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        <title>Sommerfeltia Feed</title>
        <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/SOM</link>
        <description>Reference Global RSS Feed for Sommerfeltia</description>
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            <title>Sommerfeltia Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, University of Oslo</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Gradient analysis of landscape variation in Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-2022-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A multitude of landscape characterisation and mapping methods exist, but few methods take into account that landscapes properties vary in a gradual, continuous manner along multiple directions of variation. In this study, we used gradient analytic methods, rooted in ecological continuum theory, to analyse landscape variation throughout Norway. The aim is to explain differences in landscape properties in the simplest possible way, by identifying ‘complex landscape gradients’ (CLGs), i.e. composite gradients of co-occurring landscape elements and properties.  We collected data by stratified sampling of 100 test areas (20×20 km), in which we delineated a total of 3966 observation units (landscape polygons 4–30 km²) based on geo-morphological criteria. For each observation unit, 85 landscape variables were recorded. We identified patterns of variation in landscape element composition by parallel use of two multivariate statistical methods, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and global nonmetric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS).The analyses revealed that the most important properties explaining differences in total landscape elements composition was location of the landscape relative to the coastline and coarse-scale landform variation. Most landscape elements had distinct optima within specific segments along broad-scale complex-gradients in landscape properties. A tentative landscape-type hierarchy was built by an iterative procedure by which the amount of compositional turnover in landscape-element composition between adjacent types was standardised. Six ‘major landscape types’ were identified based on geomorphological criteria. Within each major type, we identified a unique set of 2–5 important CLGs, representing geo-ecological, bio-ecological, and land use-related landscape variation. Minor landscape types were obtained by combining segments along two or more CLGs.The study shows that geological diversity, biological diversity and human land-use are tightly intertwined at the landscape level of ecological complexity, and that predominantly abiotic processes control and constrain both biotic processes and human land use.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1992-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[128 species in 45 genera of sorediate and isidiate, crustose, corticolous lichens are recorded from Norway. Accounts of their morphology, chemistry, and substratum preferences are presented, and a discussion of their distribution in Norway is supported by maps for a number of taxa. With few exceptions, the taxa can be distinguished on thallus characters alone. Several taxa, especially those with brown or blue-pigmented soralia, have soredia with a distinct cortex. New species are: Buellia arborea Coppins &amp; Tønsb. (from Norway and Scotland), Fuscidea arboricola Coppins &amp; Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Scotland), F. pusilla Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Scotland), Lecanora flavoleprosa Tønsb. (from Norway and Austria), L. flavopunctata Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), L. norvegica Tønsb. (from Norway), Lecidea gyrophorica Tønsb. (syn. L. epizanthoidiza auct., non Nyl.), L. praetermissa Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), L. subcinnabarina Tønsb. (from Norway), L. vacciniicola Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Spain), Lecidella subviridis Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), Lepraria elobata Tønsb. (from Norway), L. jackii Tønsb. (from Norway), L. obtusatica Tønsb. (from Norway), L. umbricola Tønsb. (from Norway, England, and Scotland), Micarea coppinsii Tønsb. (from Norway and Scotland), Rinodinaflavosoralifera Tønsb. (from Norway), R. disjuncta Sheard &amp; Tønsb. (from Norway and the pacific coast of U.S.A. and Canada), and Schaereria corticola Muhr &amp; Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden and Scotland). Ochrolechia androgyna s. lat. is shown to comprise at least four distinct species.New combinations are: Cliostomum leprosum (Räsänen) Holien &amp; Tønsb., Lepraria rigidula (B. de Lesd.) Tønsb., Mycoblastus caesius (Coppins &amp; P. James) Tønsb., Placynthiella dasaea (Stirton) Tønsb., and Ropalospora viridis (Tønsb.) Tønsb. Lecidea turgidula var. pulveracea Fr. is raised to specific level with the new name Lecidea leprarioides Tønsb. Mycoblastus sterilis Coppins &amp; P. James is reduced to synonymy with M. fucatus Stirton.Pertusaria borealis is new to Europe. Halecania viridescens, Lecanora farinaria, Lepraria caesioalba Laundon ined., L. eburnea Laundon ined., Megalospora tuberculosa, Opegrapha multipuncta, and Scoliciosporum gallurae are new to Scandinavia. Mycoblastus caesius, Lecidella elaeochroma “f. soralifera”, L. flavosorediata, Micarea granulans (saxicolous, not treated), Opegrapha sorediifera, and Rinodina degeliana are new to Norway.In some cases, Poelt’s species pair concept can be applied to this group of lichens. Additional secondary substances, not occurring in the primary species, sometimes occur in the soralia of the secondary species. In this case, presence of the additional substance cannot be regarded as an independent taxonomic character, and the species pair concept is still useful. However, morphologically indistinguishable specimens with different chemistry may represent different secondary species.The term consoredia is introduced to denote diaspores composed of aggregated soredia.