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        <title>Socrates. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law. Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/RSUSC</link>
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            <title>Socrates. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law. Feed</title>
            <url>https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/648ae8c66c8f152e09d7324f/cover-image.jpg</url>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/RSUSC</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Riga Stradins University</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Fundamental rights under geopolitical pressure: The limits of restricting freedoms in democracies bordering authoritarian or totalitarian regimes]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The tension between national security and the protection of fundamental rights has become increasingly acute in democracies bordering authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. Governments frequently rely on the ‘geopolitical argument’ to justify restrictions on rights, such as freedom of expression, assembly or political participation. While external security threats are real, the uncritical use of geopolitics risks transforming it into a general justification for limitations that may undermine democratic governance. This article examines the permissible limits of relying on geopolitical reasoning when restricting fundamental rights. It analyses the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and selected constitutional case law, with particular attention to decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. Using doctrinal and comparative methods, the study identifies the legal standards governing such restrictions, including legality, necessity, proportionality and evidentiary substantiation. The findings show that geopolitical con-siderations may justify heightened security measures only where concrete and verifiable threats are demonstrated and where restrictions remain subject to strict judicial scrutiny. This article concludes that democratic self-defence must not rely on abstract geopolitical narratives but on principled, evidence-based reasoning. The resilience of democracy lies in its ability to respond to external pressure without compromising the rule of law and fundamental rights.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Balancing parental autonomy and the best interests of the child: legal challenges of mandatory vaccination in the Republic of Latvia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rsusc-2026-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Vaccination is widely recognised as one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing infectious diseases and protecting vulnerable populations, particularly children. At the same time, mandatory vaccination policies raise complex legal and ethical questions concerning parental autonomy, children's rights and the permissible scope of state intervention in private and family life. This article examines the legal challenges related to mandatory vaccination of minors in the Republic of Latvia, with a particular focus on situations of parental refusal and the obligation to safe-guard the best interests of the child. The study analyses Latvian national legislation, including the national law in light of European human-rights standards. Special attention is devoted to the jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as relevant European Union and Council of Europe instruments concerning children's rights and public health. The article argues that, although the Latvian legal framework is largely consistent with European human-rights principles, existing enforcement mechanisms and institutional practices remain insufficient to ensure effective protection of minor patients. The research concludes that a child-centred approach integrating legal regulation with educational, procedural and institutional measures is essential to achieve a proportionate balance between parental rights, children's evolving autonomy and the legitimate interests of public health.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A theoretical re-examination of dolus specialis in international criminal law with regard to genocidal intent]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.1-7</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.1-7</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The evidentiary threshold for establishing intent to commit genocide remains one of the most intricate and contested issues in international criminal law. While the 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as requiring ‘dolus specialis’—the specific intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, this mental element has proven difficult to substantiate, particularly in instances of systematic or state-orchestrated mass violence. This study critically examines whether the prevailing doctrinal interpretation of genocidal intent adequately reflects the evolving character of contemporary atrocities and assesses the potential of alternative conceptual models, such as inferred or knowledge-based intent, to enhance legal accountability. Employing a doctrinal methodology, it draws upon international jurisprudence from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and International Criminal Court, together with treaty interpretation and theoretical scholarship. The analysis identifies the restrictive construction of intent as a principal impediment to effective prosecution, especially in the absence of explicit statements or documentary evidence. It contends that the current legal framework risks obscuring structural manifestations of genocidal policy by privileging direct proof of subjective intent. The article concludes that a context-sensitive, inferential approach to genocidal intent is both legally tenable and necessary to realise the preventive purpose of the Genocide Convention.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The absence of coordination and consensus-building mechanisms within the Eastern European Group of the United Nations]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.14-21</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.14-21</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article explores the work of the Eastern European Group (EEG) of the United Nations (UN), which includes Latvia and other Baltic countries. The central hypothesis is that the EEG lacks essential regional group mechanisms, rendering its activities formal. It is analysed from both a legal perspective (procedural and institutional aspects) and a conceptual perspective (the functional goals of UN regional groups). The article provides a qualitative and conceptual analysis of the purposes and work of regional electoral groups within the UN and applies it to the EEG case. This research is relevant for Latvia and other EEG member countries as it offers a legal and political interpretation of how the EEG functions. Academically, the functionality of the EEG has not been explicitly addressed yet. From a practical political perspective, this study is relevant given Latvia's upcoming term as an elected UN Security Council member in 2026. This article argues that the EEG fulfils only one regional group's role (equitable geographic distribution) but lacks the mechanisms of the other two (coordination and consensus-building; and endorsement). The reasons for this are the aggressor's presence in the group, the historic aspects of EEG creation, as well as a politically highly fragmented membership.