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        <title>Socrates. Feed</title>
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            <title><![CDATA[Effective Implementation of Children’s Right to Health and Access to Affordable Household Energy: Overview of Legal Framework in Latvia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Energy poverty is increasingly recognised as a multidimensional determinant of health, yet its implications for children remain insufficiently addressed in health, social and energy policy. This article examines access to adequate household energy as a prerequisite for the effective realisation of children’s right to health and living conditions necessary for their physical, mental and social development. Drawing on international human rights law, European Union law and relevant legal and policy frameworks, it analyses how inadequate heating, electricity insecurity, poor housing conditions and energy deprivation affect children’s health. Children experience energy poverty differently from adults due to their physiological vulnerability, dependence on caregivers and limited influence over household resources and living conditions. Exposure to cold, overheating or interrupted energy supply may exacerbate existing health and social inequalities. The article argues that sufficient household energy should be understood not merely as an issue of affordability or social assistance but as an important social determinant of health and an element of States’ positive obligations towards children. It proposes a Children’s Energy Health Rights Framework encompassing energy availability, affordability and continuity, child-sensitive vulnerability assessment and effective protection. The framework provides a rights-based foundation for developing equitable and child-sensitive responses to energy poverty.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Doctrine of Lawyer’s Professional Secrecy: Nature, Standards of Protection, and Issues of Application in Civil Proceedings]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.016</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article analyses the scope and limitations of legal professional secrecy in the context of the right to a fair trial and the proper administration of justice. It argues that lawyer–client privilege is a fundamental safeguard of the rule of law, enabling open communication and effective legal representation. The privilege covers communications related to legal advice or representation, regardless of form or procedural stage. The European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union recognise it as an essential element of Article 6 ECHR, while emphasising that it is not absolute and may be limited only where justified by law, a legitimate aim and proportionality. Comparative practice shows that several jurisdictions, including European states and the United States, provide limited exceptions to confidentiality, such as lawyer self-defence, prevention of serious harm, or client waiver. The article further examines the Lithuanian legal framework, concluding that its strict approach to professional secrecy raises proportionality concerns and may conflict with Article 6 ECHR standards. It proposes clearly defined statutory exceptions permitting limited disclosure under judicial control, thereby balancing client protection with the requirements of justice and fair proceedings.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Purpose and Limits of Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) Guidelines in Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.013</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The establishment of the Authority for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AMLA) reshapes the European Union's AMLA framework, including the interpretation and supervision of its rules. This article examines the function, legal status and scope of AMLA guidelines within the new EU framework. It applies doctrinal, functional and comparative approaches to Regulation (EU) 2024/1620, Regulation (EU) 2024/1624, Directive (EU) 2024/1640, AMLA's 2026 regulatory programme and selected national practices. The analysis finds that AMLA guidelines can reduce divergent interpretations, support consistent risk assessments and strengthen cross-border supervision. Their effectiveness, however, depends on proportionality, alignment with binding technical standards, feasible implementation timelines, responsible data governance and the prevention of defensive compliance and customer de-risking. The article argues that harmonisation should not require identical procedures across sectors, but comparable, reasoned and auditable decisions. AMLA guidelines will strengthen the EU framework only if they improve risk-based decisions and measurable outcomes rather than add formal documentation. Five criteria are proposed for future guidelines: legal clarity, proportionality, operational feasibility, data accountability and outcome-based evaluation. Together with supervisory convergence and the risk-based approach, AMLA guidelines can help address the costs and consequences of money-laundering system abuses effectively.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Stigmatization of Persons with Mental Disorders who have Committed Criminal Offenses: Challenges for the Criminal Justice System in Kosovo]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.014</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Stigma against people with mental disorders remains a major challenge in protecting their rights, particularly when they are involved in the criminal justice system. They are often perceived as dangerous, which influences institutional responses and limits opportunities for rehabilitation and social reintegration. This study employed a qualitative research approach based on semi-structured interviews with 17 professionals, including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, and correctional institution officials. