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            <title><![CDATA[Fast and Furious Vs. Slow and Gentle: A Critical Assessment of the Gradualist Approach to Economic Transformation in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0033</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article engages in the debate between the big-bang and grad-ualist approaches to economic transformation in Poland after the collapse of communism. It presents the major arguments behind both strategies and reviews the empirical evidence, finding that countries that adopted the big-bang strategy performed better in the long-run. The paper challenges two main grad-ualist’s criticism of radical reforms in Poland, i.e., that the costs in the form of the so-called transformation recession were excessive, and that the big-bangers neglected institutions. In reality, in countries with radical reforms more institutional changes happened and the welfare costs were lower than in countries with gradual reforms, and these costs were also lower than commonly believed. Last but not least, the article argues that the main problem of gradualism is its “institution first” approach, which does not stand up to scrutiny.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Population Ageing in Mainland China. Does the Measure Matter?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0031</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The study aims to answer the following question: Does using different measures to assess population ageing lead to the same conclusions? The study evaluates the advancement of ageing in mainland China using selected conventional measures based on chronological age and the prospective age measures in which changes in life expectancy are considered. The conventional oldage dependency ratio and the prospective old-age dependency ratio, as well as the conventional median age and the prospective median age were calculated and compared in two versions. Conventional measures reveal a very unfavourable trends in China’s population ageing and indicate that a faster increase in life expectancy leads to a faster population ageing. Prospective measures show a more moderate increase resulting from longer life expectancy. The use of both, conventional and prospective measures provide a more accurate understanding of ageing, which is essential for effective policy and social planning.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Roman Roots of the Crimes of Deprivation of Liberty and Human Trafficking as Classified in the Polish 1997 Criminal Code]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0063</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Freedom is one of the fundamental rights of the individual, protected by law in democratic countries. This lasting achievement has been marked by various fluctuations over the centuries.The ancient Romans had a completely different view of freedom, which resulted from the polarisation of the inhabitants of the Roman Empire into free people (liberii) and slaves (servi). This dichotomy influenced a number of private and public law institutions, determining the status of individuals in the ancient social structure.Like any community, the Romans were not immune to the temptations of pushing the boundaries of the law. Crime was a daily occurrence, so it was not much different from the current situation in democratic states governed by the rule of law. In this context, it is also worth looking at the lex Fabia de plagiariis, which was a response to the probably increasing phenomenon of kidnappings of both free people and slaves.The purpose of this article is to show that the crimes of deprivation of liberty and human trafficking, as defined by the 1997 Polish Criminal Code, have deep roots in Lex Fabia de plagiariis enacted in the last century of the Roman Republic.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Matching the Competencies of Students and Graduates of Economics-Related Fields to Labour Market Requirements in Poland – Results of Own Research]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0032</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The labour market in the 21st century is undergoing dynamic transformations driven by technological progress, automation, digitalisation, and ongoing globalisation. In this context, the question of whether higher education graduates’ competencies are aligned with the real needs of the economy is becoming increasingly important. These changes affect not only the structure of employment and the demand for specific professions but also redefine the very expectations placed on employees’ competencies. Forecasting difficulties regarding the future of the labour market involve not only identifying professions at risk of disappearing but, more importantly, determining which new qualifications and competencies will be desirable in the future. Technological changes are leading to a situation in which skills once considered crucial may lose their relevance within just a few years. The growing pace of change forces the continuous updating of curricula, and the analysis of graduates’ competency alignment becomes not only a practical necessity but also a scientific challenge. In this context, the question of the adequacy of higher education graduates’ competencies – particularly, for the purposes of this article, those of economics graduates – takes on special significance. The aim of the article is to assess the extent to which the competencies of economics graduates are aligned with the requirements and realities of the contemporary labour market in Poland. The article is divided into two research areas. The first focuses on surveying employers in order to identify their demand for the competencies of economics graduates. The second concerns the examination of the competencies of the students and graduates themselves. Both groups were studied to determine the degree of correlation between the competencies acquired by students/graduates and the actual competencies currently required and expected by employers. The results of the analyses made it possible to identify competency gaps that may negatively a ect graduates’ employability and competitiveness.