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            <title><![CDATA[Labour Market and Unemployment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.001</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Labour is a key factor of production, enabling the production of goods and services. Throughout history, the labour market situation has influenced economic growth and development, and hence investment, productivity, income, consumption and society’s standard of living. The articles contained in the next volume of the journal Studia Historiae Oeconomicae analyze the above problem using selected examples dating back to the 18th century.The presented SHO volume consists of eight articles that provide authentic knowledge on such labour market shaping factors as wages, ideology and politics, as well as on the activities of labour unions and charitable organizations under different political and socio--economic systems.The study of labour and the labour market has a heavy burden for both cognitive and practical reasons, since knowledge of the causes, mechanisms and dynamics of change in this sphere can help optimize economic policies regarding the labour market as well as become a source of inspiration for readers and perhaps further research in this area.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Unfulfilled dreams? The Financial Situation of Workers in Paris and the department of Loir-Et-Cher Between 1789 and 1795]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The convening of the Estates General in France in 1789 raised high hopes in French society for change. The economic demands written down in the ledgers of complaints, such as the abolition of the guild system, the unification of taxes and their more equitable distribution, the abolition of customs duties and fees within the kingdom, can be categorized as inclusive economic institutions. Their introduction in France during the Revolution was expected to translate into an improvement in the financial conditions of the population. The purpose of this article is to present the changing financial situation of workers in Paris and the department of Loir-et-Cher between 1789 and 1795 in the context of the aforementioned institutions. Data from a survey of prices and wages conducted at the behest of the Committee of Public Safety, Paris police reports of 1795 and depreciation tables were used to show the change in the financial position of working families during the French Revolution. Demands from the ledgers of complaints against the Estates General of 1789 were used to determine the title workers’ “dreams.” Assessing the change in the financial situation of workers required calculations that took into account, among other things, the size of the average working family’s demand for foodstuffs or the change in France regarding the number of working days per year after the elimination of the old holidays and the introduction of the republican calendar. During the period under review, the financial situation of workers in the Loir-et-Cher department worsened due to high inflation – turning at times into hyperinflation – despite the implementation of most of the demands of the ledgers of complaints by the revolutionary authorities. In the case of Paris, the assessment is not so clear-cut. Thanks to the rationing of bread and meat in the capital, and their sale at a discounted price by the authorities, the living conditions of working families in 1795 were better or comparable to those at the beginning of the revolution. The article sheds new light on the changing financial situation of workers in Paris and the department of Loir-et-Cher in the context of the implementation of workers’ demands recorded during the revolution in the ledgers of complaints to the Estates General of 1789, thus filling a gap in historiography.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Organization of Poor Minors Labor by Charity Societies in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Poznan Case]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.003</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[One of the means of help offered by the 19th century charity societies was finding employment for the poorest. Among their beneficiaries were also children, whose work was a substantial contribution to the finances of their families. The age limit in this case was 14 – above that age children from the poor families were sent to work (girls most often to service, and boys – to apprenticeship). Attempts were made to send them to recommended houses or craftsmen. One of the organizations which helped children to find employment was the Polish Ladies Charity Society in Poznan founded in 1845, whose activists conducted detailed interviews of families requesting help. The goal of the text is to analyze the situation of the poor minors who worked in Poznan. The source base for the following research were two Card Indexes: the alphabetic Card Index of proteges of the Polish Ladies Charity Society with Celestyna Działyńska’s hand notes regarding grants, and the Card Index of proteges of the TDD P, which was organized by districts and led by women reporting to Działyńska, auxiliary reports and private notes of the founder of the Society, Celestyna Działyńska, were included. In the following qualitative and quantitative methods were used, combined with the case study approach. The members of the Poznań Charitable Societies, which functioned in the Middle of 19th century, not only organized workplaces for the minor, but also took care of their education and wellbeing. They paid special attention to the role of a child in their family and checked the circumstances when a child, if of an appropriate age for employment, didn’t go to work. In the large families, when the oldest children established their own households, the younger children could still work and contribute to the family’s finances.