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            <title><![CDATA[Iconographic Exegesis in Visual Religious Culture of Ancient Israel: Methodological and Terminological Approaches. Gods and Idols (III.2)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Iconographic exegesis constitutes the hermeneutical method through which the content of biblical iconography, particularly that of Hebrew provenance, can be deciphered and subsequently understood on the basis of the conceptual relationship between image and text. Biblical iconography forms an integral part of the cultural and spiritual milieu of the Ancient Near East and, as such, has continually been shaped by aesthetic influences and interconnections resulting from processes of acculturation and cross-culture interaction.In this respect, an objective understanding of any artistic creation defined as an image, whether expressed through visual-plastic language or figurative representation requires an interdisciplinary approach that promotes a holistic perspective framed within a specific Zeitgeist.The founder of both disciplines, biblical iconography and iconographic exegesis, is the Swiss scholar Othmar Keel (b. 1937), who also established the renowned Fribourg School and the influential publication series Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Japanese Calligraphy in the Contemporary Times: the Value of a Calli-graphic Work in the Digital Era]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As more and more fields face several challenges in contemporary times with the rise of artificial intelligence, Japanese calligraphy shodō is at an impasse. However, being a traditional art that managed to reinvent itself several times throughout history in order to remain relevant, shodō’s flexibility has the potential to evolve concomitantly with modern ways of creating art. This article will emphasize what constitutes the value of a calligraphic work in the modern day through case studies based on pop culture media and images generated by AI. Firstly, the research will indicate what makes a calligraphic work valuable by examining a scene from the manga Barakamon. Ultimately, these elements will be used in analysing three calligraphic works of the logogram 葉 (ha, “leaf”): two of them generated by Claude and ChatGPT and the third one created by the contemporary Romanian calligrapher Rodica Frențiu.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Jorge Amado. Identity Journeys]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Often considered the most significant Brazilian writer of the 20th century, Jorge Amado is more than a “regionalist” or “traditional” author. It is true that he used certain canonical aspects of Latin American literature (the history of the continent, the social and ethical tendency, love and its various forms of manifestation etc.), but he always reconfigured and re-contextualized all these, in order to express not only a modern way of thinking and feeling, but also to allude to some mythical figures, extremely important for the Brazilian spirituality. For example, his famous novel Gabriela (1958) presents, by means of the tumultuous love story between Nacib and his new cook, Gabriela, new images (and meanings) of certain indigenous divine figures, underlining especially the feminine principle, by means of the protagonist’s initiatory journey and her successive transformations.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Parish as an Embassy: The Role of the Diaspora in the Cultural and Religious Diplomacy of the Romanian Orthodox Church After 1990]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the role of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Romania’s cultural and religious diplomacy after 1990, focusing on the function of diaspora parishes as spaces of identity preservation, cultural representation, and social engagement. Building upon the renewed significance of religion in international relations after the Cold War, the study explores the relationship between public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, and religious diplomacy, highlighting the contribution of the Romanian Orthodox Church to the maintenance of transnational ties between Romanian communities abroad and their homeland. Particular attention is given to the Romanian Orthodox diaspora as a religious and cultural actor operating within increasingly secularized and multicultural societies. Through an interdisciplinary approach that combines ecclesiastical history, diaspora studies, and the sociology of religion, the article analyzes several interpretive tensions characteristic of contemporary diaspora life, including secularization and faith, tradition and acculturation, canonical identity and civic integration. The study argues that Romanian Orthodox parishes abroad function not only as religious institutions but also as informal cultural embassies that facilitate intercultural dialogue, promote social cohesion, and contribute to Romania’s international visibility. At the same time, the article examines the challenges facing the Romanian Orthodox diaspora, including secularization, generational change, multicultural integration, and institutional limitations. The conclusion emphasizes that the effectiveness of Romanian Orthodox religious diplomacy depends upon the Church’s ability to preserve its confessional identity while constructively engaging the cultural and social realities of contemporary host societies.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Intercultural Communication in Transylvania: Romanian Interferences in the Spoken German Language]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines aspects of contemporary German in Romania, which are shaped by features of the region’s historical and cultural development. This includes interference patterns that can be explained by the influence of Romanian. The research investigates various interference phenomena with the aim of highlighting their significance in the contemporary language, particularly in the language used by students. The examples focus on German in Transylvania. The central question is to what extent one can speak of a regional language variety and what impact the discussed features have on language competence and intercultural communication.