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            <title><![CDATA[What is Sport (Philosophically Speaking)?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes an analysis of sport from an analytic-philosophical point-of-view. The authors argue that although a definition in the traditional sense (per genus proximum and differentiam specificam) – conceived as analytic, synthetic, or regulative – is rather impossible, a conceptual description, using some key intuitions, can be achieved. These intuitions are suggested by taking into account phenomena such as physical culture and its properties, Olympic games and their regulations, or the popularity of sport as perceived by direct spectators and indirect observers, particularly on television. Various examples suggest that sport is a complex phenomenon, generally consisting of the actions of people, subordinated to rules that govern how sport actors behave. Hence, a normative aspect of sport must be taken into account in any conceptual analysis of sport. If the traditional manner for defining a concept is considered unavailable, then Wittgenstein’s strategy of analysis, via the notion of family resemblance, is recommended. The authors show that this can also be applied to the concept of sport. After mentioning Renford Bambrough’s interpretation of Wittgenstein, the authors propose to treat the name sport as referring to a mereological collection of parts, unified by several factors and forming a family resemblance.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Effect of Flexible Working Perception, Digital and Agile Organizational Culture on Technology Use: a Study from the Employees’ Perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction of flexible working perception with digital and agile organizational cultures and the effects of this interaction on technology use from the perspective of employees. The research was carried out with data collected from 382 employees operating in different sectors (technology, finance, education, health) on the European Side of Istanbul. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item-total correlation, Cronbach Alpha methods, correlation analysis and path analysis method were used within the scope of validity and reliability studies of the scales. In the study, a positive and significant relationship was found between the variables of flexible working and digital and agile organizational culture and technology use, while the perception of flexible working had a positive and significant effect on the perception of technology use. The study also concluded that digital and agile organizational culture has a significant effect on the perception of technology use. According to the results of the study, the perception of flexible working and digital and agile organizational cultures have a positive and significant effect on employees’ use of technology.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Logos Reconstructed: On the Ideal of Adam’s Originally Perfect Language and Recovering its Semiotic Realism]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Umberto Eco in The Search for the Perfect Language explores the ‘dream of a perfect language’ that has sought to recapitulate the lost perfection of Adam’s original language. Humanity is seen as forgetful of the preternatural knowledge once contained in a transparent language that perfectly identified essences. Eco’s historical narrative of this pursuit, labeled “a series of failures,” is examined first. Then, Leibniz’s Adamicism is explored, which asserts that a language can be Adamic if it mirrors the natural and non-arbitrary qualities of Adam’s language. Cross-culturally, Sanskrit realism and Plato’s natural-name thesis support this, emphasizing the connection between words and meanings. Following this, the criteria for linguistic perfection (◊P) are established, relying on five necessary assumptions (A) concerning ontology, epistemology, accessibility, translatability, and intersubjectivity. This paper defends reconstructing an ideal language without seeking to return to the forever lost mother tongue. Instead, it assesses the potential for our current system-of-signs to regain semiotic realism and represent reality accurately. A thought experiment justifies returning to semiotic realism, examining the potential of revealing the hidden phenomenology of logos – the universal reason underlying all languages. Conclusively, this project rejects empirical nominalism and explores accessing the preternatural knowledge of necessary and immutable ideas, lost after the fall and Babel’s catastrophe.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Philosophy of Non-Soviet Belarusian Poetry in the 1970s and 1980s]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The interview given by Adam Hlobus (Uladzimir Vyachaslavavich Adamchyk, born September 29, 1958), a Belarusian writer, poet, artist, and publisher. He began publishing poetry in 1981 (in the newspaper Literature and Art and the magazine Maladosts). He is the founder of the Society of Young Writers “Tuteyshiya” (1986–1988). Selected books: Park (poetry, 1988), Loneliness at the Stadium (short stories, 1989), Death Is a Man (1992), Crossroads (1993), Damavikameron (1994), Just Don’t Tell My Mom (1995), Koidanava (1997), New Damavikameron (1998), Post Scriptum (1999), Texts (a collection of all previous books, 2000), Braslav Stigmata (2001), Notebooks (2003), Home (2005), coParticipants (2006), Letters (2006), Fairy Tales (2007), Convolutus (2008), Castle (2008), PLAY.BY (2009), Krutahory Fairy Tales (2010), New Sky (2010), Sayings (2012), Names. Literary Portraits (2013), Fairy Tales for Adults (2013), Portraits (2014), Stories about Minsk and Its Surroundings (2015), Reverse Perspective (2016), Family (2017), Capital Fairy Tales (2018), Features (2019), Angel (2021), Snowflake (2022), Our Neighbor Karatkevich (2025).]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Challenges of Non-Soviet Poetry in Minsk During the BSSR Period]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The interview given by Gershon Trestman (born July 29, 1947, Minsk), a Russian-language Belarusian and Israeli poet, prose writer, publicist, and playwright. He is a member of the Union of Writers of Israel, the Commonwealth of Russian-Speaking Writers of Israel “Stolitsa,” and the International Federation of Russian Writers. His work has been recognized with the Yu. Stern and Yu. Nagibin awards, as well as a gold medal for “outstanding achievements in literature and the arts” from the California Academy of Sciences. Selected works: The One Who Crossed the River (Tel Aviv, 1996); Golem, or Faust’s Curse (Moscow, 2007); A Small Country with a Great History (Israel, 2008, foreword by Avigdor Lieberman); The Great History of a Small Country (Israel, 2011); The Scroll of Esther (Jerusalem, 2013); The Land of Olive Guardians (Jerusalem, 2013); The Israeli Knot: The History of the Country – The History of Confrontation (Book-Sefer, 2014); The Land of Olive Guardians (Jerusalem, KKL-JNF, 2014); Job (Minsk, New Wineskins, 2014); ... Where There Are No Coordinates. Poems and Epics (Jerusalem, 2017); The Book of Non-Being (Minsk, Logvinov, 2019); Alphabet for Elderly Children (Jerusalem, 2023).]