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Polish Proper Names in Literary Translation – Difficulties and Challenges (Based on Zygmunt Miłoszewski’s Crime Trilogy and its French Translation)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In a literary translation, nomina propria not only indicate a given object, but also perform other functions, evoking many associations. As linguistic carriers of national culture, on the one hand, they introduce the element of foreignness to a translated text and on the other hand, they help immerse the recipient of the translation in the foreign language and culture. Transferring these linguistic elements presents a translator with a number of dilemmas. This article presents the problematic aspects of Polish proper names in the translation process and discusses the methods of their adaptation used by the translator. The study of Zygmunt Miłoszewski’s crime trilogy and its translation into French allowed the following problems to be distinguished: signs and graphemes characteristic of Polish, irregularity of diminutive forms of first names, suffixes of surnames and the genitive form of anthroponimic street names. The motives behind the translator’s decisions and factors influencing their variability in subsequent volumes of the analysed trilogy were considered.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Problem of World-Building in Grimdark Fantasy. The Case of Michael R. Fletcher’s Manifest Delusions Trilogy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to analyze the rhetorical aspects of the contemporary grimdark fantasy novel, as understood by Farah Mendlesohn. Michael R. Fletcher’s trilogy Manifest Delusions is discussed in more detail, which is first characterized as one of the most important works of the modern variety of fantasy referred to as grimdark. When confronted with classic fantasy narratives, such as the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien, Tad Williams and Robert Jordan, Fletcher’s novels turn out to be problematic in the context of two basic aspects of classic fantasy – world-building and immersion. This phenomenon is discussed on the example of three specific aspects of the poetics of The Manifest Delusions: the use of German proper names, ironic quotations that open individual chapters of the novel, and a significant modification of the strategy of personal point of view narration typical of fantasy. The use of these treatments turns out to be almost completely destructive to the world-building typical of classic fantasy.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal Aspects of Employing Athletes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0045</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Act of 25 June 2010 on sports defined the concept of professional sports. Thanks to this, it was finally possible to say goodbye to apparent amateurism and the employment of athletes in fictitious positions in workplaces. Currently, athletes are employed by sports clubs. The regulations governing the employment of athletes vary depending on the given sports association, but they must be consistent with the statutes of the world sports federations. The author presents the issue of employing athletes using the examples of the regulations in force in the Polish Football Association and the Polish Athletics Association.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Towards the Source. on the Importance of Archives in the Practice of Contemporary Humanities]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0057</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article focuses on the importance of archival research, especially conducted in Polish and emigration institutions, and its impact on the quality of literary studies. What are the effects of a literary scholar’s work in the archive when it is carried out diligently? Undoubtedly, thanks to the archival foundation obtained through in-depth thematic queries, there is a real chance of reaching not only lesser-known cultural phenomena (including literary ones), previously insufficiently described or entirely new, but also arriving at real (not merely presumed) findings based on difficult-to-challenge evidence, ego-documents, and artifacts. Frequently, such findings contradict well-established and firmly circulated stereotypes of cultural reception. Moreover, source collections enable the creative development of the case-study technique, with the assumption that specific cases and contextual discussions of issues or themes contribute to building a more comprehensive account of research findings, leading to a panoramic view and perhaps even synthesis. No critical biography or monograph can be fully valuable – that is, grounded in a solid source-based and genetic reflection – if the researcher does not draw on authorial or institutional collections of ego-documents, autographs, and other accompanying iconographic materials.