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dispariția Credinței Religioase: Pesimism, Nihilism Și Disperare La Nietzsche]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The deep sense of losing ground, of fading authenticity, and of meaningless existence lays at the heart of Nietzsche’s work. In the footsteps of Pascal, he contemplates the empty universe and trembles in front of the dark void. His inner suffering raises the question about what would replace the failing God, now that pessimism and despair have engulfed Western world. If the answer is science as a new goddess of progress and reason, this is the wrong answer, since modern science is not the opposing ideal to religious faith. By destroying the external appearance of the previous religious ideal, the modern science has not the inner power to create value, a trustworthy value. All it has done is to have replaced religious faith with a philosophy of the sensitive reality, yet science has no upper, transcendental ideal. Therefore, science does not lead mankind in a meaningful path. Left with no superior light, the Western man stumbles into darkness, nihilism and despair.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Phonetic Value in the Work Durrat Al-Ghawwās Fī Awhām Al-Khawāṣ]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The goal of this research project is to investigate phonetics in the context of Qāsīm ibn ʿAlī al-Harīrī’s major work, Durrat al-Ghawwās fi Awhām al-Khawāṣ. This very important Arabic work deals with the study of Arabic prosody and phonetic accuracy, but it also focuses on correctly pronouncing words. Additionally, this Arabic text addresses the phonetic errors that educated Arabic speakers and writers commonly make. Al-Harīrī’s perspective of language is that language operates as a system (of sounds) that convey meaning through their organization. Consequently, in this article, we will analyse and investigate the phonetic features and sound-based distinctions found in al-Harīrī’s work to demonstrate how he viewed sound and meaning. Additionally, the study compares in contrast al-Harīrī’s findings regarding the relationship between sound and meaning with the findings of contemporary linguists, especially those who study how sounds interact semantically with language.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Manifestations of Woman in Modern Poetic Works (a Study of Abdel Majid Farghali’s Lover of the Moon Poetry Collection as a Model)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Abdel Majid Farghali is deemed one of the contemporary poets who concerned himself with the representation of the Arab woman in her different manifestations (the beloved, the friend, the mother), in a representation charged with a spirit of patriotism and an imagery of nature - and so it is a helpful distinguishing feature of his poetry reflecting his selfhood, sometimes enamored with love, other times longing for the past. Hence, Abdel Majid Farghali is also among the poets who prominently celebrated women and placed significant representation of women in their poetry. Accordingly, this research paper aims to convey the different representations of women in Abdel Majid Farghali’s poetry collection Lover of the Moon, and clarify the movements of the poet’s emotional states in his representations of women, which emerge from the poet’s manifestation of his self.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Slopaganda: How AI-Generated Noise Is Reconfiguring the Digital Infosphere]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In the wake of generative artificial intelligence (GAI), the traditional heuristic vocabulary of digital sociology, encompassing computational propaganda, disinformation, and fake news, is increasingly inadequate to capture the qualitative shifts occurring within the digital infosphere. This article conceptualizes “slopaganda” as a distinct sociological and media phenomenon characterized by the mass dissemination of low-effort, AI-generated synthetic content (slop) deployed to manipulate collective attention and reshape epistemic environments. Coined to describe the critical intersection of GAI-generated noise and political or ideological influence, the concept of slopaganda shifts the locus of ideological warfare away from literal persuasion and toward sheer semantic saturation, context collapse, and cognitive exhaustion. This article meticulously deconstructs the structural properties of this emerging threat. Also, a taxonomy of the phenomenon is established, structured along three axes: intent and actors, distribution, and format. Furthermore, the systemic sociological impacts of slopaganda are analyzed, focusing on the production of chronic epistemic fatigue, the disintegration of contextual trust within digital publics, and the manifestation of a decentralized algorithmic “firehose of falsehood.” The analysis concludes by outlining empirical agendas to map the long-term cognitive and structural vulnerabilities of algorithmic societies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Construcția Legitimității În Tranziția Verde: Guvernanță Discursivă Și Dependență Mediatică În Proiectul „Europe’s Yellowstone” Din România]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the media construction of legitimacy around the „Europe’s Yellowstone” project, a large-scale conservation initiative in Romania’s Southern Carpathians. Drawing on framing theory, discursive governance, legitimacy studies and political ecology approaches to conservation, it investigates how conservation is represented as a moral and technical necessity and how local contestations become marginal within public debate. The study is based on a qualitative content analysis of 150 media texts published between 2014 and 2025 in local, national and international media, complemented by the analysis of public debates and organizational communications. The findings identify a pattern of structural information dependency in which journalists rely heavily on organizational narratives, sources and communication resources. As a result, conservation is framed through storylines that emphasize ecological restoration, scientific expertise and green development, while conflicts related to property rights, local participation and distributive justice receive limited visibility. The article argues that transnational conservation organizations can exercise communicative power not only through material resources but also through their capacity to shape the informational environment in which public debate takes place. These findings contribute to understanding the role of media in legitimizing contemporary conservation projects in Eastern Europe.