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Evolution in higher plants: patterns and processes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1990-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1990-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1990-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 3. revised edition.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1985-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1985-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A complete and up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3.125 species belonging to 1.041 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. New combinations are proposed within the genera Cheilanthes, Pericallis and Pulicaria. A second section lists 2.250 synonyms and their presumed identity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Corticolous macrolichens of low montane rainforests and moist woodlands of eastern Tanzania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-2000-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A total of 224 species of corticolous macro lichens are recorded from low montane rainforests and moist woodlands in the West Usambara Mountains, the Nguru Mountains, the Uzungwa Mountains, thePoroto Mountains, and theRungwevolcano in eastern Tanzania. Local distribution data are provided. The new species Hypotrachyna olivetorica Krog, Parmotrema iringense Krog, and Ramalina dissimilis Krog are described. Heterodermia dissecta, H. jragi/issima, Parmelinopsis expallida, and Phyllopsora kiiensis are reported as new to Africa.Cetrariastrum ajricanum, Pannaria santessonii, Parmotrema degelianum, P.fragilescens, P. hicksii, P. iringense, P. laciniatulum, Ramalina dissimilis, R. pocsii, and Usnea antiqua are at present known only from eastern Tanzania. Some of them may possibly belong to an endemic element in the montane lichen flora of the country.Hypotrachyna olivetorica, Lobaria holstiana, Phyllopsora africana, P. dolichospora, and P. mauritiana are known only from eastern Tanzania and the Mascarenes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal coniferous forests in the Solhomfjell area, Gjerstad, S Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1993-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The understory vegetation (vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens) in an area dominated by boreal coniferous forests is subjected to detailed ecological analysis. Two hundred meso sample plots (1 m2) are used as basis for vegetation sampling, and provided with measurements of 33 environmental variables. Species abundance is recorded as frequency in 16 subplots. Parallel DCA and 2-dimensional LNMDS ordinations of meso sample plots were largely identical, both provided two coenocline axes interpretable in ecological terms. The first axis is interpreted as the response to a broad-scale topographical complex-gradient, made up of two independent complex-gradients; (1) a topography-soil depth complex-gradient in the pine forest (running from lichen-rich pine forests to submesic Vaccinium myrtillus-dominated spruce forests), and (2) a complex-gradient in soil nutrient status in the spruce forest. The second axis, mainly affecting the species composition of the bottom layer, is interpreted as a fine-scale paludification gradient. The causes of variation along these gradients are discussed: Desiccation tolerance is considered to act directly on the physiology of vascular plant species, setting their limits towards xeric sites. Similarly, cryptogams with optima in the more mesic sites are considered to be excluded from drier sites by physiological tolerance. Limits of cryptogams towards more mesic sites are, however, considered to be set by competitive ability (growth rates) in accordance with the competitive hierarchy theory. N availability is assumed to be the most important factor for differentiation of vascular plants along the nutrient gradient, while bryophytes are expected to respond to a complex of factors, including structural properties of the humus layer. Increasing N accumulation in the humus towards xeric sites may indicate oversaturation due to deposition of airborne NO3- or NH&gt;4+. Fine-scale paludification, mainly of a soligenous type, occurred in sloping terrain with shallow soil. The cryptogams apparently make up a competitive hierarchy also along the paludification gradient. No other coenoclines could be identified by analysis of 0.0625 m2 micro sample plots, most probably because the response of vegetation to micro-scale environmental gradients (probably most important: the variation in microtopography) not essentially different from the meso-scale gradients, and because the importance of random processes increase towards finer scales. Structuring processes are discussed with reference to the observed patterns. The lack of a closed bottom layer in almost all sample plots is considered a strong indication of high importance of fine-scale disturbance and density-independent mortality in the investigated system, while interspecific competition is of lower importance. The methodology in vegetation ecological studies is discussed with particular reference to monitoring. The potential of an integrated concept using permanent plots, parallel investigation of vegetation and environmental parameters, and gradient analysis, is stressed. Several suggestions for future studies, based on this integrated approach, are made.