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[International conventions on the right of association ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan and their legal implications]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.30-36</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.30-36</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article offers a comprehensive analysis of civil society institutions in the Republic of Azerbaijan, key elements of modern civil, legal-democratic states. It examines the Right to Association—including freedom of association, the formation and participation in political parties, trade unions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs)—through a comparative lens, contrasting international standards with domestic legislation. The study emphasises the principles of permissible restrictions, such as national security, public order and societal stability, as established in both inter-national conventions and national law. Drawing on an extensive normative-legal framework, the article systematically evaluates the integration of international conventions into Azerbaijani legislation and provides a comparative assessment of various forms of association. It offers a solid legal foundation for scholars investigating civil society and association rights, while highlighting the necessity of unified legislation and updated regulatory acts within ongoing legal reforms. The study concludes with proposals aimed at strengthening the effective protection and implementation of the Right to Association, thereby contributing to the consolidation of democratic governance and civic participation in Azerbaijan.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The principle of subsidiarity in general education]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.58-64</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.58-64</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article examines the often complex and tense relationship between the State and parents in the sphere of pupils’ education. It argues that while the State is responsible for promoting the common good and protecting the best interests of the child, parents retain significant rights in selecting educational institutions, collaborating with educators, and aligning their child’s education with personal, philosophical or religious beliefs. Central to this dynamic is the principle of subsidiarity. This article aims to critically analyse the legal, ethical and practical dimensions of the relationship between the State and parents in educational decision-making, with a particular focus on the principle of subsidiarity. The article examines how the principle of subsidiarity shapes the distribution of educational responsibilities among parents, the state and municipalities, using legal-scientific methods to assess its implications for the child’s best interests and good governance. The State requires active parental cooperation, including the provision of relevant health information and the conclusion of formal agreements with educational institutions. The article pays particular attention to situations in which parents assume primary responsibility for their child’s education at home and legal, ethical and practical implications of balancing public educational mandates with private family rights.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Challenges in the preparation, negotiation and implementation of restructuring plans for micro and small enterprises]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.37-45</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.37-45</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Restructuring proceedings for micro and small enterprises are often underutilised and show low success rate. This article examines the practical challenges encountered during preparation, negotiation and implementation of restructuring plan for these entities, focusing on ways to enhance predictability and efficiency of restructuring procedures. The research applies comparative, doctrinal, structural and analytical methods to evaluate the European restructuring framework using insights from other jurisdictions, including the United States. The study identifies key practical issues such as procedural complexity, limited professional support and obstacles related to appeal of the judgement to confirm a restructuring plan. Based on this analysis, the article proposes targeted solutions, including streamlined proceedings, mandatory professional assistance and clear procedural rules during the implementation of the restructuring plan.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Framing nuclear deterrence and international law: U.S. National Security Strategy and the construction of Russia as a threat (1987–2022)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.82-89</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.82-89</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article examines how the United States has framed nuclear deterrence and international law within its National Security Strategies (NSSs) from 1987 to 2022, with particular attention to the evolving construction of Russia as a strategic threat. Using qualitative content analysis supported by artificial intelligence-assisted textual classification, the study explores how successive administrations—from Obama through Trump to Biden—interpret the legal and normative foundations of the international order, and how these interpretations shape the perceived legitimacy, purpose and scope of U.S. nuclear deterrence. The findings demonstrate that threat construction is not merely a response to material realities; rather, it is rooted in discursive practices that link Russia’s behaviour to violations of international law, sovereignty and the rules-based order. By integrating insights from framing theory, securitisation and international legal norms, the article highlights how nuclear strategy and law intersect to produce shifting narratives that influence U.S. policy, alliance commitments and broader geopolitical dynamics in Europe.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Psychosocial factors and gender characteristics of crime: the social and cultural context of Georgia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.22-29</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.22-29</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study examines the psychosocial and gender-specific factors shaping criminal behaviour in Georgia, emphasising how social, cultural and economic conditions influence offending. The analysis draws on anomie theory, social learning theory and biosocial perspectives to explain how poverty, family instability, limited educational opportunities and inadequate social support increase vulnerability to criminal involvement. The findings reveal distinct gender differences in both motivations and behavioural patterns: women's offences are more often connected to traumatic experiences, coercion and exposure to violence, while men's criminal behaviour is more frequently associated with impulsivity, aggression and broader social acceptance of risk-taking. The research is based on literature review, semi-structured interviews and an analysis of national crime statistics, legal practices and rehabilitation programmes in Georgia. Overall, the study concludes that gender stereotypes significantly influence not only the pathways into crime but also legal responses and rehabilitation outcomes. The results highlight the need for gender-sensitive criminal justice policies and tailored support strategies.