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Gender Representations and Advertising Appeals in Gambling Brands’ Communication]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the gambling industry has positioned itself at the fore-front of digital innovation, leveraging internet technologies, gamification techniques, and influencer marketing to shape consumer behavior and foster brand loyalty. Existing research indicates that women’s participation in gambling is rising, underscoring the importance of gender-sensitive approaches to understanding gambling-related harms. Evidence suggests that women are more likely to engage in gambling as a means of coping with emotional distress, such as stress or financial pressure. This study adopts an exploratory approach to examine how gambling advertisements targeted at women construct persuasive messages and gendered representations. Through a thematic analysis of N = 20 promotional videos produced by major gambling companies in Romania, the research identifies recurring discursive patterns and rhetorical strategies. The findings reveal that these advertisements consistently emphasize themes of success, empowerment, and personal comfort, often framed through idealized portrayals of feminine independence. At the same time, the risks associated with gambling are largely minimized or omitted. Such representations may be particularly persuasive for emotionally or financially vulnerable women, contributing to the normalization of gambling and potentially increasing the risk of harmful behaviors.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Feminist Chronicles of Forgotten Voices: Exploring Female Lexicograpghy, Gendered Language and Friendship in Pip Wiliams’ the Dictionary of Lost Words]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines Pip Williams’ The Dictionary of Lost Words (2021) as both a literary narrative and a feminist intervention in the history of lexicography. By fictionalizing the creation of The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the novel exposes how cultural norms, patriarchal authority, and editorial decisions shaped the inclusion and omission of words, particularly those tied to women’s lives and experiences. Focusing on Esme Nicoll’s journey to preserve “lost words,” the analysis highlights the novel’s engagement with questions of memory, marginalization, and the symbolic power of language.Alongside literary interpretation, the article situates Williams’ work within the overlooked contributions of real female lexicographers such as Hester Thrale Piozzi, Ann Fisher, and Edith Thompson. Their intellectual labor, often erased or overshadowed, provides crucial historical context for understanding the novel’s feminist politics. The study argues that Williams’ narrative functions as a form of linguistic activism: reclaiming silenced voices, foregrounding women’s solidarity, and challenging the male-dominated historiography of language. By interweaving fiction, history, and feminist critique, the article demonstrates how literature can illuminate the political stakes of lexicography and the enduring struggle for gendered recognition in language.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Denumiri Pastorale Păstrate În Onomastică]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Shepherding and transhumance have diminished, almost disappeared, even in Mărginimea Sibiului, once known for shepherding. Along with the profession, the specific vocabulary of this profession has also disappeared, which includes names of animals, specific products and a series of aspects related to its organization. Few speakers today know what pohar, țurcan, boc or carabașe mean. However, the vocabulary of the Romanian language preserves some pastoral terms that have a reduced circulation today, in expressions and idioms that give flavor to the language, but also in Romanian family names. This article presents this reflection of pastoral terms in onomastics.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Toxic Beauty Content on Tiktok on the Self-Esteem of Generations Z and Alpha]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Since the young people of Generation Z and Generation Alpha have had access to social media early in their lives and represent a large percentage of TikTok users, they are exposed daily to beauty trends and toxic beauty standards that can be found in this environment. Since TikTok is the platform where a multitude of new insecurities related to physical appearance are born, the content found on it can negatively influence young people’s perception of their own physical appearance. We gathered the data for this paper from a content analysis on the TikTok platform, which focused on trends and the behavior of users and content creators. This study will investigate the links between problematic beauty content on the TikTok platform and low self-esteem among the people of Generation Z and Alpha, as well as how the findings can affect their purchasing behavior. The paper will focus both on the negative psychological effects that this type of content can have on young people and on the trends that most often promote ‘problematic’ ideas and through which, inevitably, content creators or companies try to sell products that improve physical appearance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reiseinspiration Durch Influencer- Marketing: Eine Komparative Analyse Zwischen Rumänien Und Ungarn]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Tourism marketing has undergone significant changes in recent years, with social networks becoming central to travel inspiration and planning. Social media influencers play a key role by reaching large audiences, providing visually appealing content, and presenting experiences in a seemingly authentic manner. The present study aimed to examine how influencers shape travel inspiration and behavior in Romania and Hungary, highlighting similarities and differences between the two neighboring countries. Therefore, two non-representative, self-administered online surveys were conducted among Hungarian (N=148) and Romanian (N=112) social media users. The findings show that Generation Z and young Millennials in both countries extensively use social media for travel-related content, with Instagram emerging as the most popular platform. However, a higher proportion of Hungarian online consumers trust influencer content when making travel decisions. Influencers are also followed more regularly and more intensively in Hungary, and users display greater acceptance of the commercial nature of sponsored travel posts. In contrast, Romanian social media users exhibit more skepticism toward travel influencers, expressing stronger doubts about their authenticity and independence from advertising.