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Reparations, Hyperinflation, Unemployment and the Rise of Adolph Hitler1]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.004</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the history of the period 1918 to 1932 mostly to clarify the connections among the Treaty of Versailles, the German Hyperinflation of the 1920s, and the Great Depression of the 1930s to the rise of Adolph Hitler. In many cases, the paper takes a fresh look at original source material; and, it incorporates much of what has been subsequently written. While there are many lessons to be learned from these events, on the matter of reparations, the lesson is strange. In spite of Germany arguably not paying one pfenning of the demanded reparations, the demand for huge reparation payments contributed to the hyperinflation. More importantly, the re-negotiation of reparation payments enabled, first, Ludendorff and, then, Hitler to make gains in the polls. In the case of Hitler, his rise in the polls came just prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On the road to the Split of the American Labor Movement: Criticism of the American Federation of Labor in Committee for Industrial Organizations Pamphlets (1935–1936)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The US labor movement gained momentum after the passage of the NIRA (1933) and especially the Wagner Act (1935). The new law guaranteed employees the right to organise and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. The dynamic growth in union membership was accompanied by a heated debate over whether unions should be organised to cover all workers in an industry or on an occupational or craft basis. This piece covers Committee of Industrial Organizations (CIO) pamphlets published between 1935 and 1936, a critical period in the rivalry between the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the CIO. Most took the form of journalistic commentary on current events in the union environment. The pamphlet, as a form of communication, by definition, presents a one-sided description of reality. Nevertheless, the CIO pamphlets are a valuable source of knowledge about the division in the American labour movement in the 1930s. In this piece, I examine the axes of contention and arguments. They cover various issues, such as an assessment of the US trade union movement’s achievements, jurisdictional claims, industrial charters, and dues. I trace the evolution of radicalism in the views of the CIO leadership, from reforming the Committee in the spirit of “unionising unorganised mass production under the banner of the AFL” to massive criticism of the Federation that ultimately made further coexistence impossible. The latter resulted in the AFL suspending the CIO in September 1936.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hidden Unemployment in Polish Industry (1945–1956)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.006</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[One of the main factors determining the weakness of the socialist economy was the phenomenon of hidden unemployment, which means excessive employment in industrial plants in relation to needs. This phenomenon should be considered in two aspects: economic and social. The aim of this article is to determine the economic and social consequences of the phenomenon of hidden unemployment in the Polish economy in the first years after the WWII. The article is based on the literature on the subject, as well as source research conducted at the Archives of New Records and the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw. To analyze the socio-demographic characteristics of the staff of four industrial plants, the personal files of employees collected in the plant archives were used. The research conducted indicates that one of the main sources of weakness of the socialist economy was the situation on the labor market, and especially the phenomenon of over-employment. In the economic sphere, it meant that the dominance of an excessive number of low-skilled workers in the composition of the industrial workforce resulted in poor labor productivity, abysmal production quality, non-compliance with standards in technological processes, destruction of work ethics, poor discipline, increased personnel turnover, etc. It is a measure of the irrationality of the system that the employment of a significant proportion of these workers was not the result of either economic or social necessity, but a consequence of the erroneous economic development model adopted, based on the use of low-skilled and poorly paid labor. In social terms, however, the employment of these people meant that the communist regime could count on relatively considerable public support among them. Authoritarian, non-democratic parties (such as the PPR and PZPR), appealing to populist slogans and fomenting conflicts with other social groups corresponded in terms of their programs and modus operandi to people with high levels of authoritarian attitudes.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Socialist Exploitation of the Worker in the First Half of the 1950s: A Case Study of the H. Cegielski Industry Plant in Poznań]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.007</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Building the “foundations of the socialist system” meant intensive industrialization in the economy, with an emphasis on heavy industry, which was to be achieved mainly at the expense of the standard of living and working conditions of workers. By adopting unrealistic indicators, political and administrative methods were used to force employees to make more effort, without compensating it with the amount of earnings. Various methods were used: one of the elements of exploitation was low wages, or even the so-called “starvation wages” for some of the workers. The authorities suggested the possibility of increasing them through additional work. In this case, labor competition or long-term production commitments were initiated. On the other hand, the working time needed to produce specific products was administratively shortened, standards were constantly raised, etc. As a result of these activities, the living conditions of employees not only did not improve but even deteriorated. It turned out that the socialist employer is not at all different from the capitalist, and sometimes is even worse than him, because he has a greater range of possibilities of pressure and, in case they resist, of repression. By paying starvation wages, the system kept the rest of the profit earned for its own needs. He was also blind in looking at the real problems, most often looking for a mythical “enemy” or activist party members. Exploited beyond measure, the workers tried in every way to limit this exploitation, hence the abysmal quality of production, huge consumption of materials, widespread waste or simply avoiding work. The party’s methods of activation proved ineffective, which the Poznań workers reminded the authorities of on 28 June 1956 by taking to the streets.