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and the data were analyzed to identify key themes related to stigma and the treatment of people with mental disorders who have committed criminal offences. The findings indicate that stigma persists at both societal and institutional levels. Participants reported that misconceptions about dangerousness continue to influence criminal justice practices and hinder rehabilitation efforts. The study also identified limited inter-institutional cooperation, insufficient professional capacities, and the lack of specialized rehabilitation programs as significant barriers to effective treatment and reintegration. The study concludes that reducing stigma requires more than legal reforms. Strengthening inter-institutional cooperation, improving professional capacities, and promoting rehabilitation-oriented approaches are essential for protecting the rights and dignity of people with mental disorders and fostering a more inclusive and effective criminal justice system.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[AI-Generated Evidence in the Judicial Proceedings]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in judicial proceedings underscores the need to establish rules governing the use of its outputs as evidence to ensure the fairness of the trial. This paper analyses the concept of generative AI results as evidence to propose procedural safeguards to uphold the fairness of judicial proceedings. It establishes that generative AI systems draw conclusions similar to those of humans. Because of their inherent nature, their outputs are prone to bias, unexplainability and inaccuracy. The research applies case law, doctrinal, structural and analytical methods to determine that AI outputs may be submitted as evidence. They differ from traditional types of evidence since they are often untested and inaccurate and thus require additional safeguards when used. When such evidence is submitted, it should be corroborated by another independent piece of evidence, accompanied by an independent examination of its reliability, or it should allow a party the opportunity to question the decision-making process of the system.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal effects of settlements in EU private international law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.010</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Settlements are one of the legal instruments of resolution of civil disputes. However, when it comes to cross-border litigation their effects remain ambiguous. This article focuses on the legal effects of settlements in European Union (EU) private international law. First, it begins with the notion of settlement, including analysis of the origins of settlement as a legal term along with the linguistic peculiarities of its usage. Second, the author presents the challenges related to the finality effect of settlement (res judicata) in foreign jurisdictions. This includes analysis of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the practical challenges for effective cross-border dispute settlement deriving from the absence of provisions on res judicata for settlements either in Brussels Ibis Regulation, or in the 2019 Hague Judgements Convention. Third, the article addresses problems related to the recognition effect of settlement. Being the subject of national law regulation, settlements are deprived of recognition in cross-border civil proceedings. To address this problem the author suggests that establishment of an autonomous EU legal concept of settlement and granting recognition would increase its effectiveness as a disputes resolution tool.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Success rate of countries running for a seat on the United Nations Security Council for the first time]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.011</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[There is a belief among Baltic diplomats that contested United Nations (UN) Security Council (UNSC) elections reflect the UN General Assembly’s (UNGA) support for countries that have not yet been elected members and are running for this seat for the first time. However, no established research provides a systematic analysis of this topic; therefore, it presents a research gap that warrants precise examination. This interdisciplinary article draws on fields of international relations, international law, and econometrics. It tests the hypothesis that countries that have not been members of the UNSC and run for a non-permanent seat for the first time have a higher chance of being elected. A dataset covering 35 election cycles across five UN electoral regional groups has been analysed. Methodologically, descriptive statistics and econometric regression are performed. The paper uses a Linear Probability Model (LPM) to examine the relationship between being a first-time candidate and the likelihood of election to the UNSC. The analysis refutes the hypothesis. Nonetheless, the findings reveal regional variations in two electoral groups in which first-time candidates outperform repeat candidates. These results suggest that although the hypothesis cannot be confirmed overall, regional dynamics warrant further study using a larger dataset.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Subrogation and regress in Latvian insurance law: historical development of the institutes and comparison with English doctrine]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.009</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article examines the essence, historical development and distinctions between subrogation and regress in Latvian insurance law with a comparative analysis of English doctrine. It aims to clarify the theoretical framework of subrogation, its differences from regress and its similarities with English law. Objectives include analysing interconnections between subrogation, cession and regress, tracing their historical evolution, evaluating their representation in modern Latvian legislation and comparing them with English subrogation principles. The study finds that subrogation involves a tripartite relationship where a third party assumes the creditor's claim after payment, while regress is an independent right