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[No Perils of Rejecting the Parity Argument]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Many moral realists have employed a strategy for arguing for moral realism by claiming that if epistemic normativity is categorical and that if this epistemic normativity exists, then categorical normativity exists. In this paper, we will discuss that argument, examine a way out, and respond to the objections people have recently raised in the literature. In the end, we conclude that the objections to our way out will do little in the way of motivating those who already do not believe in categorical normativity, thereby severing the power the aforementioned parity argument is designed to possess.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Autonomy in Stratified Structures]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article proposes a minimalist concept of autonomy that is consistent with determinism, but negates fatalism. Drawing on Nicolai Hartmann’s stratified ontology, it argues that autonomy is achieved not by suspending physical laws, but by introducing new, higher-level determinations unique to individual entities. The tension between general laws and individual autonomy is resolved by emphasizing the unique properties and individual laws that apply to each entity. The article also explains how this minimal autonomy makes sense of setting goals and attempting to achieve them, demonstrating that even within a deterministic framework, individuals can have meaningful influence over their actions and outcomes.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cuneiform Šumma Sentences: Conditionals or Implications?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2025-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[For a long time, it was believed in Assyriology and related disciplines that šumma sentences, or grammatical conditionals, which appeared in cuneiform texts and tablets of astrology, exorcism, law, extispicy, oneiromancy, medicine, and divination, were linguistic expressions of logical conditionals. F. Rochberg (2010; 2016) extended this belief, suggesting that they are even material conditionals. Andrew Schumann (2017; 2020; 2021) followed this, claiming that, as a result, we can trace the origin of symbolic logic in cuneiform writings, through which it moved to Greece. In this paper, after presenting this approach, I will challenge it by showing that šumma/IF sentences and similar constructs in cuneiform literature are arguments or implications that suffer from the same confusion between conditional and implication that Quine (1953/1966) highlighted when criticizing C.I. Lewis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Did Antinatalism Precede Philosophy?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The interview given by Matti Häyry, PhD, Professor of Philosophy of Management at the Aalto University School of Business. Prof. Häyry has been involved in reproductive ethics and antinatalist philosophy since 1984. His 2004 A rational cure for prereproductive stress syndrome is considered to be the first expression of the so-called risk argument against procreation. His most recent publications on the topic, with Amanda Sukenick, include Imposing a lifestyle: A new argument for antinatalism and Antinatalism, Extinction, and the End of Procreative Self-Corruption. The origin and evolution of his views have been chronicled in detail on The Exploring Antinatalism Podcast, especially in its episode #65 and in episodes #1, #2 and #3 of its subchannel Hankikanto – Falling into the Anti/Natal Abyss.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Consistency and Some Other Requirements of a Formal Theory in the Context of Multiverse Models]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper is devoted to the problem of describing reality in the language of mathematics and logic in connection with intellectual intuition. The question raised is how the basic requirements of mathematical theory and logic will change if some of the multiverse models of modern physics are taken as the basis. Mathematics is considered in the context of various historical approaches. It is shown that some of the well-known requirements of a formal theory (such as consistency) may begin to play a different role if the multiverse hypothesis is accepted. In the framework of theories based on the idea of multiple worlds, the logical consequence, the natural law of Duns Scotus, the law of excluded middle, and other well-known facts of classical logic which in some cases cause controversy due to their intuitive unacceptability are resolved. The paper discusses an approach based on paraconsistent logics: such logics can be considered the first to correspond to multiverse theories.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Is Utah the Most Sexist State? No]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper critically examines the claim that Utah is “the most sexist state” in the United States, as suggested by a WalletHub report ranking it lowest in “Women’s Equality.” Utilizing an economic analysis from the Austrian School perspective, this study scrutinizes the data, metrics, and conclusions of reports by the Utah Women &amp; Leadership Project (UWLP). The analysis focuses on distinguishing statistical disparities from sexism, proposing that observed gender inequalities in Utah are largely influenced by cultural and economic factors, particularly the state’s high marriage rate and traditional gender roles. Contrary to the notion that sexism predominantly drives gender disparities, the paper argues that personal choices and subjective value theory play significant roles in shaping these outcomes. The study highlights the importance of considering cultural context, individual preferences, and the marital asymmetry hypothesis when interpreting gender-related data, challenging the assertion that Utah’s gender disparities are primarily due to sexist attitudes. The findings suggest that Utah’s gender gaps in areas such as income and workforce participation are more accurately attributed to the state’s unique cultural and economic landscape rather than pervasive sexism.