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            <title><![CDATA[Francisco de Vitoria y los derechos humanos]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.9</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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            <title><![CDATA[Theological Basis for Human Dignity]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.85</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article offers a theological foundation for human dignity as the pillar on which human rights are based. While the starting point is the social teaching of the Catholic Church, the driving force behind it is the work of Francisco de Vitoria, especially his impressive Relectio de Indis, on the fifth centenary of his arrival in Salamanca, which shows how relevant his thinking is today. He addressed the problems of the profound change of era brought about by the globalisation of the “discovery” of new lands and the first complete circumnavigation of the Earth from the perspective of the theology of creation (human beings created in the image of God), proposing the ius gentium, which combines the personalist and communitarian principles. Today, moral theology is also called upon to address the thorny issue of the ethical and legal control of power, through dialogue between revelation and reason, in a technological world where the possibilities for construction and destruction are running wild.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Bible and Human Rights: A Source of Meaning in the Face of Violated Human Dignity]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.155</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Although the Bible is a diverse and ancient library, it continues to be regarded as part of humanity’s heritage. This recognition stems from the wellspring of wisdom contained in its writings, whose existential perspective has enriched both believers and non-believers. The aim of this study is to highlight the Bible’s contribution as a source for understanding and reflecting on human rights. Its purpose is to appreciate the Scriptures as a tool that deepens the identification of situations of unjust suffering, barbarity, and acts of inhumanity that, both in the past and today, human beings can inflict upon others who share the same dignity. This work examines how various biblical narratives denounce innocent suffering, prophetically challenge evil and injustice, and how the testimonies of certain characters contribute to the recognition and remembrance of those who have been victims of unjust violence. From the perspective of biblical theology, this study seeks to underscore the contribution that the Scriptures offer regarding humanity and inhumanity—a voice whose recovery is essential for a broader and deeper understanding of human rights.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Francisco de Vitoria as a Precursor of Dignitatis Humanae’s Teaching on Religious Liberty]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.117</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Scholarship on the history of Dignitatis Humanae has largely overlooked the relationship between the declaration’s teaching on religious liberty and the thought of Francisco de Vitoria. The article fills this lacuna in scholarly literature, arguing that Vitoria’s writings articulate a right to religious liberty that anticipates Dignitatis Humanae’s teaching. Specifically, both Vitoria and the Vatican II document derive a right to religious liberty from man’s natural law obligation to seek religious truth. Though they differ as to the practical scope of this right, the structure of their arguments for the existence of a right to religious freedom is identical. This fact establishes Vitoria as a precursor to Dignitatis Humanae and therefore suggests that the declaration has important antecedents in the scholastic philosophical and theological tradition.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[An Introduction to the School of Salamanca and Law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.11</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[We are celebrating the fifth centenary of the beginning of Francisco de Vitoria's (1483-1546) teaching career and would like to recall three of Vitoria's legal contributions: first, the transition from Renaissance pagan humanism to Christian humanism; second, his legal anthropology based on Vitoria's concept of personhood; and finally, his contribution to the optimistic and humanistic approach to the market economy.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The influence of Francisco de Vitoria on De iure praedae, an unpublished book by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.63</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Francisco de Vitoria, the founder of the School of Salamanca, whose fifth centenary we are currently commemorating, was a theologian and university professor of wide renown in the sixteenth and seventeenth century throughout Europe. Within the Catholic world in particular, his Relectiones and his Commentaries on Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae became standard references in universities and religious institutions. Yet his intellectual influence extended beyond Catholic circles and reached authors associated with the emerging Reformed churches as well.This article examines Vitoria’s presence in one of Hugo Grotius’s lesser-known works, De iure praedae, a treatise that remained unpublished during Grotius’s lifetime, with the exception of Chapter XII, which appeared separately as Mare liberum (1609). Our study situates the composition of this work in its historical and intellectual context and offers a close analysis of the passages in which Grotius draws on and cites the thought of the Dominican theologian.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Almsgiving and the Cause of the Poor in Francisco de Vitoria’s Thomistic Approach]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.33</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article addresses the moral question of almsgiving in the teaching of Francisco de Vitoria, expressed especially in his comments on the Secunda Secundae. In developing his argument, the Master of Salamanca follows in the footsteps of the great Christian thinkers, from the Church Fathers to the Scholastics, who sought to interpret the teachings of the Gospel faithfully. In particular, based on the texts of Thomas Aquinas and inspired by Cardinal Cajetan’s rigorous interpretation of them, Vitoria emphasises the obligation of almsgiving, carefully analysing the moral conditions relating to cases of extreme need and also to the existence of superfluous goods.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Human Rights in the Digital Age: A Renewal Rooted in the School of Salamanca]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.36576/2660-955X.73.135</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article critically examines the anthropological and metaphysical foundations of human rights in light of the challenges of the digital age. It argues that their modern formulation —paradigmatically expressed in the 1948 Universal Declaration— rests on a minimal rational consensus that leaves the ontological status of the person insufficiently articulated, thereby weakening both its claim to universality and its normative force. Beyond this limitation, the study proposes recovering the law of nations (ius gentium), as developed by the School of Salamanca, as a framework capable of providing a philosophical foundation for human rights. By articulating the relationship between rational nature, freedom, dominion, and natural law, the Salamanca tradition offers a coherent understanding of dignity as an ontological principle from which truly universal rights derive. This legal, philosophical, and anthropological foundation is developed in dialogue with contemporary philosophy (Zubiri, Zorroza, Polo). On this basis, the article maintains that so-called digital rights do not constitute an autonomous sphere but rather a historical extension of the ius gentium, oriented toward safeguarding the fundamental conditions of personal life —truth, freedom, rationality, and relationality— within the digital environment, in a humanistic spirit.]]></description>
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