for recovery. Latvian law conflates terminology, lacking precise subrogation regulation in Civil Law, unlike the mature English framework rooted in equity. Recommendations include introducing subrogation into Latvian Civil Law and refining insurance legislation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[National space governance in Pakistan: Insights from India and UK]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Outer space legislation has now become one of the foundations of modern space governance as national space legislation rapidly becomes commercialized, privatized and deployed strategically. This article conducts a doctrinal and comparative study of the fragmented space law of Pakistan in reference to international requirements, against the backdrop of India and the United Kingdom. It puts domestic regulation in the United Nations space treaty framework with an accent on state responsibility, liability, and the obligation to license and constantly monitor national space operations. India is compared as a regional and developmental comparator that has an emerging regulatory framework, and the United Kingdom is a mature and treaty-adherent and market-driven model. The article uses a comparative legislative matrix to identify normative gaps, weaknesses of institutions and risks of the regulatory vacuum in Pakistan. Based on comparative lessons related to licensing, insurance, commercialisation, security and sustainability, the article promotes the framework of the Pakistani Space Activities Act.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On business case for human rights]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.2026.008</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The author critically examines the ‘business case for human rights’, exploring whether corporate self-interest can drive human rights compliance without binding legal obligations. Using analytical and doctrinal methods, the study reviews interdisciplinary literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR), empirical research and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). Findings show that human rights compliance can enhance profitability through four main mechanisms: reducing operational and reputational risks, building consumer loyalty, improving access to capital and government cooperation, and attracting talent. However, these benefits are often modest, long-term and uneven across sectors. The paper identifies key limitations: consumer awareness gaps, industries insulated from reputational pressure, the attitude–behaviour gap in ethical consumption and the difficulty of measuring actual outcomes. It warns that framing compliance purely as a profit-driven choice undermines human rights’ moral foundation, making them conditional on economic gain. The study concludes that while the business case can support compliance, it cannot replace legal obligations or ethical commitments. Sustainable protection requires a multi-layered approach integrating moral imperatives, market incentives and enforceable regulation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The criterion of the sufficiency of legal reasoning in decisions of the panels of the constitutional court and its significance for ensuring the effectiveness of legal protection]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the requirement of sufficient legal reasoning in applications to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia and its importance for effective protection of constitutional rights. It focuses on the Court's panel practice at the admissibility stage, where insufficient legal reasoning is among the most frequent grounds for refusing to initiate proceedings. Drawing on statutory requirements and recent panel decisions, the article defines legal reasoning as a coherent set of legal arguments that connects the facts of the case with the claim for constitutional review and substantiates the alleged incompatibility between a lower-ranking norm and a higher-ranking norm, especially the Constitution. The analysis shows that sufficient reasoning must follow a clear methodological sequence: identifying the content of the contested norm, clarifying the content of the higher-ranking norm, and offering a reasoned comparative assessment that demonstrates a genuine normative conflict. The article concludes that this requirement is not merely formalistic but serves procedural efficiency, disciplines applicants and strengthens the quality and credibility of constitutional adjudication.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Efficient enforcement of international mediation settlement agreements as a component of an effective business environment: The Georgian legal framework in a global context]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Efficient enforcement of international mediation settlement agreements constitutes a cornerstone of an effective and attractive business environment. A clear, predictable legal framework enhances legal certainty for commercial entities and promotes alternative dispute resolution as a credible substitute for traditional litigation. While mediation supports the preservation of long-term business relationships through consensus, its practical utility depends heavily on the enforceability of outcomes, particularly in cross-border contexts. In this regard, Georgia has developed a relatively new regulatory model for the recognition and enforcement of international mediation settlements, significantly influenced by international standards and foreign legal experience. This study examines the effectiveness of the Georgian legal framework and evaluates its role in fostering an investor-friendly climate. The research analyses the institutional evolution of the Georgian model, focusing on regulatory scope, procedural simplicity and legal predictability. Special emphasis is placed on identifying existing procedural and substantive gaps, such as issues concerning non-commercial mediation settlements and the specific criteria for enforceable agreements. Utilising doctrinal and comparative analysis, the paper highlights critical challenges