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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Multi-response optimization of red mud and sand proportions in paving block production via response surface methodology (RSM)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.11102</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Rising cement and natural aggregate prices have intensified the need for sustainable and optimized paving block mixtures incorporating industrial by-products. This study investigates the multi-response optimization of red mud and stone content in paving block production using response surface methodology (RSM). Red mud, an alkaline by-product of the bauxite refining industry, was utilized as a partial cement replacement to reduce material consumption and environmental impact. The objective was to determine the optimal proportions that satisfy the performance requirements of SNI 03-0691-1996. An RSM-based experimental design evaluated the interactive effects of red mud substitution (0–20% by cement weight) and stone proportion on compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Specimens were produced using portland composite cement, sand, stone, water, and pre-treated red mud. Regression models and response surface plots were developed for prediction and optimization. Results indicate that approximately 18.79% red mud replacement with an optimized aggregate proportion yields the best overall performance. The optimized mix achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 22.91 MPa, satisfying SNI class B criteria, while demonstrating reduced water absorption and abrasion loss. This study introduces a statistically robust multi-response RSM approach for sustainable paving block mix design.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental treatment of oil-contaminated soil structure using vermiculture]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.11008</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons represents one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions of Kazakhstan, where approximately 59% of total oil-related soil pollution is concentrated in the Atyrau Region, with the total area of contaminated land exceeding 194,000 ha. This study investigated the potential of vermiculture-based bioremediation using Californian red worms (Eisenia fetida) and native wild earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) for the restoration of petroleum-contaminated soils under controlled laboratory conditions. Experiments were conducted over a 90-day period using artificially contaminated soil samples with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, supplemented with organic amendments. Physicochemical parameters – including pH, organic matter content, TPH levels, and microbiological activity – were monitored at regular intervals throughout the experimental period. Biometric assessments recorded changes in worm survival rate, biomass, and population dynamics. Key macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), carbon-to-nitrogen (C : N), and temperature variations were determined using standardized laboratory methods. The central mechanism of remediation relied on the synergistic interaction between earthworm gut-associated microbiota and indigenous hydrocarbon-oxidizing soil bacteria, which collectively facilitated biochemical cleavage of hydrocarbon chains. The results demonstrated that vermiculture application facilitated TPH degradation of 60–80%, with the highest remediation efficiency observed in treatments involving Eisenia fetida, which maintained an optimal C : N ratio and the greatest microbiological activity throughout the experiment. Zooremediation significantly enhanced soil microbiological activity, improved physicochemical soil properties, and increased the concentration of plant-available nutrients in the treated substrate. The findings suggest that vermiculture constitutes an environmentally sound, cost-effective, and scalable bioremediation technology with strong potential for large-scale application in petroleum-impacted regions of Kazakhstan.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Behavioral drivers of green bond investment for renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure: a Costa Rican study with Central American implications]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10993</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the behavioral drivers of green bond investment in Costa Rica by integrating the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm framework. Using survey data from 387 banked adults and structural equation modeling, we assess how attitudes, norms, values, and perceived behavioral control shape investment intention and allocation toward green bonds, which finance renewable energy systems, sustainable infrastructure, and decarbonization projects. Results show that attitudes and personal norms directly predict intention to invest, while perceived behavioral control determines investment scale. Values indirectly influence intention through beliefs and personal norms. The findings reveal a dual pathway in sustainable finance: normative motivations drive willingness to invest in climate-aligned engineering projects, and financial self-efficacy shapes the level of commitment. As the first systematic behavioral evidence from Costa Rica, this study underscores the importance of investor education, transparent reporting, and literacy programs to mobilize retail capital for green engineering outcomes across Central America.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hybrid mangrove-ultrafiltration as an environmental biotechnology innovation for industrial wastewater treatment and reuse in aquaculture]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10741</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aims to design and evaluate a hybrid wastewater treatment system that integrates mangrove leaf powder biofiltration with membrane ultrafiltration, an environmental biotechnology innovation, to improve the quality of industrial effluent for reuse as aquaculture media. This study employs a one-group pre- and post-test experimental design. The system comprises a two-stage biofilter unit containing mangrove leaf powder packed in polypropylene sacks, followed by ultrafiltration using three 25-micron filter bags placed in a single housing. Wastewater from the washing process in West Lombok was treated, and water quality parameters – biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) – were analyzed pre- and post-treatment at each stage. The results showed significant improvements: BOD decreased from 46.5 mg·l−1 to 6.1 mg·l−1, COD from 130 mg·l−1 to 19 mg·l−1, and TSS from 120 mg·l−1 to 3.4 mg·l−1; meanwhile, DO increased from 2.3 mg·l−1 to 6.8 mg·l−1, and pH stabilized at around 7.1. The effectiveness of this system is supported by the adsorption properties of tannins and polyphenols derived from mangroves as bioremediation agents, as well as by an optimal hydraulic retention time of 4 h. The findings of this research demonstrate that this system is suitable for the sustainable reuse of wastewater in freshwater fish aquaculture.