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Unemployment as a Consequence of the Liquidation of State Agricultural Farms in 1991–2003]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.008</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[State Agricultural Farms (SAF) were liquidated on the basis of an act adopted in 1991. During the work on the act, the focus was exclusively on issues related to ownership and economic transformations, while the social consequences were not taken into account. SAF employees, especially agricultural workers, constituted a specific, historically shaped socio-professional group characterized by relatively low education and narrow professional qualifications. The aim of article is to identify the genesis of social problems in post-statehood areas, especially unemployment and its regional variation. The source base of the study is mainly the Reports of the Agricultural Property Agency of the State Treasury and sociological research reports carried out in post-statehood areas. The main finding of the research is that policy decisions to abolish state farms were made without taking into account their specific characteristics and territorial distribution. Their mentality was shaped by the nature of work and everyday life, which was entirely connected with the workplace. The workplace organized most of the living and social matters for employees and their families. After the liquidation of the State Agricultural Farms, employees were unable to find their place on the –labour market. Large-area farms established on the basis of the former SAFs radically limited employment, and the lack of appropriate skills and limited demand for labour outside agriculture worsened the situation of blue collar workers in particular. Regional differences were of particular importance for the scale of unemployment – where SAFs dominated, the unemployment problem persists even three decades after their liquidation, although it no longer concerns only former SAF employees, but all residents of former SAF areas.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The issue of labour in Germany in the Galicia District Press: Content Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.009</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article presents the content analysis of publications on the labour in Germany that were published on the territory of the Halychyna (Galicia) region during the German occupation of 1941–1944. All the articles, namely 104 of them published in 14 periodicals (Volia Pokuttia, Ukrainske Slovo, Vilne Slovo, Holos Pidkarpattia, Drohobytske Slovo, Zborivski Visti, Zolochivske Slovo, Lvivski Visti, Ridna Zemlia, Sokalske Slovo, Stanislavivske Slovo, Krakivski Visti, Ternopilskyi Holos and Chortkivska Dumka), were divided into several groups: “Type of publication”, “Time” and “Placement”. Each group underwent the word cloud type of analysis, and it provided an opportunity to thoroughly study peculiarities of the printed materials of the Nazi occupation period. Additionally, the article presents the cross-analysis of these groups in an attempt to trace their possible interconnection. The main objective of this paper is to use the content analysis method to analyse German propaganda policy of the time encouraging Galician workers to work in Germany and the way the policy changed over the time. The application of new research methods, in particular the content analysis method, to the study of the topic of Galician work force relocation to Germany on the materials from the Galician periodicals, contributes to the novelty of the paper. Summing up, one should say that the German authorities’ labour policy aimed at the Galician population was not consistent and constantly changed.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: The Importance of Constitutional Rules and Property Rights: The German Economy in 1990–2015]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.010</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The book titled The Importance of Constitutional Rules and Property Rights. The German Economy in 1990–2015 prepared by Damian Bębnowski, a researcher at the University of Lodz was published in 2022 by Peter Lang. This comprehensive 440-page monograph is devoted to an important event in recent German history, namely, the reunification and the period of building a social market economy order in the former GDR during the period indicated in the title.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Silniki Stacjonarne na Ziemiach Polskich [Stationary Engines on Polish Lands]]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.011</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The book Silniki stacjonarne na ziemiach polskich [Stationary Engines on Polish Lands] was written by Grzegorz Smela, Marek Wiśniewski and Andrzej Zwierniak and published in 2022 by the Ruthenus. Grzegorz Smela and Andrzej Zwierniak are passionate about old agricultural technology are also both co-authors of the book Polskie silniki stacjonarne i ich producenci w XIX i XX wieku [Polish Stationary Engines and their Manufacturers in the 19th and 20th Centuries; Smela and Zwierniak, 2020]. In addition, Grzegorz Smela is one of the initiators of the creation of the Museum of Stationary Engines and Agricultural Technology in Konieczkowa (Poland). This time the authors invited Marek Wiśniewski, M.Sc., who is a curator and head of the agricultural technology department at the Rev. Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture in Ciechanowiec (Poland).]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Wąsosz. Historia Miasta i Gminy [Wąsosz: History of City and Municipality]]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.2.012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The book Wąsosz. Historia Miasta i Gminy [Wąsosz: History of the City and Municipality], authored by Krzysztof Popiński (2022), a scholar at the Department of Philosophy and Economic History at Wrocław University of Economics, offers a comprehensive history of Wąsosz, a Lower Silesian town located at the intersection of Silesia [Śląsk] and Greater Poland [Wielkopolska]. This monograph serves as a gateway to understanding the region’s multifaceted past, uncovering layers of history that extend far beyond the memories of its current residents. By focusing on Wąsosz, the book provides a nuanced perspective on the complex historical developments of the Silesian region. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in exploring Poland’s regional history through the lens of a small, yet historically significant, town.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Forest Aesthetics as a Basic Idea for Forest Management from the Perspectives of Light Quality, Ecosystems, and Sustainability in Japan]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.003</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Forest conservation as a living environment is essential for human survival. Attention is focused on Forest Aesthetics created by von H. Salisch at Postel in Poland, who managed economic forests to realize their functional beauty. Although an idea of Salisch introduced to Japan by 1895, lectures on Forest Aesthetics did not continue in universities located in lower middle latitudes. The main reason is that Forest Aesthetics depends on stand structure, creating sunshine filtering through canopy on the forest floor and the incident light makes the forests look beautiful. Action of light quality also plays an important role in forest beauty. Forest Aesthetics encompasses the ideas of ecosystems, sustainability, and family affection. Although Forest Aesthetics was proposed in 1885, there was no scientific term of “ecosystem” and ecological service that time. Now once again, it is about time to reevaluate the Forest Aesthetics produced in land of Poland.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Different Forms of Civilizations and the Development of Woodlands: Systems of Interactions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.002</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The development of woodland was influenced by different management since some thousands of years. During prehistoric times settlements were founded and given up after some decades. In connection with this, a secondary succession of woodland took place. The spread of beech in Central Europe was favoured and some other tree species expanded in other parts of Europe. This is documented by pollen diagrams. During historic times woodland exploitation was intensified. Some tree species became rarer by more intensive management such as beech. So human impact did not have generally the same effect on the development of woodlands. As management influenced the development of woodland more than climatic changes it is likely that this will also happen in the future. Pollen diagrams are not historic sources but can be well paralleled with historic sources. It is an advantage of pollen diagrams that they encompass a total development of vegetation and do not only reflect a single event at special points of time.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reintroductions of Forest Fauna in the Second Polish Republic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.007</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article presents the action of the reintroduction of forest fauna conducted in the interwar period in Poland. The activities that led to the rescue of bison were discussed. The success of saving the last beaver populations in this part of Europe was recalled and analyzed. The activities, pioneering in Europe, carried out by the State Forests, for the protection of moose, were also presented. The article draws attention to the modernity of the ecological policy in Poland during the period of 1918–1939, as well as to the importance of the policy implemented by the State Forests in this period. Despite the Soviet-German occupation of Poland, some of the activities of interwar Poland managed to survive and to this day constitute an important part of the ecological policy of the EU.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Human and Nature: Between Destruction and Creation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.001</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The problem of interaction between man and nature throughout history is, relatively, rarely addressed by classical historiography. The session entitled Man and Nature: Between destruction and creation, organized and chaired by Prof. Tadeusz Janicki (Faculty of History, UAM, Poznań, Poland) and Prof. Dariusz J. Gwiazdowicz (Department of Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland) on 24 August 2022 as part of the XXIII International Congress of Historical Sciences Poznań 2022, was an attempt to change this tendency and broaden the existing research perspective. The papers delivered during the occassion were the starting point for the preparation of a special issue of the journal Studia Historiae Oeconomicae (SHO), the primary purpose of which is interdisciplinary reflection by specialists from various scientific disciplines on the problem of destruction of natural landscapes and creation of cultural landscapes, along with other issues concerning the interaction between humans and the natural environment from prehistoric times to the present.This special issue of SHO consists of seven articles on diverse topics, analysing human interactions with nature through different historical periods, meanwhile taking into account their economic, civil, social and climatic conditions.The result is a multifaceted mosaic of topics that constitutes an original and interdisciplinary analysis of man’s relationship with nature, which may be a source of inspiration for readers and perhaps further research in this field.