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Italian comodato vs agricultural lease: A comparative perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.46-57</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.46-57</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article analyses the open-ended comodato of farmland, a civil-law arrangement under which land is granted for gratuitous use, and its borderline with agricultural leases is subject to the mandatory regime of Law No. 203 of 3 May 1982. Moving from recent Corte di Cassazione case law, it reconstructs the doctrinal and judicial criteria used to distinguish genuine comodato from disguised leases and clarifies the related procedural consequences (jurisdiction of specialised agrarian sections and application of the summary proceedings under Legislative Decree No. 150 of 1 September 2011). The analysis shows that the presence of consideration (including payments in kind), the allocation of productive enjoyment and organisational control over farming activities are the key indicators triggering re-characterisation as an agricultural lease and the operation of statutory reconduction. A comparative overview of France, Germany, Spain and England &amp; Wales situates the Italian solution within a broader European context. The article ultimately proposes a normative and evidential test, translated into a practitioner-oriented checklist, to guide courts and practitioners in future disputes.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The significance of MiCA regulation implementation in Latvia and the European Union, impact on economic development and financial market integration]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.66-73</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.66-73</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article analyses the legal and economic implications of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) within the European Union (EU) and the Republic of Latvia. The study assesses its impact on national legal systems, investor protection and financial market stability, employing doctrinal, comparative and teleological methodologies. The analysis indicates that a harmonised regulatory framework contributes to reduced regulatory fragmentation and increased legal certainty, addressing challenges previously associated with regulatory uncertainty in the crypto-asset market (European Central Bank, 2025). Empirical analysis is grounded in the practices of the Financial and Capital Market Commission of Latvia and supplemented by statistical data concerning registered crypto-asset service providers. Findings demonstrate that MiCA establishes harmonised licencing and supervisory procedures, enhancing legal certainty, investor protection and cross-border financial market integration. Ongoing challenges include proportionality of regulatory requirements, administrative burdens and innovation scope for smaller Fintech enterprises. When implemented proportionately, MiCA strengthens Latvian financial sector competitiveness and promotes sustainable growth across the EU single market.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The legal regulation of mineral extraction in Roman law]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.8-13</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.8-13</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article focuses on the results of research conducted on the primary sources of Roman law, with the aim to examine and evaluate the legal framework of the regulation of mineral extraction. It discusses the regulation of mineral extraction in Latvian Civil Law and its original source in Roman law, Roman legal practices regarding extraction of minerals on land owned by others, gold mining, recruitment of mine labour and fiscal administration of mines. The authors have conducted research and analysis on the information contained in the so-called Justinian codifications, also known as ‘Corpus Iuris Civilis’, specifically the ‘Codex Iustinianus’ (Code of Justinian, 534 AD) and ‘Digesta seu Pandectae’ (Digest or Pandects, 533 AD), as well as in the ‘Gaius Institutiones’ (Institutes of Gaius, c. 161 AD). The research uses inductive, deductive and comparative methods.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A few observations on customary international law in Latvian court practice]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.74-81</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.33.2025.3.74-81</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Customary law is one of two principal sources of international law, side-by-side international treaties. Mainstream academic studies of customary law often look at the case law of international courts and tribunals, or at least the application of customary law by national courts of larger countries. The purpose of this article is to take a different angle. The author analyses publicly available practice of Latvian courts to see how national courts face the challenge of applying customary law. A source of international law that is intrinsically linked to the challenge of determining its scope. The article shows that for national courts in Latvia, scrupulous application of customary law is not an easy task, and courts do not perform an in-depth analysis of state practice. Instead, national courts prefer different shortcuts, e.g., analysis provided in academic writings or works of the International Law Commission.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Forensic economic examination as a tool against economic crime under martial law in Ukraine]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.88-88</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.88-88</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Children’s rights and parental responsibilities]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.70-77</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.70-77</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The psycho-legal relationship between parents and children holds particular significance in contemporary legal systems that prioritise the protection of the best interests of the child. International standards for the protection of children’s rights—such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the recommendations of the Council of Europe and other key instruments—form a legal framework that serves as an essential foundation for the development of Georgia’s domestic legislation. The research primarily seeks to evaluate the extent to which parental legal obligations in Georgia correspond to the psychological needs of the child and to compare these with practices observed in well-established legal systems. Employing a content analysis methodology that integrates doctrinal legal analysis with theoretical interpretation, the study facilitates a nuanced exploration of statutory provisions through the lens of child psychology. The findings indicate that, despite legislative advancements, significant challenges remain to effectively protect children’s rights within the Georgian context. Addressing these challenges necessitates a concerted integration of legal and social institutions, whereby a multidisciplinary approach combining legal, social and psychological support mechanisms can more robustly uphold the best interests and holistic well-being of the child.