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Material and environmental performance of breakwaters with varying slopes and concrete armor types]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10808</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Global climate change and resource scarcity have intensified the need for sustainable and resilient coastal protection. Breakwaters, which dissipate wave energy and mitigate shoreline erosion, traditionally rely on large natural stones or mass concrete armor units. However, the increasing unavailability of suitably sized natural stones and significant carbon emissions associated with concrete production present critical challenges for sustainable design. This study aimed to investigate the design efficiency of rubble mound breakwaters armored with three types of concrete units (tetrapods, tribars, and dolos) across three slope configurations (1 : 1.5, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3). The methodology involved calculating the required armor unit weight and quantity using Hudson's equation, determining the crest geometry, and estimating the total embodied carbon emissions per meter length of breakwater based on a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach. The results show that while gentler slopes reduce individual armor unit weight, they increase the number of units required per area, leading to higher total material use and embodied carbon. Among the armor types, dolos consistently exhibited the highest material efficiency and lowest embodied carbon because of their superior stability coefficient, although they require more units for placement. These findings highlight the trade-offs between slope geometry, armor type, and environmental performance, emphasizing the importance of integrated design approaches for optimizing material consumption and carbon footprint in sustainable breakwater construction.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Waste management optimization model: toward campus ecofarming based on local food genetic resources for achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10902</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study develops an optimization model for waste management toward campus ecofarming based on local food genetic resources to support the achievement of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) at the State University of Malang (UM). This study utilizes the research and development (R&amp;D) method with the ADDIE model and a mixed-methods approach. The campus processes approximately 4,340 kg of organic waste daily, of which 3,133 kg is reused and 459 kg is reprocessed, achieving a utilization rate of 82%. Through a systematic sorting process at 15 temporary disposal sites, organic waste is converted into compost through a one-month fermentation process using bio-molasses. The compost is utilized for cultivating 12 local food species – tubers (taro, cassava, sweet potato, yam), fruits (banana, breadfruit, jackfruit), and vegetables (pumpkin, moringa, spinach, corn). The model encompasses four interrelated components: (1) waste reduction and segregation at source; (2) compost and organic fertilizer production; (3) utilization for local food cultivation; and (4) interdisciplinary educational and research integration. Implementation reduces waste volume, promotes biodiversity conservation, enhances environmental awareness, and contributes to food security through sustainable local food systems. This study provides an integrative framework for implementing circular waste management systems in higher education and demonstrates how campus-based ecofarming can support sustainable food systems and SDGs.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Clay masonry units with variation in construction and demolition waste (CDW) particle size]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10984</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Quantifying thermal comfort improvement by palm tree-based street greening, in hot and dry climate]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10366</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The role of roadside vegetation near school in mitigating air pollution: an exploratory case study in Zielonka]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10965</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The association between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and air pollution-related respiratory disease at the pollution control zone of Rayong Province, Thailand]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10910</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Behavior of self-compacted reinforced concrete deep beams using steel plates as shear reinforcement]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.11106</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Auditory comfort and noise perception under thermal and visual conditions in urban parks]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.11113</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of Indonesian toll road projects]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10905</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of an Indonesian toll road. The construction of toll roads on soft soil in Indonesia is associated with significant geotechnical challenges, primarily excessive and long-lasting settlement. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill to mitigate issues across three distinct toll road projects: Probolinggo–Banyuwangi, Kediri–Kertosono, and Semarang–Demak. The method used was comprehensive numerical analysis, focusing on assessing the magnitude and rate of subsoil compression and slope stability under different scenarios of varying embankment heights, soft soil depths, and soil improvement strategies, including prefabricated vertical drains and replacement. The results consistently showed that incorporating foam mortar significantly reduced settlement. An increase in foam mortar percentage in the embankment also led to a substantial decrease in compression magnitude. Optimal performance was observed with a mix of 75% foam mortar and 25% soil for high embankments. Furthermore, this study provided customized, efficient design solutions for each site. The trend indicates that foam mortar is a viable, cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. This is because the application enhances slope stability and ensures compliance with stringent settlement-rate criteria, offering a practical solution for infrastructure development on compressible soils.