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Război Și Pace În Evul Mediu European: Credinţa Ca Mod De Viaţă]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0027</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The European culture during Middle Ages could only be taken as a complete civilization by the due emphasis on its religious faith. Therefore, the unity and the content of the Western part of the former Roman Empire is to be seen in the Cristian faith. Solely by this feature, Western Europe is to be seen as Respublica Christiana. And this is not a simple reference to the religious faith preached by the priests, but a sacred element that was infusing every aspect of life. It is not surprising that war, kingship, military expeditions, cultural rivalries and, finally, the economic domain, were all subjected to religious meanings. The retrieved economic prosperity is the new dimension that shakes the balance between the holy war of crusades, the ascesis of the religious orders and the economic development, finally heading towards the economic take-off of the ending Middle Ages.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Simbol Și Proporţie Vitruviană]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Ten Books on Architecture by Vitruvius contain pragmatic norms in the very concrete field of architecture, but history has demonstrated that human proportions have provided lasting organicity not only to the physically built result, but also to metaphysical space through the implicit symbolic meaning.The macrocosmic infinity suggested by the circle and the mundane existence represented by the square make the two Vitruvian conditions the central symbols of ancient anthropometry preserved to this day. It is the reason why Leonardo da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man” has become one of the best-known symbols of Western culture. In the search for the iconic “key” of the microcosm, the minor mundus was taken up during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as a fundamental theme in more or less occult anatomical research. Architecture, medicine, astrology, theology are just a few fields that are conceptually found in the Renaissance Vitruvian hermeneutics, which led to a series of representations of the human body framed in symmetrical geometric figures. The pentagram, the circle and the square are the most frequently used and retain their symbolic validity to this day.The present study shows the path of such figures and how they have evolved over time, sometimes departing from the rigor of the measurements made by Leonardo da Vinci for his “Vitruvian Man”. The method of comparative anthropometry highlights such an inadvertence in one of the schemes taken from Cesare Cesariano, later used by Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim. The measurements recurrently indicate the bio-metric symmetry center (the navel) and the isometric symmetry center (the pubis), therefor homo ad circulum and homo ad quadratum prove to be the main Vitruvian concepts that have retained their relevance by opening up new possibilities of interpretation and symbolic rendering.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Iconografie Și Iconologie În Cultura Religioasă Vizuală A Israelului Antic (abordări metodologice și terminologice) Zei Și Idoli (III.1)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article, part of a broader study on the visual culture of Ancient Israel, seeks to define the concept of image /representation from several epistemological perspectives, including art history, cultural philosophy, and visual communication. It also highlights Erwin Panofsky’s major contribution to research methodologies through the development of the complementary disciplines of iconography and iconology, which offer a semiotic framework for decoding artistic works often shaped by symbolic forms and meanings.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Utilizarea Etică A Inteligenţei Artificiale În Învăţământul Superior]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Recent developments in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and its integration into higher education have radically influenced the way students learn, but also the way professors evaluate, forcing us to reflect on what this paradigm shift means in relation to academic integrity. This study discusses the need to adopt adequate policies for the ethical integration of GAI into higher education, clearly establishing the contexts in which AI use is permitted and the consequences of its abusive use. Current academic literature debates the key issues of academic ethics raised by the incorrect use of GAI in higher education, including plagiarism and academic dishonesty, undermining the integrity of the evaluation process, or students’ excessive dependence on GAI, and how universities can respond to these challenges.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Libertatea De A Spune Adevărul: ProtecȚia Avertizorilor În Lumina JurisprudenȚei CurȚii Europene A Drepturilor Omului, Între Normă Juridică, Etică InstituȚională Și Responsabilitate Civică]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/saec-2025-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the protection of whistleblowers through the lens of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), focusing on the articulation of freedom of expression as a structural component of democratic governance. Drawing on landmark cases – from Guja v. Moldova to Halet v. Luxembourg – the study outlines the six criteria developed by the Court for assessing whistleblowing under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Beyond its legal dimension, whistleblowing is analysed as a socio-institutional practice rooted in civic responsibility, organisational ethics, and public accountability. By integrating legal analysis, empirical data, and socio-humanistic perspectives, the article argues that whistleblowing is not merely an individual act of dissent but a vital democratic mechanism that strengthens transparency, institutional integrity, and public trust. The study emphasises the need for effective national frameworks that safeguard whistleblowers from reprisals, ensure access to fair remedies, and encourage responsible reporting in the public interest.]]></description>
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