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Feminist Film Theory: The Impact of Female Representation in Modern Movies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In contemporary American cinema, the representation of women remains disproportionately limited despite significant social movements advocating for diversity and equality. This study examines the depiction of women in top-grossing films of 2018, contrasting those directed by men with those directed by women, to understand the influence of gender dynamics on cinematic portrayal. Analyzing the top five highest-grossing live-action movies directed by each gender, this research utilizes critical mass and critical actor theories to evaluate the impact of female filmmakers on the representation of women both on and off-screen. Findings reveal that films directed by women feature higher percentages of female characters and crew members in key roles, yet face substantial budgetary and box office disparities compared to their male-directed counterparts. Despite some progress, the film industry continues to exhibit systemic biases, necessitating further structural changes to achieve genuine gender equality in cinematic storytelling. This study underscores the need for increased opportunities and resources for female filmmakers to foster a more inclusive and diverse cinematic landscape.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Logic and Metalogic: a Historical Sketch]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper briefly discusses the relations between logic and metalogic in history. Metalogic is understood as a reflection on logic in its various senses, particularly sensu stricto (formal, mathematical) and sensu largo (formal logic plus semantic plus methodology of science). It is shown that metalogic in its contemporary understanding arose after mathematical logic had become a mature discipline. Special passage is devoted to metalogic in Poland. The last part of the paper discussed so-called logocentric predicament.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Logic in Poland in the 20th Century]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[After Poland gained independence in 1918, logic developed very quickly both as a scientific direction and as a taught discipline. This introduction to the special issue “Logic in Poland in the 20th Century,” published in Volume 13:1 (2024) and Volume 13:2 (2024), provides the historical context for the development of logic in the interwar period.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Proof of the Existence of Hell: An Extension of the Stone Paradox]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As shown in (Łukowski, 2013), the paradox of the stone is a failed attempt to show that “omnipotence” is a contradictory concept. An element of the argument presented there is that God, while unable to lift the stone, can nevertheless annihilate it. This work considers the amplification of the paradox of the stone to the form generated by the question: can God create a stone which He will not be able to lift, nor, once created, will He be able to destroy.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[100 Years of Logical Investigations at the University of Poznań]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to describe the history of logical investigations at the University of Poznań. The organisational structures within the discipline as well as the outstanding logicians and their achievements are presented. Connections with the Lviv–Warsaw School are indicated.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Libertarian Autobiographies: Moving Toward Freedom in Today’s World. Edited by Jo Ann Cavallo and Walter E. Block. Palgrave Macmillan, 2023]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Nature of the Anti-Psychologistic Turn in Kazimierz Twardowski’s Philosophy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this paper, I analyze the shift in Twardowski’s views between his early psychologistic theory of logic and his later anti-psychologistic theory. In particular, I point out that the interpretation suggesting that this change merely involves Twardowski enriching his ontology with products encounters a certain problem in light of his earlier views. To present this problem more precisely, I discuss the foundations of Twardowski’s theory of products, focusing on aspects relevant to the issue of psychologism. Based on this, I reconstruct Twardowski’s theory of logic and highlight where he identified the fallacy of psychologism. I contrast this reconstructed theory with Twardowski’s earlier views at key points and demonstrate that the difference between his early psychologistic theory and his later anti-psychologistic theory is a matter of a shift in emphasis rather than a significant change in the theoretical system itself, and that Twardowski himself understood it as such.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[From the History of Leśniewski’s Mereology]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this paper, we want to present the genesis of Stanisław Leśniewski’s mereology. Although ‘mereology’ comes from theword ‘part’, mereology arose as a theory of collective classes. That is why we present the differences between the concepts of being a distributive class and being a collective class. Next, we present Leśniewski’s original mereology from 1927, but with a modern approach. Leśniewski was inspired to create his concept of classes and their elements by Russell’s antinomy. To face it, Leśniewski had to define the concept of being an element of based on the concept of being part of. Leśniewski showed that in his theory, there is no equivalent to Russell’s antinomy. We will show that his solution has nothing to do with the original approach because, in both cases, we are talking about objects of a different kind. Russell’s original antinomy concerned distributive classes, and Leśsniewski’s considerations concerned collective classes.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Warsaw School of Logic: Main Pillars, Ideas, Significance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/sh-2024-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Warsaw School of Logic (WSL) was the famous branch of the Lviv-Warsaw School (LWS) – the most important movement in the history of Polish philosophy. Logic made the most important field in the activities of the WSL. The aim of this work is to highlight the role and significance of the WSL in the history of logic in the 20th century.]]></description>
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