within the current framework. Ultimately, it assesses Georgia’s capacity to provide the legal certainty necessary to enhance its competitive standing and overall attractiveness within the global business environment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Development of dermal papillary ridge prints on adhesive tape using Wet Powder]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to evaluate reports that latent fingerprint impressions may persist on surfaces for up to 2 months. The authors sought to verify this claim and conducted a quasi-experimental study. A review of the relevant literature was undertaken, focusing on the variety of surfaces on which latent fingerprint impressions have been documented and on the applications of the Wet Powder reagent. This article places particular emphasis on the development of latent fingerprint impressions deposited on adhesive surfaces—specifically, on tape—and on their persistence on such substrates for periods exceeding 2 months. The impressions were developed using the Wet Powder reagent.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[2001# Procesa pret mantu uzsākšanas problemātika un tā nošķiršana no neizskaidrojamas bagātības konfiskācijas. The problematic nature of initiating proceedings against property and its distinction from the confiscation of unexplained wealth]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the legal and practical problems related to the initiation of proceedings for the recognition and confiscation of criminally acquired property in Latvia (proceedings against property) and their distinction from the emerging model of confiscation of unexplained wealth under European Union law. Drawing on recent case law of the Constitutional Court of Latvia and the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as statistical data on judicial practice, the authors identify a growing tendency for such proceedings to be terminated by courts, which indicates systemic shortcomings at the stage of their initiation and insufficient prosecutorial oversight. The article argues that Latvian regulation has effectively transformed confiscation without a prior conviction from an exceptional measure into a routine procedural instrument, thereby undermining the logic of EU confiscation directives and disproportionately restricting property rights and procedural guarantees. Particular attention is devoted to the inadmissibility of separating proceedings against property from so-called ‘stand-alone’ money-laundering cases where the predicate offence has not been established. The article concludes with proposals to strengthen initiation criteria, prosecutorial control and legal safeguards for bona fide owners.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Balancing parental autonomy and the best interests of the child: legal challenges of mandatory vaccination in the Republic of Latvia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Vaccination is widely recognised as one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing infectious diseases and protecting vulnerable populations, particularly children. At the same time, mandatory vaccination policies raise complex legal and ethical questions concerning parental autonomy, children's rights and the permissible scope of state intervention in private and family life. This article examines the legal challenges related to mandatory vaccination of minors in the Republic of Latvia, with a particular focus on situations of parental refusal and the obligation to safe-guard the best interests of the child. The study analyses Latvian national legislation, including the national law in light of European human-rights standards. Special attention is devoted to the jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as relevant European Union and Council of Europe instruments concerning children's rights and public health. The article argues that, although the Latvian legal framework is largely consistent with European human-rights principles, existing enforcement mechanisms and institutional practices remain insufficient to ensure effective protection of minor patients. The research concludes that a child-centred approach integrating legal regulation with educational, procedural and institutional measures is essential to achieve a proportionate balance between parental rights, children's evolving autonomy and the legitimate interests of public health.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Fundamental rights under geopolitical pressure: The limits of restricting freedoms in democracies bordering authoritarian or totalitarian regimes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The tension between national security and the protection of fundamental rights has become increasingly acute in democracies bordering authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. Governments frequently rely on the ‘geopolitical argument’ to justify restrictions on rights, such as freedom of expression, assembly or political participation. While external security threats are real, the uncritical use of geopolitics risks transforming it into a general justification for limitations that may undermine democratic governance. This article examines the permissible limits of relying on geopolitical reasoning when restricting fundamental rights. It analyses the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and selected constitutional case law, with particular attention to decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. Using doctrinal and comparative methods, the study identifies the legal standards governing such restrictions, including legality, necessity, proportionality and evidentiary substantiation. The findings show that geopolitical con-siderations may justify heightened security measures only where concrete and verifiable threats are demonstrated and where restrictions remain subject to strict judicial scrutiny. This article concludes that democratic self-defence must not rely on abstract geopolitical narratives but on principled, evidence-based reasoning. The resilience of democracy lies in its ability to respond to external pressure without compromising the rule of law and fundamental rights.