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Utilization of recycled concrete powder in the production of geopolymer mortars based on fly ash]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10914</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research examined the performance and durability of geopolymer mortars with fly ash (FA) and fly ash with recycled concrete powder (RCP) as a partial replacement for fly ash and/or the fine aggregate in the production of sustainable alternative mortars when compared with references based on ordinary portland cement (OPC). Mortar mixes were made by substituting binder and sand with RCP at varying ratios (25%, 50%, and 75%), and the mechanical and durability properties of the mortar mixtures were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that OPC-based mortars exhibited the highest performance, whereas the FA-based system activated with sodium silicate also presented significant strength with improved compactness and long-term stability. In contrast, high RCP content reduced reactivity, which highlights the importance of maintaining balanced binder proportions. There was also the use of geopolymer binders with the replacement of manufactured sand with FA fine aggregate (GFFA), 10–20% of manufactured sand, which resulted in enhanced mechanical performance and sustainability, as well as improved recycling of industrial by-products. Acid resistance tests confirmed the presence of stronger microstructural deterioration, such as gel dissolution and micro-cracking, compared with surface erosion, in influencing the reduction in strength. Furthermore, FA and RCP improved acid resistance capacity by refining microstructure and stabilizing binders. Overall, compressive strength retention proved to be a more reliable indicator of acid durability than mass loss. Therefore, properly designed FA-based mortars provide an effective, durable, and eco-friendly alternative to OPC, suitable for construction applications exposed to aggressive or challenging environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Recovered poly manganese chloride (PMnCl2) from industrial waste sludge to decolorize and detoxify textile dyes and comparison with alum]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10715</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Th coagulation process for treating wastewater pollutants, due to its simplicity and safety, has received growing attention for a while. In this research, manganese chloride in industrial wastewater sludge can be recovered to produce poly manganese chloride as an effective and low-cost coagulant for the treatment of industrial pollutants. However, in recovering manganese chloride, there are some factors that affect efficiency, such as hydrochloric acid concentration, agitation force during acidification, contact time, and temperature. To describe the coagulant’s morphological and elemental structure, scanning electron microscopy (coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used. The purpose of this research is to determine the ideal recovery coagulant conditions and assess this coagulant’s efficacy in comparison to a conventional coagulant, alum, to treat textile dyes reactive yellow (RY17) and direct blue (DB53). In this paper, the results show that the optimum acidification concentration was 30% with a stirring speed of 300 rpm for 100 min at 80°C. Using a jar test, the optimum dose for the recovered coagulant was 30 mg⸱l−1. The decolorization of RY17 and DB53 was found to be 90.33% and 86.11%, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon were reduced by 80.96% and 83.82%, respectively, for RY17, while for DB53 were reduced by 76.53% and 80.28%, respectively. At the same dose of alum, the decolorization of RY17 and DB53 was 85.42% and 80.34%, respectively. The decolorization performance illustrated that at the same dosage the recovered coagulant has slightly higher quality than the alum coagulant.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Soil improvement with the addition of natural materials, such as cactus mucilage]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10861</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In civil engineering, a frequent situation arises, when soils to be used in projects have little resistance or are very plastic to be used in projects, so they must be improved. The procedure of improving soils through natural stabilizers such as cactus mucilage is an ecological alternative. The objective of this work is to evaluate the properties of mucilage and the effect it has on the compaction properties of the soil from Luzuriaga Street, located in the Barranca District. Different dosages (4%, 6%, and 8%) of cactus mucilage (CM) were used on this SW (in accordance with soil sample in accordance with USCS) and A-1-b (according to AASHTO) soil sample, and the properties were evaluated by standard Proctor tests. The results of the cactus mucilage showed a humidity of 96.43% and potassium and calcium were identified as the main elements present, the viscosity was 1,087.9 cSt, the density was 0.9948 g·cm−3 and its pH was 4.61. With respect to the properties of soil with CM they indicated that 6% mucilage is the one that results in a higher dry density of 1.90 g·cm−3 and an optimal moisture content of 19.11%, which means an improvement in compaction in addition to stability. As a conclusion it was stated that the cactus mucilage modifies the structure of the soil by increasing the cohesion between the particles, resulting in a more uniform mixture. It is also indicated that a moderate dose such as 6% optimizes the properties of the soil.