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        <title>Technical Transactions Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/TECHTRANS</link>
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        <lastBuildDate>Sun, 10 May 2026 13:19:01 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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            <title>Technical Transactions Feed</title>
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            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/TECHTRANS</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Cracow University of Technology</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of wastewater treatment efficiency in the region of Lake Czorsztyn]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026010</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes in fifteen wastewater treatment plants located in the region of Lake Czorsztyn, which functions as both a direct and indirect receiver of treated effluents from these facilities. The analyzed wastewater treatment plants are situated in the following localities: Czarny Dunajec, Czorsztyn, Dębno, Frydman, Kluszkowce, Krempachy, Krościenko, Łopuszna, Maniowy, Niedzica, Sromowce Niżne, Sromowce Wyżne, Szczawnica, Trute, and Trybsz. The assessment of treatment efficiency in these facilities was performed based on the calculation of the average reduction degree (η) of selected pollution indicators (BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus), as well as on the analysis of the number of exceedances of their permissible values in treated wastewater. The evaluation was based on analytical results from two years (2023–2024). High wastewater treatment efficiency was found for BOD5, CODCr, and total suspended solids (the reduction range for the analyzed contaminants was: ηBOD5 = 91.2%–99.1%, ηCODCr = 80.9%–96.7%, ηTSS = 88.5%–98.3%). For total nitrogen, the average reduction efficiency ranged from 48.2% to 96.6%, and for total phosphorus from 55.6% to 95.7%. Exceedances of permissible total nitrogen concentrations were observed in 40% of the analyzed samples from the Niedzica wastewater treatment plant, as well as single exceedances of total phosphorus limit valuess in Czarny Dunajec, Czorsztyn, and Niedzica.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A note about the life and scientific achievements of Zbigniew Kowalski (1924–1992)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026009</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The present paper contains biography of Zbigniew Kowalski (1924–1992). Information about his major scientific achievements in the field of ordinary and partial differential equations is given. A complete bibliography of Zbigniew Kowalski is also provided.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[WECARE: Environmental Commons in Action, Research and Education]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026008</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper describes the WECARE project and its methodology, as a framework for urban regeneration through the urban commons. The methodology combines research (i.e. urban and socio-environmental analysis, literature review, on-site visits and questionnaire surveys) with education on different levels and artistic actions &amp; performances. It proposes a paradigm shift from “ecosystem services” to “ecosystem commons”, emphasising community stewardship. Through Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Service-Learning, the study investigates postwar housing estates in Barcelona, Krakow, and Bucharest. The project identifies “latent commons” by mapping quantitative geodata alongside situated qualitative knowledge. On a second stage, it implements collective artistic interventions that may lay the basis for “soft infrastructures” of solidarity, fostering social cohesion and environmental agency. The results are a replicable methodology for community empowerment, proving that sustainable urban regeneration is a relational and cultural process. The findings can be useful for research &amp; educational actions conducted in multicultural districts (which involves both: students and local communities), especially the postwar prefabricated housing estates in various European countries. As well as during the participatory planning processes organized within such areas.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[AIRIS: A Real-Time Face and Object Detection System for Threat Monitoring]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026007</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study presents AIRIS (Advanced Intelligent Recognition &amp; Interception System), a real-time personal security monitoring platform integrating computer vision and artificial intelligence for mobile threat detection. The system is based on a three-layer architecture comprising adaptive face detection, temporal tracking, and hazardous object recognition using deep learning models. The main contribution lies in system-level integration and engineering validation under realistic deployment constraints. Individual identification combines embedding-based recognition with position-based tracking, while temporal persistence algorithms assess presence duration to identify potential risks. The implementation employs multithreaded processing and graceful degradation mechanisms to ensure reliable real-time operation in a wearable–mobile configuration. Experimental evaluation demonstrates 87% trial-level detection success for hazardous object presentation trials, 91% alert correctness, and processing throughput of 5–10 FPS with 120–180 ms latency.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The railway station as a mobility node and an element of cultural heritage in the city structure. The case of Rzeszów]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026005</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article presents selected issues from the research project entitled “W ę z ł y i korytarze rozwoju funkcji metropolitalnych Rzeszowa”, which was carried out by a team of Rzeszów University of Technology employees for the Rzeszów City Development Office. The project aimed to develop an urban construction model and identify areas with high development potential. One of the most important nodes is Rzeszów Główny railway station.