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The perennial Macaronesian species of Bubonium (Compositae - Inuleae).]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1986-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1986-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Six perennial Macaronesian species are recognized in Bubonium J. Hill emend. Briq.: the Cape Verdian B. daltonii (Webb) T. Halvorsen, with two subspecies, ssp. daltonii and ssp. vogelii (Webb) T. Halvorsen, and B. smithii (Webb) T. Halvorsen; and the Canarian B. intermedium (DC.) T. Halvorsen &amp; Wikl., B. graveolens (Forssk.) Maire, with two subspecies, ssp. odorum (Schousb.) Wikl. and ssp. stenophyllum (Link) T. Halvorsen, B. schultzii (Balle) Sventenius and B. sericeum (L.f.) T. Halvorsen &amp; Wikl. Four Mediterranean annuals are superficially treated for Macaronesia: B. aquaticum (L.) Hill, Asteriscus maritimus (L.) Less., A. hierochunticus (Michon) Wikl., and A. spinosus (L.) Sch. Bip. A key to the Macaronesian Bubonium species is provided. The chromosome number n=7 is reported for all the Bubonium species in Macaronesia; in B. graveolens ssp. odorum, B. daltonii ssp. vogelii, and B. smithii for the first time. The chromosome number n=6 is confirmed for Asteriscus maritimus. The self fertile annuals are not cross compatible with the other species. Among the predominantly self incompatible perennials internal barriers to gene exchange are weak. Only B. schultzii seems genetically isolated. Between the other perennials the crossability is complete and hybrid fertility high between species from the same archipelago, but reduced between species from different archipelagos. The present occurrence of the Canarian species B. sericeum and B. intermedium and the Cape Verdean B. daltonii and B. smithii seems relict. These frutescent endemics probably belong to an old element in the Macaronesian flora.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Low-alpine vegetation in Gutulia National Park, Engerdal, Hedmark, Norway, and its relation to the environment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1994-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1994-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A reference site for vegetational and ecological monitoring of low-alpine vegetation has been established in Gutulia National Park, Engerdal, Hedmark, Norway. Fifty vegetation plots, each 1 m2, were distributed randomly along four open transects. Species abundance was recorded as frequency in 16 subplots. Each plot was supplied with measurements of 26 environmental variables. The first axes of DCA and LNMDS ordinations were closely similar. The first DCA axis was interpreted as a complex snow cover gradient. Several environmental variables varied along this gradient, among them unevenness, soil moisture and soil nutrient status. The cover of the bottom layer varied along the complex-gradient. DCA axis 2 was interpreted as a microclimatic gradient. Partitioning of the environmental· and spatial variation in species composition showed that the spatial variation in the data set was rather low. Monitoring alpine vegetation is considered important since alpine ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to airborne pollution.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Fertilization effects and vegetation-environment relationships in a boreal pine forest in Åmli, S Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1998-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1998-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Species composition in 144 sample plots, each 1 m2, in 35-year old pine forest in Åmli municipality in Aust-Agder, S Norway, was recorded. The plots were systematically placed within the 12 blocks in a factorial fertilization experiment [addition of nitrogen (2 levels), magnesium and phosphorus], initiated six years before our analysis was carried out. At each sample plot, 28 explanatory variables were recorded. Results obtained by parallel use of three ordination methods demonstrated existence of one main coenocline from lichen-rich sites to sites rich in mosses and ericaceous species. The coenocline was interpreted by analysis of correlations between plot positions and explanatory variables, and by analysis of spatial structure using geostatistical methods, as a fine-scale moisture complex-gradient. Important correlated variables were: humus depth, tree density and canopy closure, and microtopography.Small, but significant effects of fertilization by nitrogen and phosphorus on the vegetation was demonstrated and discussed.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Checklist of chromosome numbers counted in Canarian vascular plants]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1993-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1993-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[An up-dated checklist of chromosome numbers counted in Canarian vascular plants is presented. Reports in both endemic and naturalized species, as well as infraspecific taxa and natural hybrids, are included. Altogether, chromosome numbers are reported in 636 species of vascular plants of Canarian origin, that is in c. 30 % of the Canarian vascular flora.