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Constitutional Court and national security: legal instruments for overcoming challenges]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.34-38</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.34-38</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In the current geopolitical situation, the principle of militant democracy becomes the foundation that allows public institutions and society to respond to internal and external threats, maintaining stability and constitutional identity. This article analyses the case law of the Constitutional Court of Latvia and concludes that the Latvian legal system and the Constitutional Court have an important role in protecting national security and democracy. The primary task of constantly assessing the level of threat falls upon the executive power and the legislature. The institutions of judicial power, in turn, which meticulously and with utmost responsibility review the proportionality of the chosen measures with the seriousness of the existing threat, are the Constitutional Court and other courts of Latvia.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The legal framework for reducing energy poverty in the context of electricity market liberalisation in Latvia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.16-25</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.16-25</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Poverty is often seen as a lack of money or resources needed to meet basic human needs. However, the concept of poverty and the role of the state in ensuring social security have evolved, increasingly guided by legal standards. Key international and national instruments—such as Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Social Charter and the Constitution of Latvia guarantee social security rights, particularly in cases such as old age, disability or unemployment. Unlike traditional forms of poverty, energy poverty does not fit into the concept of existing social security categories. It arises from inadequate access to affordable and reliable energy services, and it must be addressed through energy sector regulation rather than solely through social policy. In Latvia, recent amendments to the Energy Law introduced a legal definition of energy poverty for the first time, aligning with European Union requirements. This marks an important step in recognising and addressing the issue at the legislative level. This study examines Latvia’s legal framework for tackling energy poverty, outlines current challenges and proposes improvements. It also emphasises the importance of protecting vulnerable groups and promoting social justice through sustainable energy policies and better-targeted support mechanisms.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Teaching criminalistics in Estonian higher education institutions]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.47-55</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.47-55</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

As crime becomes increasingly international in nature, the need for cooperation between investigative authorities of different countries in solving such crimes also grows. One of the prerequisites for smooth and effective cooperation is uniform training in criminalistics, or at the very least, an understanding of the training received by investigators and prosecutors in partner countries. This article is not a legal research study but a review that outlines the development of criminalistics education in Estonian universities following the restoration of independence, with particular attention to the integration of innovative instruments and technologies into the teaching process. The article also briefly touches on the COVID-19 period, which necessitated a shift to remote and virtual learning, and discusses the impact this has had on current teaching practices.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hatred and hate crimes in Latvia in the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century—A historical perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.01-08</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.01-08</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The Constitution (Satversme) of the Republic of Latvia protects fundamental human rights and freedoms, including freedom of expression, minority rights and the prohibition of any discrimination. The historical development of the present Republic of Latvia over the centuries can also be viewed from the perspective of wars and conflicts and has resulted in a diverse ethnic and cultural heritage, which has sometimes led to tensions and prejudices. Hate speech and hate crimes, often rooted in such prejudices, have been on the rise, particularly due to recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Hate, characterised by persistent and intense hostility, serves as a stimulus for such crimes. However, hate itself is not illegal; only hate-motivated actions are considered criminal. This article aims to analyse the legal framework concerning hate crimes in Latvia, tracing the development of understanding of hatred and hate crimes from the 20th century to the present, therefore this historical legacy still affects the situation in our country.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reconceptualizing the right to be forgotten: constitutional lacunae in Pakistan and legislative insights from Latvia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.26-33</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.25143/socr.32.2025.2.26-33</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article redefines the right to be forgotten (RTBF) as the key element of digital constitutionalism, paying attention to both its strictly legal and normative embodiment in Pakistan. It places the right in the context of the larger development of data subject rights and relies on the original jurisprudence such as the Google Spain judgment and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU. The article criticizes the constitutional silence of Pakistan through a theoretical approach based on autonomy, human dignity and informational self-determination and then assesses the legislative gap on data deletion. In contrast, Latvia proposes a good example of Article 96 of the Constitution, Personal Data Processing Law, 2018, and the important position of the Data State Inspectorate. Based on the comparative constitutional approach, the article has provided a solid legal roadmap of Pakistan; it has suggested the amendment of the Constitution, the formulation of a data protection law, and the creation of an independent regulatory body. Finally, the article develops the right-based solution to digital privacy, which is vital to maintaining human dignity in the age of the algorithm.
]]></description>
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