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Framing nuclear deterrence and international law: U.S. National Security Strategy and the construction of Russia as a threat (1987–2022)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.82-89</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines how the United States has framed nuclear deterrence and international law within its National Security Strategies (NSSs) from 1987 to 2022, with particular attention to the evolving construction of Russia as a strategic threat. Using qualitative content analysis supported by artificial intelligence-assisted textual classification, the study explores how successive administrations—from Obama through Trump to Biden—interpret the legal and normative foundations of the international order, and how these interpretations shape the perceived legitimacy, purpose and scope of U.S. nuclear deterrence. The findings demonstrate that threat construction is not merely a response to material realities; rather, it is rooted in discursive practices that link Russia’s behaviour to violations of international law, sovereignty and the rules-based order. By integrating insights from framing theory, securitisation and international legal norms, the article highlights how nuclear strategy and law intersect to produce shifting narratives that influence U.S. policy, alliance commitments and broader geopolitical dynamics in Europe.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The absence of coordination and consensus-building mechanisms within the Eastern European Group of the United Nations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.14-21</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article explores the work of the Eastern European Group (EEG) of the United Nations (UN), which includes Latvia and other Baltic countries. The central hypothesis is that the EEG lacks essential regional group mechanisms, rendering its activities formal. It is analysed from both a legal perspective (procedural and institutional aspects) and a conceptual perspective (the functional goals of UN regional groups). The article provides a qualitative and conceptual analysis of the purposes and work of regional electoral groups within the UN and applies it to the EEG case. This research is relevant for Latvia and other EEG member countries as it offers a legal and political interpretation of how the EEG functions. Academically, the functionality of the EEG has not been explicitly addressed yet. From a practical political perspective, this study is relevant given Latvia's upcoming term as an elected UN Security Council member in 2026. This article argues that the EEG fulfils only one regional group's role (equitable geographic distribution) but lacks the mechanisms of the other two (coordination and consensus-building; and endorsement). The reasons for this are the aggressor's presence in the group, the historic aspects of EEG creation, as well as a politically highly fragmented membership.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The significance of MiCA regulation implementation in Latvia and the European Union, impact on economic development and financial market integration]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.66-73</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article analyses the legal and economic implications of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) within the European Union (EU) and the Republic of Latvia. The study assesses its impact on national legal systems, investor protection and financial market stability, employing doctrinal, comparative and teleological methodologies. The analysis indicates that a harmonised regulatory framework contributes to reduced regulatory fragmentation and increased legal certainty, addressing challenges previously associated with regulatory uncertainty in the crypto-asset market (European Central Bank, 2025). Empirical analysis is grounded in the practices of the Financial and Capital Market Commission of Latvia and supplemented by statistical data concerning registered crypto-asset service providers. Findings demonstrate that MiCA establishes harmonised licencing and supervisory procedures, enhancing legal certainty, investor protection and cross-border financial market integration. Ongoing challenges include proportionality of regulatory requirements, administrative burdens and innovation scope for smaller Fintech enterprises. When implemented proportionately, MiCA strengthens Latvian financial sector competitiveness and promotes sustainable growth across the EU single market.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Psychosocial factors and gender characteristics of crime: the social and cultural context of Georgia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.22-29</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the psychosocial and gender-specific factors shaping criminal behaviour in Georgia, emphasising how social, cultural and economic conditions influence offending. The analysis draws on anomie theory, social learning theory and biosocial perspectives to explain how poverty, family instability, limited educational opportunities and inadequate social support increase vulnerability to criminal involvement. The findings reveal distinct gender differences in both motivations and behavioural patterns: women's offences are more often connected to traumatic experiences, coercion and exposure to violence, while men's criminal behaviour is more frequently associated with impulsivity, aggression and broader social acceptance of risk-taking. The research is based on literature review, semi-structured interviews and an analysis of national crime statistics, legal practices and rehabilitation programmes in Georgia. Overall, the study concludes that gender stereotypes significantly influence not only the pathways into crime but also legal responses and rehabilitation outcomes. The results highlight the need for gender-sensitive criminal justice policies and tailored support strategies.]]></description>
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