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetation-environment relationships of boreal spruce forests in ten monitoring reference areas in Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1996-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1996-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Vegetational and environmental monitoring of boreal spruce forest was initiated in 1988, as a part of the programme “Contrywide Monitoring of Forest Health” at the Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (NIJOS). As a basis for monitoring, relationships between trees, understory vegetation and environmental conditions (vertical relationships) were analysed for each of ten reference areas. The reference areas were selected to span regional gradients, in climatic conditions and deposition of airborne pollutants, in old-growth, so-called “bilberry-dominated”, “small-fem” and “low-herb”, also paludified, spruce forests south of the Polar Circle. Fifty 1-m2 meso sample plots, randomly chosen within ten 50-m2 macro sample plots in each reference area, were subjected to vegetation analysis, using frequency in subplots as species abundance measure. Environmental (including soil chemical) and tree parameters were recorded for meso as well as macro sample plots.The main vegetational gradients were found by parallel use of DCA and LNMDS ordination methods and subjected to environmental interpretation, mainly by means of non-parametric correlation analyses. DCA and LNMDS in most cases revealed the same main gradients in vegetation, but outliers were more frequent in LNMDS ordinations, due to higher vulnerability of this method to plots with deviating number of species. A complex-gradient in nutrient conditions, with pH and the concentration of nitrogen as the most constantly contributing variables, but with considerable between-area variation with respect to important cations, was evident in nine reference areas. Soil moisture varied along the second vegetational gradient in most areas. In the three most humid reference areas, the Ca concentration was related to variation in soil moisture and gradients from below to between trees, while unrelated or inversely related to the same vegetational gradient as pH. Species abundances were plotted on plot positions in DCA ordinations in order to summarize the species· responses to environmental variation in each area.Variation in vegetation in the total data set (500 meso sample plots) was partitioned onto two sets of explantory variables (environmental and climatic/geographical) by use of CCA, in order to find the relative importance of environmental and climatic/geographical variation. The fraction of variation exclusively explained by environmental variables was about 1 7%, while only 5% of the variation was explained exclusively by climatic variables. The variation shared by both sets of variables was about 8%.The main vegetational gradients and environmental/climatic/geographical complex-gradients in the total data set were found by DCA and subsequent interpretation of axes. The main complex-gradients found by separate analyses of data from each reference area, were reflected along the DCA axes in total ordinations, but differences between areas with respect to positions along both environmental and climatic/geographical gradients were also evident.Meso plot occurrences of selected species were plotted in a DCA ordination of the total data set, with variation exclusively due to climatic/geographical variables removed, in order to express regional similarities and differences in the species· responses to the environment. The different patterns of species· distributions in the DCA ordination were discussed in the light of their use as indicators of specified environmental conditions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetation patterns and structuring processes in coastal shell-beds at Akerøya, Hvaler, SE Norway.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1991-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The vegetation of shell-beds is studied in an island on the coast of Skagerak, SE Norway. Within this restricted area 125 sample plots, 1 m2 each, were distributed by a restricted random procedure. Frequency in subplots and percentage cover were used for estimation of species abundance. A set of 33 environmental variables was obtained from each sample plot. Ecological gradients corresponding to the main vegetational gradients are identified by means of DCA ordination results correlated with environmental data. DCA ordination results are further interpreted by the use of an earlier classification of the vegetation and by application of Grime’s strategy concept. The following complex gradients were recognized: ( 1) the primary successional gradient, influenced by variables dependent on site age, e.g. elevation, distance from the sea, and rate of decomposition of mollusc shells, (2) the secondary successional gradient, from open meadow vegetation via open shrub vegetation to dense shrub vegetation, highly correlated with variables independent of site age, e.g intensity of grazing, (3) the nutrient availability gradient, and (4) the soil moisture gradient. Interpretation of relations between coenoclines and environmental variables was performed by Kendall rank correlation and relationships among ecological variables analysed by PCA ordination. Direct gradient analysis by rh-DCCA is used as a supplement to DCA. The ratio between the rh-DCCA eigenvalue of the first ordination axis and the corresponding eigenvalue of the first residual (unconstrained) axis is used to quantify