of a solar-powered HHO generator integrated into a gasoline-powered car (1.6L, 105 hp). The generator (model B1) is powered entirely by a 180 W photovoltaic (PV) panel via an MPPT controller, avoiding additional load on the alternator and improving net electrical efficiency. Exhaust emissions were measured using a TEXA Gasbox2 analyzer, with additional monitoring of the HHO system pressure using a PDS500G sensor. Comparative road tests (100 km) were carried out with and without the HHO generator. The reported results show a 28.6% reduction in NOx emissions (from 0.042 g/km to 0.030 g/km), as well as improvements in CO and HC values. A parametric model for NOx reduction was developed and an optimization scenario with increased photovoltaic power (300 W) and higher cell current was simulated. Theoretical electrolysis efficiency, hydrogen mass production and predicted energy balance were calculated.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Study of the Behaviour of Alternative Fuel Injection Stratification Through Numerical Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ttj-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[International agreements and the urgency for the reduction of gases that contribute to climate change have sparked the search for alternative fuels of satisfactory qualities to fulfil the demand posed by internal combustion engines. In spite of this, it is indeed worth analysing their behaviour at every stage on one side or the other and to observe the contrasts depending on the design of the combustion chamber. For this reason, we focus on the injection of three fuels diesel, hydrogen and methane chosen because of their contrasting physical and chemical properties. Their behaviour is compared and its velocity is focused on. In order to perform it, a numerical simulation performed using ANSYS and selected mathematical models coherent with the physical phenomena dictated by the injection of fuel, turbulence, mass conservation, the atomization process. The values for the initial conditions of the study were drawn from literature and data from real experiments dependent on the velocity, pressure and temperature. Results showed that the behaviour was better suited the deeper combustion chamber, and that methane entered with a greater velocity corresponding to being more that %10 than even other fuels, thus favouring the filling of the combustion chamber and consequently assuring better combustion. Their behaviour reflects the way they should be treated and shows that temporary alternatives can ensure a clean transition for the automotive sector.]]></description>
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