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[“Borders Are Scars of History”. Selected Legal and Economic Aspects of Cross-Border Cooperation at the Polish-Lithuanian Borderland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0050</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article discusses selected aspects of cross-border economic co-operation between two post-Soviet countries, Poland and Lithuania, which have become important trade partners since they became independent of the Russian economy and opened up to Western European markets. The growth of mutual trade has been linked to major political developments, including the accession of both countries to the European Union and the Schengen Area, and the outbreak of war in Ukraine and the imposition of economic sanctions by the EU Member States on Russia and Belarus. The authors examined cross-border economic cooperation at three levels: between Poland and Lithuania, between the Podlaskie Voivodeship (a region located in north-eastern Poland) and Lithuania, and within the Polish-Lithuanian border area. The basic forms of economic cross-border co-operation between Poland and Lithuania have been described, and then statistical data on this co-operation have been collected and analysed. The causes and effects of the increase in traffic at the Polish-Lithuanian border crossings, which contributed, inter alia, to the growth of cross-border trade and establishing of companies whose human capital is of mixed nationality in the border area, are also identified. The aim of this article is to analyze and evaluate selected legal and economic aspects of cross-border cooperation on the Polish-Lithuanian border, with particular emphasis on the Podlaskie Voivodeship.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Neural Mechanisms of Organism-Dependent Affordances: The XPLR-XPLT Movement Spectrum]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0041</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Affordances face definitional chaos. Ecological psychologists disagree about their ontological status (dispositional properties vs. organism-environment relations) and about their processing mechanisms (direct perception vs. representational inference). The only characteristics researchers agree on are that affordances are organism-dependent and action-related, yet actions escape definitions across ecological psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience. After reviewing definitions of actions across these three fields, this article operationalises actions as observable movements varying systematically from exploratory (XPLR) to exploitative (XPLT). Behavioural evidence shows that movements become automated across training, with decreasing reaction times and reduced variability. Neural evidence reveals cortical and subcortical networks that correlate with the automation of movements with training. The movement spectrum accommodates both dispositional and relational ontologies by specifying how organism-dependence operates through neural reorganisation. Orthogonally, the XPLR-XPLT spectrum applied to movements at immediate timescales addresses the sensorimotor perception-movement loop. Whether this is direct or representational remains an open question. This work provides a mechanistic specification for organism-dependence compatible with competing camps.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Legal Status of Prison Chaplains and the Violating the Freedom of Conscience and Religion of Incarcerated in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0046</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the legal regulations constituting the basis for the performance of religious services by prison chaplains in penitentiary institutions, both for a fee and free of charge. This should help to explain the double subordination resulting from the merging of a public function, i.e. employment in a penitentiary facility, and the ecclesiastical function carried out by a clergyman as a chaplain. The presented considerations show that the legal status of prison chaplains is a multi-threaded issue that raises doubts as to the desirable content of these regulations. This is because precise and transparent criteria are lackingafter meeting which, an appropriate contract with a chaplain should be concluded and which would justify the choice between employment and performing the indicated service free of charge. Further research is needed to develop legal solutions that would clarify the legal status of prison chaplains and fully protect the religious freedom of prisoners, the right of churches and other religious organisations to provide religious assistance, all to eliminate the risk of violating such rights and the risk of violating the safety and order in penitentiary facilities.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[James Hillman on the Idea of Being Old]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0038</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[James Hillman is highly critical of the widespread discrimination and neglect of older people in our culture. He argues against this deeply immoral and pervasive phenomenon, which is summed up in the term ageism. In his critique, he proposes a new perspective in which the idea of human character is central. It allows us to see a deeper dimension of our personal and social life, to see old people as extremely valuable and even necessary for the continuation of civilisation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sources of Ideology as Problem and Concept during the Rise of Modern Political Conflict]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0039</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article discusses the historical emergence of ideology – firstly, as a specific problem, and secondly, as a rhetorical figure and concept – from the perspective of semantical turbulences and paradoxes that this process involved. Although it is still being debated whether something like a theoretical concept of ideology actually exists, some scholars claiming that it mixes contradictory meanings and intuitions, the following account hopefully sheds new light on the early stages of its development. This is achieved by disclosing a certain logic behind the process that led to the gradual elevation of this category to the rank of a staple in discourse and cognition in the twentieth century. For this purpose, the discussion focuses first on the context in the which the problem was originally formulated, and second – on the later circumstances of its elaboration.