the importance of each environmental variable. The performed multivariate analyses show that the successional pathways on shell-bed shores are dependent on the grazing pressure. The relative importance of the following structuring processes is discussed: (1) interspecific interaction (competition, coexistence and facilitation), (2) destabilizing factors (disturbance and fluctuations), (3) stress, and (4) chance. Ordination and association analyses shows that Juniperus communis is the most important structuring species in the material. Grazing is necessary to reduce overgrowth by junipers and to maintain a high species diversity.The field data are used for inspection of the performance of different rescaling and detrending options, available with DCA ordination. Non-linear rescaling appears to be less influenced by deviant sample plots as compared to linear rescaling, and the S.D. units of the axes produced by non-linear rescaling are considered better interpretable in terms of a unimodal model of species responses to ecological gradients. Available options for detrending by polynomials are shown to be inferior to the detrending by segments option, as polynomial detrending may impose a polynomial distortion on the point configuration in the ordination space.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The lichen genus Peltigera, exclusive of the P. canina group, in Norway]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1993-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Seventeen species of the lichen genus Peltigera, exclusive of the P. canina group, are accepted from Norway. Their morphology, chemistry, ecology, and distribution in Norway are presented, and a key to the species is provided. Peltigera retifoveata is reported as new to Norway and a new species, P. sp. 1, which belongs to the P. aphthosa group, is treated but not formally described.Different morphotypes of P. aphthosa, P. malacea, and P. neopolydactyla and different chemotypes of P. aphthosa, P. elisabethae, P. horizontalis, P. malacea, P. neopolydactyla, P. scabrosa, and P. sp. 1 are described. Correlations between several morphotypes and chemotypes are shown, but these are not treated as taxonomic units, although they probably are biological species.Phototype pairs in P. aphthosa, P. britannica, and P. venosa are described, and the close relationship between the two first mentioned and P. malacea is pointed out.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1993-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/som-1993-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[An up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Island, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3,106 species belonging to 1,062 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. 20 new nomenclatural combinations are made within the genera Atalanthus, Lavandula, Pericallis, Satureja, and Sinapidendron. A second section lists ea. 2,300 synonyms and their presumed identity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium section Colliniti (Agaricales) in Fennoscandia, with special emphasis on the Arctic-alpine zones]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1993-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The taxonomy and ecology of Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium section Colliniti in Fennoscandia is treated. Most species of this group have their optima in oligotrophic habitats, and play an important role in upper boreal and Arctic-alpine regions. Variation in spore morphology is subjected to numerical treatment. Relevant nomenclatural types and protologues for classical names are examined.Presence of clamp connections is stated to be an important diagnostic character towards the most closely related section, Defibulati. Also, SEM pictures have revealed a significant difference in the spore ornamentation between the two groups. Spore shape and size provide important diagnostic characters for separation of the different taxa of section Colliniti, as shown by scattergrams. The most distinctive species in this respect are found to be C. mucosus, with characteristically narrow spores, and C. collinitus with larger spores. The species concept within the group is discussed.Seven Fennoscandian species are recognized and their taxonomy and ecology are discussed. C. septentrionalis (type from Norway) and C. fennoscandicus (type from Finland) are described as new. Both species are common in upper (northern) boreal mountain birch (Betula) woodlands and under the low shrub Betula nana in the low alpine and arctic zones. The status of Agaricus collinitus Sow: Fries is discussed in more detail.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of rust fungi (Uredinales).]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1986-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This is the first checklist of rust fungi in Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands). One hundred and thirty-four rust taxa are recorded, making more than four hundred rust-host combinations. Names on rust and host species used in the literature are listed, with references to the names used in the checklist.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Distribution of bryophytes on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the Canary Islands.