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reports: In Care of the Family: Social Welfare in the Polish Lands from 19th to 21st Century. Historical Dictionary [W Trosce O Rodzinę. Pomoc Społeczna Na Ziemiach Polskich Od XIX do XXI Wieku. Słownik Historyczny] as a Project Carried out Under the National Program for the Development of the Humanities [Narodowy Program Rozwoju Huma Nistyki]]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.010</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A team of researchers led by Prof. Dr. Paweł Grata of the University of Rzeszów has received the funding necessary to carry out the project “In Care of the Family: Social assistance in the Polish lands from the 19th to the 21st century. Historical dictionary” under the National Program for the Development of the Humanities. The project will be carried out from 2024 to 2028. The amount of funding amounted to more than one million seven hundred thousand zlotys.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Springs of Life: Spas in Western Galicia from the Beginning of the 19th Century to the Outbreak of World War I]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.006</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Some of the spas there trace their origins to the first half of that century. Thanks to its diverse natural and geographic environment Western Galicia was somehow predestined to establish spas. There were mineral waters and a favorable microclimate. An additional advantage was the mountainous natural environment, especially, in the south of the region, which was mostly pristine. Even though some spas originated in the first part of the century, their dynamic development began to be observed only from the middle of the same century. The number of visitors also began to grow dynamically. The most fashionable place in the middle of the century was Szczawnica. However, it gradually lost this position as a result of increasing competition from other spas and internal problems. Before the outbreak of World War I, Zakopane clearly led the way. The state of the spas depended on the people managing them, mainly, on their commitment. Alongside large spas like Zakopane and Szczawnica existed smaller ones with poorly developed accommodation. They were treated by visitors more as a summer resort than a health resort. The purpose of the article is to show the development of spa treatment in the 19th century and early 20th century. It was based on the sources of medicinal waters discovered in western Galicia. Consequently, these areas became a kind of spa basin, popular among patients. The selected individual spas are discussed, their establishment and development are described, factors influencing the growth of their popularity and obstacles to their development are indicated. Changes in the interaction between man and nature in relation to Western Galicia are shown. It allows to understand the inspiring role of nature in the everyday life of man.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[“Itaque Tam Istud Vitandum Habebit Quam Hercule Fugiendum Venandi aut Aucupandi Studium, Quibus Rebus Plurimae Operae Avocantur”]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.004</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The object of the study consists in legal issues related to hunting wild birds, discussed by Roman classical jurists. The analysis of the sources reveals that the main problem they had to deal with was finding a right balance between the traditional, originating from the ius gentium freedom of hunting with the increasing economic importance of breeding wild birds and, accordingly, the economic interests of rich landowners who tended to reserve the exclusive right for catching wild birds on their lands for themselves. As the consequence of this increasing contrast between the principle of law and the economic reality, wild birds kept in aviaries were deemed to be the property of the owner, as well as those who once tamed were subjected to their control. The jurists also created a concept of animus revertendi which applied to such animals as pigeons and peacocks, whose large-scale breeding involved allowing them to fly away temporarily from the owner. One of the remedies was also ius prohibendi which allowed the owner of the land to prevent entering his land by birders.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Book review: Ziemie Obiecane. Rolnictwo Dolnego Śląska W Latach 1945–1956 W Ujęciu Ekonomicznym I Historycznym [Promised Lands: Agriculture of Lower Silesia in the Years 1945–1956 from the Economic and Historical Point of View]]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.14746/sho.2024.42.1.009</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The review of the book titled Ziemie obiecane. Rolnictwo Dolnego Śląska w latach 1945–1956 w ujęciu ekonomicznym i historycznym [Promised Lands: Agriculture of Lower Silesia in the years 1945–1956 from the economic and historical point of view] was written by Sylwia Straszak--Chandoha and published in 2021 by the Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu [Publishing House of the Wroclaw University of Economics and Business]. The book describes the problem of settlement, which is rarely discussed in the literature on the subject, and, in particular, the organization of agricultural production in Lower Silesia in the first few years after the end of World War II.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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