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Organised Cybercrime Trends in Times of War: The Hidden Frontline of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0049</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article examines current trends in organized cybercrime in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, with an emphasis on information operations and their underestimated danger in Europe. The authors prove that Russia’s cyberattacks are part of its military strategy, combining traditional and digital means of warfare, including information campaigns, disinformation, attacks on critical infrastructure, economic espionage, and the use of cryptocurrencies to finance illegal activities. Cases of attacks on Ukrainian energy networks, examples of the use of deepfake technologies, and the latest manifestations of online fraud related to the war are considered. The legal regulation of cyber operations is analyzed in the context of international humanitarian law (IHL), the Budapest Convention, and the new UN Convention on Cybercrime. Particular attention is paid to the Tallinn Manual as a tool for the legal qualification of cyberattacks as an act of armed aggression. The authors emphasize the need to develop new legal concepts (cyberwar, cyberpropaganda, information operations) and create effective mechanisms to counter organized cybercrime at the international level. Ukraine’s experience in cooperation between the state and civil society in cyberspace is presented as an example of effective counteraction to hybrid threats. The purpose of the article: to show what are the trends in cybercrime during war with a focus on information operations, the danger of which is still underestimated in Europe. To justify the need to regulate orga-nized cybercrime within the framework of cyberwar.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Multicultural Character of Anthroponymy in Kristina Sabaliauskaitė ’S Novel Silva Rerum]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0054</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The goal of this study is to present the anthroponomasticon of the Silva rerum novel cycle by the Lithuanian writer Kristina Sabaliauskaitė. The novel is divided into four parts depicting the dramatic story of one generation of the Norvaiša noble family, residing in 17th and 18th-century Lithuania. The source material consists of personal names identifying the characters in the novel, excerpted from the Polish translation of the book. The characters presented in Silva rerum have a highly varied nature. Two distinct categories of protagonists can be identified within the text: fictional characters that are plausible within the context of the era depicted, such as the majority of the Norvaiša family, and real characters are based on historical figures, including representatives of the Polish magnate family of Radziwiłł. The personal names served to illustrate the linguistic and cultural diversity of the community living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 17th–18th centuries. These anthroponyms are distinguished by both structural and genetic heterogeneity. The personal names in question primarily demonstrate links with Lithuanian and Polish languages, less frequently with the Ruthenian or Jewish languages, and incidentally with Karaim, German or Tartar.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Side Effects May Include Selfishness? Refuting the Hypothesis on the Moral Harm of Economic Education]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0029</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper revisits the widely debated claim that exposure to economic education undermines students’ moral standards, a view most prominently articulated by Frank, Gilovich, and Regan (1993). Drawing on their hypothesis, we surveyed second-year undergraduate students (N = 530) enrolled in seven programmes across academic disciplines. Participants were asked to assess the likelihood of honest behaviour, both their own and others’, in response to six scenarios involving a trade-o between ethical conduct and material self-interest, two of which were based on Frank et al.’s study. We hypothesised that economics students would estimate lower probabilities of honest behaviour than students from other disciplines, and that the perceived likelihood of honesty would decrease as exposure to economics increased. Neither hypothesis was supported. Despite having completed an intensive and mainstream-oriented introductory course on economics, economics students did not perceive dishonest behaviour as more likely than their peers. In one scenario, they even expressed greater trust in others’ honesty than other students. The expected negative association between the intensity of economics instruction and more cynical and selfish ethical judgment did not emerge. Moreover, statistically significant but weak positive correlations were observed between these factors in three of the twelve cases analysed. These findings challenge the assumption that economic education promotes self-interest at the expense of ethical standards, suggesting the need to reassess the empirical foundations of this claim.