The publication discusses the historical importance of railway stations as elements of cultural heritage and presents selected revitalisation projects from Europe and Poland. The author defines mobility and transport nodes, using these definitions to contextualise the city of Rzeszów within the development of mobility nodes. The remainder of the article focuses on the railway station, first examining its construction history and architectural transformations, and then considering it as part of the Rzeszowskie Centrum Komunikacyjne.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Problems of preservation and restoration of former tenement houses of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (using the example of Kyiv)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026006</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article examines the stylistic features of Kyiv’s tenement houses from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. It is noted that the then urban planning requirements for street development led to unevenness in terms of architecture, which creates problems today, as secondary streets ended up in the central districts of Kyiv. The main features of tenement houses are identified, and it is argued why pseudo-styles (pseudo-Gothic, pseudo-Renaissance, pseudo-Moorish style) and neo-styles (Art Nouveau) usually remained “facade styles” without manifestations in the layout and interior. The main problems of preserving and using former tenement houses in today’s conditions are characterized.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The art gallery as a place to foster a sense of social identity]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026003</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article presents the results of sociological research, which were taken into account in the selection of means of architectural shaping of the architecture of art galleries.
The aim of the study was to present how the residents of Rzeszów and the surrounding area perceive cultural institutions, to determine what architectural and urban planning solutions potential visitors to art galleries expect, and to examine the impact of cultural institutions on social integration. A survey was used as the research method to find out the opinion of the study group. The study was also intended to identify the criteria used by respondents when choosing cultural institutions. The study proved that active participation in artistic activities can contribute to the creation of social bonds and help combat loneliness and depression. Respondents pointed to the ineffective marketing activities of cultural institutions and the lack of effective communication about opportunities to participate in workshops as reasons for low attendance. In addition, visitor preferences were analysed and the marketing campaigns of cultural institutions in Rzeszów were evaluated. Respondents chose social media as their main source of information about cultural events. At the same time, they highlighted their uncertainty about the information obtained. Factors influencing the choice of cultural institutions were identified, including attractive exhibitions/performances, ticket prices and familiarity with the author/actor/creator. The results show that the group of respondents interprets the concepts of social bonds and social integration in an ambiguous way. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated that social integration through art is viewed positively by respondents.
The results of sociological research became a key premise for the development of a modern art gallery in Rzeszów. The architectural design also emphasised the value of the historical site.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Specific features of Art Nouveau in large and medium-sized cities of Ukraine (using the example of Lviv and Chernihiv)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026004</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The study is devoted to identifying the features of the Art Nouveau style in different cities of Ukraine. Using the example of a comparison between the European-style Art Nouveau in Lviv and the regional “wooden Art Nouveau” in Chernihiv, it is shown how the style changes as it moves away from its centres of origin. The role and place of Lviv Art Nouveau in the formation of the Western Ukrainian Art Nouveau school is determined. The varieties of Art Nouveau in Lviv and the spread of certain varieties are characterized, the originality of the architecture of “wooden Art Nouveau” in Chernihiv is analysed. The importance of the “author’s style” in the formation of Art Nouveau buildings is determined. Typical examples of Art Nouveau varieties in Lviv are determined, the characteristics of early and late Art Nouveau are given. The manifestations of Art Nouveau elements on the facades of wooden buildings in Chernihiv and the difference in the manifestations of Art Nouveau in the main and regional centers are determined.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of parametric vibrations of a tensioned string using non-contact measurement methods]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026002</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the parametric vibrations of a pulsating tensioned string. At certain amplitudes and frequencies of excitation in the form of a variable axial force, dynamic instability arises in the system, and transverse vibrations are excited. A non-contact measurement system based on high-speed cameras and an image analysis method was used for the measurements. The eigenfrequency values of the system were determined, and the different types of resonant vibrations arising were examined in detail. In each case, the mode shape of the vibrations, motion trajectories, time traces, spectra and phase portraits of the vibrations were studied. Vibrations in single-mode simple resonances with periodic type and in-plane motion, spatial non-periodic vibrations in combination resonances and also cases of very complex non-periodic vibrations with spatial motion when different types of parametric resonances excite simultaneously were identified.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Study on defect influence on elastic stifnesses and strength of auxetic cellular materials]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2026001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The goal of this paper is to investigate the effects of randomly removed structural members of auxetic cellular material on the evaluation of elastic constants. Statistical volume element SVE size ensuring prescribed accuracy is adopted by giving relation with the size of representative volume element RVE considering number of statistical random defects. Statistical analysis is carried out within the Mathcad code. Inverted honeycomb structures with randomly removed structural members under the typical statistical boundary conditions are considered. The study is achieved by conducting finite element calculation by means of ABAQUS FEA of the auxetic structure leading to obtaining the stiffness matrix and strength. Timoshenko beam elements are used for material microstructure discretization with special attention paid on relation of mesh density with results accuracy. Influence of geometric microstructural parameters on examples of variety of inverted honeycomb microstructures is studied. As result dependence of residual effective elastic moduli and strength on defects density for each microstructure is specified.