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1988-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Forty mosses and twenty-six hepatics are reported for the first time from Fuerteventura, and fifteen mosses and nine hepatics are reported for the first time from Lanzarote, among them Gigaspermum mouretii Corb. which is new to Macaronesia. All taxa recorded so far are listed and their distribution outlined. Distribution maps are given for some of the more common species. The zonation of bryophytes is considered, and a survey of their phytogeographical affinities is given. some ecological factors are discussed, and it is suggested that the bryophyte flora of these two islands is primarily restricted by climatic factors.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway. I. Rausjømarka in Akershus county, SE Norway.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1990-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway was initiated in 1988, as a part of the programme “Countrywide monitoring of forest health” at Norwegian Institute of Land Invetory (NIJOS). Ten reference areas for monitoring will be established and analysed within five years; two new areas each year. Each of the monitoring areas is planned to be reanalysed every fifth year. In each monitoring area 10 macro sample plots, 50 m2 each, are selected. Within each macro sample plot 5 meso sample plots, 1 m2 each, are randomly placed and the vegetation is analysed by using frequency in subplots as measure of species abundance. Within each meso sample plot one micro sample plot (two in the first established monitoring area), 0.0625 m2 each, is analysed by the same method. In connection with each meso sample plot several environmental variables are recorded. In each ma cro sample plot several tree variables and variables describing the terrain are recorded. The variables are used for environmental interpretation as well as for monitoring, since known relations between vegetation and environmental gradients form the basis of vegetational and ecological monitoring. Any future changes in vegetation, soil and the health of trees have to be interpreted in relation to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships in order to identify changes due to air pollution or climatic changes.The data from the first established monitoring area, Rausj0marka in Akershus county, are subjected to analysis in this paper. The most important vegetational and environmental gradients in the area are discussed, as well as the field methodology and the methods for data analysis to be used in integrated monitoring. The advantages of integrated monitoring of vegetation, soil and trees on the same sample plots are emphasized, including advantages for surveying and monitoring of species (bioindicators).]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[To sex, or not to sex ... Structures and strategies of reproduction in the family Umbilicariaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycetes)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/som-1991-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This is a study of the evolution and ecology of reproduction in the family of lichen-forming fungi U mbilicariaceae comprising the two genera Umbilicaria and Lasallia. Members of this family exhibit a variety of reproductive structures and strategies. The fungal partner of the symbiosis may reproduce by sexually generated ascospores, asexual thalloconidia, or both. Propagules reproducing the intact symbiosis include asexual isidia, soredia, thallyls, phyllidia and schizidia. The algal partner - unicellular Pseudotrebouxia (Chlorophyceae) - reproduces by asexual autospores when in symbiosis, and in addition zoospores and aplanospores in pure culture.In about half of the species in Umbilicariaceae the fungal partner can only reproduce sexually - it is exclusively teleomorphic. In these species, apparently, the option of asexual reproduction has not been presented by evolution. In the taxa where this option has been presented, the forces of ecology and evolution seem to favour this option. Although no tax.on with asexual reproduction appears to have dispensed with sexuality altogether, the allocation to sexual reproduction tends to decrease and the resources are translocated to asexual reproduction. Different taxa represent progressive stages in this de-evolution of sex. In some of these cases sex is correlated with geographical distribution patterns or ecological factors such as high humidity or high population density and sib-competition. The latter observation supports the ‘Tangled Bank’ hypothesis for the maintenance of sex, as well as ESS models for reproductive allocations in heterocarpic plants. In some cases exclusively teleomorphic tax.a co-exist with morphologically virtually identical but mainly asexual (anamorphic) taxa, suggesting that a difference in reproductive mode may have led to speciation.Associated with different propagule types are a number of other traits with consequences for the ecological performance of the species. These sets of correlated traits constitute strategies of reproduction, the core sets of specific life-history strategies. Three ‘pure’ reproductive strategies are tentatively distinguished in the Umbilicariaceae, depending on whether the propagule is sexually or asexually generated and whether it is symbiotic or not. The asexual propagules are close-dispersed while sexual propagules are more far-dispersed. A comparative study of the performance of representatives of the three strategy types in two glacier forelands shows that the sexually reproducing species are the fastest colonizers. The need to re-establish symbiosis at target site appears to be no great obstacle to sexual reproduction by ascospores.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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