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Nonlinear analysis for liquefaction simulation: implication of constitutive soil model]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10987</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The nonlinear analysis for assessing the cyclic behavior of a specific location is widely applied to minimize geohazards, especially soil liquefaction. The Mandalika circuit project in the Lombok area is highly prone to earthquakes and is located on sand as the subgrade. The high soil liquefaction susceptibility leads to a comprehensive assessment by implementing the appropriate soil constitutive model. One-dimensional nonlinear analysis with two constitutive models, Modified Kondner–Zelasko (MKZ) and General Quadratic/Hyperbolic (GQ/H), provided by the DEEPSOIL program, is examined to generate the dynamic behavior aimed at by this research. Five boreholes from SPT data are conducted as part of the soil investigation data. Based on the pore water pressure, the MKZ and GQ/H in the maximum value (full liquefaction condition) are almost similar in output. However, in other situations, they show the opposite result. The GQ/H predicts a more realistic simulation in the low and medium liquefaction cases, which presents the most significant correlation between strain ratio and shear stress results in all sites. For an accurate evaluation of liquefaction behavior, the combination of dynamic features from an appropriate constitutive model should be considered to simulate the liquefaction behavior of sand.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Probabilistic assessment of annual maximum precipitation in Almaty, Kazakhstan]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10847</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Accurate selection of a best-fit probability distribution function for rainfall data is crucial in hydrological studies and plays a fundamental role in the planning and design of infrastructure for the city of Almaty. This study presents a comprehensive statistical and probabilistic assessment of extreme precipitation in the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan, based on annual maximum precipitation data from five meteorological stations for the period 2000–2023. Given the complex mountainous terrain and distinct seasonal precipitation regimes, selecting an appropriate distribution is particularly critical for modeling design rainfall and flood risks. The reliability of the rainfall data was verified through tests for independence and stationarity. Five theoretical probability distributions – exponential, generalized extreme value, normal, lognormal, and gamma – were evaluated using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The best-fit distribution was determined using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The results indicate that the generalized extreme value distribution provides the best fit for most stations, followed by the lognormal and gamma distributions, confirming its robustness in representing extreme precipitation in mountainous urban environments such as Almaty. Furthermore, spatial variability and increasing intensity of extreme rainfall events were observed, especially during the warm season. Design rainfall estimates were calculated for various exceedance probabilities (e.g., 1%, 2%, and 10%), corresponding to return periods of 100, 50, and 10 years, respectively. These findings are critical for flood risk assessment and the development of climate-resilient urban drainage systems, highlighting the broader applicability of this distribution-fitting methodology in regions exposed to hydrological extremes.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Drained and forgotten peat extraction sites: economic and carbon impacts of peat and water loss in spontaneously forested Lithuanian peatlands]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10809</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the condition and environmental impact of abandoned peatland quarries in Lithuania. Using spatial data and field investigations, we identified 33 abandoned peat quarry sites covering over 3,854 ha, which were abandoned between 1940 and 2020. Detailed field assessments were conducted at each abandoned peatland quarry to evaluate the peat depth, pH, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, decomposition, water table levels, and wood volume. Despite past extraction, many sites still contain substantial peat layers along with significant carbon and water storage potential. However, ongoing drainage continues to drive peat loss and carbon dioxide emissions. We estimate that peat loss from extraction totaled 77.5 million m3, which equates to a current value of €899 million in revenue. Nonetheless, the abandoned peatland quarries still host peat deposits ranging from 0.5 m to 2 m in depth. The drying and degradation of the peatlands has also reduced the water storage capacity across the 33 study sites. This loss is estimated at approx. 62 million liters of water, which equals approx. €33 million. This substantially affects local hydrology and increases the vulnerability to drought, fire, flood and natural biodiversity. Carbon emissions from drained peat soils are also substantial. We estimate approx. 14.2 t CO2 emissions equaling €813 million were lost from peat extraction alone. These emissions are often unreported if such areas are classified simply as “forests.” Our findings highlight the need for active restoration, particularly rewetting, to stop further degradation. Rewetting would reduce emissions, improve water retention, and support biodiversity recovery while offering clear opportunities to align peatland restoration with EU climate and nature goals.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hydrological analysis of the Oder droughts for the period 1950‒2022 in the context of the 2022 river disaster]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.22630/srees.10421</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The study aims to analyze the droughts of the Oder from 1950 to 2022 at three water gauge profiles located in the upper (Chałupki), middle (Połęcko), and lower (Gozdowice) reaches of the Oder. The subject of the analysis was the temporal variability of the lowest annual and monthly flows of the Oder, the durations of lows characterized by a flow lower than the adopted threshold criterion (average annual minimum flow, SNQ), and the trends of their changes in the analyzed period. We identified decreasing trends of the lowest annual river flows in the middle and lower reaches of the Oder. The lowest monthly flows of the Oder exhibit statistically significant trends in the months of April–September (Połęcko) and May–September (Gozdowice). The summer drought of 2022 was exceptionally long and severe (the discharge deficit amounted to more than 1.8 Mm3 in the Gozdowice profile) and is unlikely to be reduced to the SNQ level through any existing or planned reservoir. Changes in the drought indicators occur as a result of the course of hydrological processes taking place in the Polish part of the Oder basin.]]></description>
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