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Inconsistency and Rhetorical Function of John Hick’s Religious Pluralism]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0040</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this paper I argue that although John Hick interprets both theistic and impersonal conceptions of the Absolute as equivalent by emphasising the unknowability of the Absolute he implicitly understands it as actually impersonal. The inconsistency in Hick’s thought lies in his use of a pluralistic framework rooted in theistic origins while infusing it with non-theistic worldview content. I argue that only on the basis of theistic assumptions does the diversity of religions present a fundamental problem that requires the kind of complex theory that Hick develops. Since Hick does not really believe in a theistic Absolute his theory of religious pluralism ultimately lacks the need for formulation. In the context of Hick’s personal mystical experience of the Absolute as impersonal his theory of religious pluralism seems to have functioned as a rhetorical tool for indirectly expressing his theological belief in the impersonal Absolute. The direct expression of this belief would have required – within the constraints of Western academic discourse which was Hick’s primary platform for expression and which particularly in Britain is predominantly rationalistic and agnostic-atheistic – extremely challenging arguments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cruikshank, Presser and Miller: The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the Early Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0062</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article analyzes early U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence on the Second Amendment, focusing on United States v. Cruikshank (1876), Presser v. Illinois (1886), and United States v. Miller (1939). It examines how these rulings interpreted the right to keep and bear arms and their influence on shaping the amendment’s meaning. Using case law analysis, historical methods, and comparative review of American and Polish legal scholarship, the study highlights that early Supreme Court decisions viewed the right to keep and bear arms not as an individual guarantee against state interference, but as a collective entitlement tied to well regulated militia. This collective interpretation dominated for over a century until District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), which redefined the Second Amendment as a source of individual rights to possess and carry firearms. The analysis clarifies the historical evolution of Second Amendment interpretation and its enduring importance for contemporary constitutional debate. The findings demonstrate that early jurisprudence profoundly shaped American constitutional culture and that the modern, individual-rights understanding of the Second Amendment is a relatively recent product of constitutional reinterpretation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Defensive Purism in the North-Eastern Borderlands. Selected Issues]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The aim of the article is to illustrate, on the basis of selected texts of a correctness nature, the specificity of individual linguistic awareness. The subject of the analysis are Our Mistakes in Speech and Writing Committed and Provincialisms by Aleksander Walicki and Paznau praudu – a text attributed to Walicki. The article adopts Maćkowiak’s original research method, i.e. a descriptive reconstruction of linguistic awareness was used, which allows for reflection on language and its use combined with the analysis of one’s own individual methods of linguistic processing. The term “purism” in relation to the Polish language in the north-eastern borderlands manifests itself in the “purification of speech” from specific manifestations of foreignness, mainly through eliminatory procedures. This type of attitude of Polish users towards the language in relation to the north-eastern borderlands is referred to as “defensive purism”. Analysed writings represent engaged, charged writing, often exposing the writer’s individual position towards the linguistic and cultural phenomena discussed. The subject describing the linguistic and cultural reality in the northeastern borderlands as a purist-rigorist stands guard over the preservation of Polish distinctiveness, and treats Polishness symbolically as a “defense dam” against the influence of foreign cultures and languages.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[From Care to Subjecthood: The Paradigm Shift in the Reform of Article 49 of the Spanish Constitution and its Implications]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/slgr-2025-0048</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article presents a multidimensional analysis of the implications of the 2024 amendment to Article 49 of the Spanish Constitution, arguing that this change, extending far beyond the legal text itself, is a catalyst for profound transformations in the legal, social, and philosophical spheres. The paper demonstrates that, on the legal level, the reformed provision strengthens the case law of the courts, legitimizing the use of affirmative action and the duty to provide reasonable accommodation, as illustrated by key rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Court of Justice of the EU. In the social dimension, the reform is presented as a tool to combat negative stereo-types, not only towards persons with disabilities but also towards the elderly, and as a symbolic strengthening of the role of organized civil society. Finally, in the philosophical sphere, the article analyzes how the amendment redefines the constitutional concept of dignity, moving away from the medical model towards a human rights-based paradigm. It also identifies key ethical dilemmas, such as the conflict between the principle of full autonomy and the duty of protection, which will pose a major challenge for the Spanish legal order in the coming years.]]></description>
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