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Identification of Motion Model Parameters for a Small Hybrid-Propelled Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (HUUV)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/2025031</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/2025031</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper presents the development of a motion model for a hybrid-propelled unmanned underwater vehicle (HUUV) and its verification through MATLAB® simulations and experimental tests conducted with a real vehicle in a swimming pool. The motion tracking method, utilizing a GoPro Hero 6 camera and Tracker® software, was employed to measure the vehicle’s forward velocities, sideslip angles, and circulation radii under various thrust settings. The experimental results were compared with those obtained from simulations using the same thruster configurations. The proposed model is intended to support the development of control algorithms for groups of HUUVs.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Erratum Template (for Editorial Use)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/ex2025015</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/ex2025015</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Identification of Motion Model Parameters for a Small Hybrid-Propelled Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (HUUV)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025031</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025031</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper presents the development of a motion model for a hybrid-propelled unmanned underwater vehicle (HUUV) and its verification through MATLAB® simulations and experimental tests conducted with a real vehicle in a swimming pool. The motion tracking method, utilizing a GoPro Hero 6 camera and Tracker® software, was employed to measure the vehicle’s forward velocities, sideslip angles, and circulation radii under various thrust settings. The experimental results were compared with those obtained from simulations using the same thruster configurations. The proposed model is intended to support the development of control algorithms for groups of HUUVs.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Architecture—Medium—Sacrum. The Higher Theological Seminary of the Resurrectionist in Krakow in the perspective of Marshall McLuhan’s media theory]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025030</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025030</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Architecture, especially sacred architecture, is one of the most complex media of culture. It not only shapes space, but also generates experience, structures ritual, organizes perception, and initiates processes of interpretation. In this sense, it can be read as a structural and symbolic message, which simultaneously reveals its medial character. This article examines this mediality through the lens of Marshall McLuhan’s theory, which understands media—including art and architecture—as systems that organize sensory and cognitive experience. McLuhan’s concept makes it possible to interpret architecture as a dynamic and creative communicative process. The study focuses on the Higher Seminary of the Resurrectionist Fathers in Kraków, one of the most fully realised examples of Polish postmodernism, analysed not through formal categories but within a mediological perspective. The aim of the article is to demonstrate how McLuhan’s categories—such as the extension of the senses, the organization of perception, and the structure of the message—are genuinely present and justified in the experience of architecture. The article presents the theoretical foundations for understanding architecture as a medium, a brief reflection on postmodernism, an analysis of the Resurrectionist Seminary using the conceptual tools mentioned above, and final conclusions. The applied methodology includes analytical interpretation of the seminary’s spatial structure, examination of available statements by the architect, and the use of McLuhan’s theoretical framework (media studies analysis), which together make it possible to read the building as a dynamic narrative in which material function and form co-create meaning, experience, and ritual.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Bridging Theory and Transformation: The Role of Community Capitals in Shaping Sustainable Ecotourism Development]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025029</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025029</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article analyses the evolution of sustainable community-based ecotourism (CBET) in the Cu De River Valley, Central Vietnam, through the analytical lens of the Community Capitals Framework (CCF). Building on earlier theoretical work (Restrepo Rico &amp; Peterek, 2024) and five years of participatory, longitudinal research (2019–2024), the study examines how transformations in natural, cultural, human, social, financial and built capitals have shaped the transition from resource-dependent livelihoods to a diversified ecotourism economy in the Hoa Bac Commune. The findings show that sustainable development emerged not from isolated interventions but from the cumulative and interacting effects of conservation initiatives, cultural revitalisation, skills development, cooperative governance, decentralised infrastructure and income diversification. The article demonstrates that the CCF provides a robust structure for analysing multi--capital transformation processes, and it argues that its application to tourism contexts benefits from integrating considerations of governance dynamics and environmental thresholds. The conclusions offer insights for designing governance, capacity development and implementation frameworks that strengthen the resilience and long-term sustainability of community-based tourism initiatives in rural settings.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Traffic Emissions to Urban Secondary PM: Evaluating Particle Emission Prevention and Its Environmental Impact]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025028</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025028</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper introduces the PAREMPI project — Particle Emission (PM) Prevention and Impact: From Real-World Emissions of Traffic to Secondary PM in Urban Air – funded under the Horizon Europe program. The study outlines the research motivation, project objectives, methodological approach, and organizational structure. It highlights the specific tasks, deliverables, focus areas, and key considerations that guide the project. Particular attention is given to the experimental methods employed to generate high-quality data aimed at filling critical knowledge gaps and supporting the development of a comprehensive emissions database. This database, a primary deliverable of the project, serves as the foundation for evidence-based policy recommendations. Preliminary results are also presented, including examples of the ratio of secondary aerosol (SecA) formation to primary PM mass emissions. Early findings indicate that SecA formation from exhaust emissions is strongly influenced by several technology-related factors, such as fuel type and the configuration of exhaust aftertreatment systems.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Foamed Geopolymers as Low-Emission Insulating Materials with CO2 Sorption Capability – Porosity, Thermal Conductivity, and Adsorption Performance]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025027</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025027</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article presents the results of research on foamed geopolymer materials as potentially dual-function building materials, combining thermal insulation properties with the ability to physically adsorb carbon dioxide. The materials were developed on the basis of fly ash, using hydrogen peroxide as a foaming agent. Two variants of the foaming agent quantity were used to assess how this quantity affects the type of porosity, thermal insulation, and CO2 adsorption capacity. The porous structure was characterised using mercury porosimetry and physical CO2 adsorption. A full analysis of their insulating and accumulating properties was also carried out. Measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) showed that these materials have low thermal conductivity (in the range of 0.101 W/m·K), which confirms their suitability as ecological building insulators. At the same time, sorption tests performed using a physical sorption analyser confirmed the ability of selected composites to adsorb CO2, with a noticeable influence of porosity parameters depending on the amount of blowing agent used on the efficiency of the process. An unexpected result of the research was the conclusion that a smaller amount of foaming agent may be more beneficial in terms of CO2 adsorption capacity, while maintaining similar insulation parameters. The results suggest that properly designed foamed geopolymers can serve a dual function – as insulation materials and passive CO2 adsorbents, thus supporting efforts towards sustainable development and decarbonisation of construction. The results obtained provide a basis for further in-depth analyses related to the possibility of using foamed geopolymers as carbon dioxide-absorbing materials.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The current approaches of interpreting post-war residential architectural history in Poland, as demonstrated by the Złotego Wieku housing development in Krakow]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025025</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025025</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In Polish history, the post-World War II era saw the greatest expansion of new architectural fabric. The public and residential structures that were mass-produced during that period have now attained an age that need restorations, prompting inquiries regarding conservation protection. The preservation of residential structures, which are frequently not updated to meet contemporary requirements, is a particularly delicate topic. The modernization of such assets goes beyond conventional monument preservation. A significant obstacle in this process is the insufficient comprehension of the values inherent in the legacy of post-war architecture, alongside a deficiency in education and advocacy for this history. The article outlines several initiatives implemented in Krakow in recent years to enhance awareness of the significance of post-war architectural heritage. The initiatives related to the Złotego Wieku housing estate in Mistrzejowice district were comprehensive and may provide support for endeavors in Poland and elswhere. Their objective was social mobilization and fostering a sense of pride among their community.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[High-symmetry-point dispersion sensitivity analysis of quasi-Rayleigh waves in periodic half-spaces]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025026</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025026</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This work investigates the sensitivity of surface-wave dispersion characteristics in periodic phononic structures with two types of scatterers: cylindrical pillars and finite-depth circular holes. We develop high-fidelity finite element models of square unit cells with Bloch boundary conditions and analyse the effect of geometric parameters (diameter and height/depth) on eigenfrequencies at a Brillouin zone high-symmetry point. A global sensitivity analysis based on the one-factor-at-a-time method is performed to quantify parameter influence and non-linear interactions. The results show that, for pillar-type structures, the pillar height dominates the dynamic response, while for hole-type structures both diameter and depth have comparable effects. Large geometric variations lead to mode reordering and narrow frequency separations, which is critical for bandgap-oriented optimisation. The approach outlines a route towards tunable phononic platforms for wave-based imaging applications.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Drawing as Encounter. On Freehand Drawing in Architectural Education and the Beginning of a German–Polish Teaching Cooperation]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025024</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.37705/TechTrans/e2025024</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In an era of digitalized architectural education, freehand drawing is often seen as obsolete, yet its relevance is resurging due to technological progress. This paper examines freehand drawing as a creative, epistemological, and intercultural practice in contemporary teaching. Based on a German–Polish collaboration between Cracow University od Technology and Berliner Hochschule für Technik, it shows how drawing fosters spatial awareness, sensory perception, and reflective thinking, complementing rather than competing with digital tools. The exchange highlights drawing as a universal language bridging pedagogical and cultural differences. Freehand drawing thus emerges not as an anachronism but as a forward-looking approach, offering valuable insights for design education in the digital age.
]]></description>
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