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        <title>Polish Cartographical Review Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/PCR</link>
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            <title>Polish Cartographical Review Feed</title>
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            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/PCR</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Polish Geographical Society, Cartographic Division</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Behind the maps and history: the life of Lt. Col. Mieczysław Szumański (1896–1973)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article presents a comprehensive account of the career of Lieutenant Colonel Mieczysław Szumański (1896–1973), emphasizing his multifaceted role as a soldier, topographer, cartographer, and resistance fighter. It highlights his contributions to Polish military geography, the clandestine cartographic service during World War II, and his scholarly activity in military history, while also providing insights into his private life. The study addresses the regrettable obscurity of Szumański’s profile within both Polish and international geographical communities. The research draws upon a diverse array of primary and secondary sources, including Szumański’s handwritten notes and unpublished manuscripts, memoirs of his son Jerzy Szumański, biographical works by Jacek Szumański, and historical studies by Balbus, Krassowski, Gałęzowski, Sobczyński, and others. The narrative is framed chronologically, with thematic deviations to separate military, underground, and public activities from personal life. The analysis combines historical reconstruction with evaluation of Szumański’s motivations, decisions, and their broader consequences.
The study reveals Szumański’s extraordinary achievements across multiple domains: distinguished service in the Polish Legions and during the Polish–Soviet War; leadership of the Officers’ School of Topographers; command of the Home Army Geographic Service (“Schronisko”) in occupied Poland, which successfully provided topographic support to resistance units; postwar clandestine work in Freedom and Independence (Wolność i Niezawisłość, WiN); as well as scholarly and cartographic contributions during his exile in France, including work at the French National Geographic Institute (IGN). His life exemplifies the intersection of military service, cartographic innovation, and patriotic commitment, often at the expense of personal and family life. Due to the fragmentary nature of some source materials, certain aspects of Szumański’s activities require supplementation or verification. This applies particularly to the intelligence work conducted by “Schronisko” as well as his activities in the anti-communist underground and his escape from Poland. The study should also be expanded to include Szumański’s involvement in the WiN structures in Paris and his work at the French IGN. The article offers a valuable resource for historians, geographers, and military cartographers by filling gaps in the understanding of the history of Polish military geography and underground cartographic operations. Special attention is given to the clandestine activities of the Military Geographical Institute (WIG). By integrating biographical, military, cartographic, and personal perspectives, the article constructs a multidimensional portrait of Lt. Col. Szumański, highlighting his overlooked legacy in Polish and international geographical scholarship. It contributes to a fuller appreciation of the role of geographers in national defense and clandestine operations during twentieth-century conflicts.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On my way to school. Exploring children’s spatial perception and commuting modes through mental sketches]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The study investigates the relationship between primary school pupils’ modes of transportation and their spatial perception, as expressed through mental sketches of home-to-school routes. Conducted at a small rural school in Karmanowice, Poland, the survey involved pupils from 4th to 8th grades, who were asked to draw sketches of their routes and indicate the means of transportation used. Features depicted in the sketches were classified as natural or anthropogenic. The results indicate a dominance of anthropogenic elements across all transportation modes, with pupils travelling by car or bus generally marking more features, whereas walkers provided more detailed information on near-school infrastructure. The study highlights the influence of distance, individual perception, and the limitations of anonymity on the analysis, including the inability to normalize data by precise distance. Despite the small sample size and underrepresentation of certain villages, the findings provide insights into the interplay between commuting and environmental observation, emphasizing the potential of mental sketches for exploring spatial cognition in children. The paper also outlines methodological considerations for future research, including the benefits and ethical challenges of non-anonymous approaches.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Using the GUGiK grid model to determine the geometric center of Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2026-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Determining the geometric center of a given geographical area – such as a country, province, or region – is a key component in cartography visualization, spatial analysis, territorial planning, and the symbolic marking of central points. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for calculating the geometric center of Poland, utilizing a regular grid of spatial data models defined by GUGiK (Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii, Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography), with cells measuring 0.01° × 0.01°, in accordance with national cartographic and geodetic standards. The area of Poland was subdivided into over 400,000 sub-areas (trapezoids), for which centroids were calculated based on the coordinates of their vertices. The overall geometric center of the country was then derived as a weighted average of these centroids, using area of the small sub-areas as the weighting factor.
Several computational variants were analyzed, involving different coordinate reference systems (PL-LAEA, PL-1992, and local systems), as well as various projection methods from ellipsoidal to planar surfaces. The study identified the most accurate approach, capable of determining the geometric center of Poland with a precision of a few centimeters. Special attention was given to the impact of boundary definitions – whether including or excluding territorial waters – demonstrating that the location of the center can shift by several kilometers depending on the adopted boundary variant.
Final coordinates of Poland’s geometric center were determined for both variants: without territorial waters (variant A) and including them (variant B), and compared with previous attempts to define the country’s center. The paper highlights the importance of consistent boundary definitions and appropriate reference models in geodetic calculations and shows the potential to apply the proposed methodology to smaller administrative units such as voivodeships, counties, and municipalities. The findings are relevant for geodetic authorities, spatial planners, and for promotional or symbolic purposes related to the designation of national or regional “geographical centers”.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A new “walking spline” method for smoothing polylines on the maps using B-spline functions based on an iteratively optimised set of vertices]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This research paper proposes a new method for smoothing polylines on a map, using B-splines iteratively moving away from the vertices. Splines are a popular tool used to smooth data. Unfortunately, natural objects represented by polylines, usually have an irregular shape and unevenly spaced vertices. For such data, splines may have a distorted course. The presented method changes an approach to polylines on the map. The smoothed line is no longer just a line connecting a set of vertices on the map but becomes a path that a hypothetical hiker must follow. The hiker attempts to optimise (simplify) the route so that, it requires the least amount of effort. The hiker will therefore avoid the vertices at a certain distance, leaving dense and even traces. These traces constitute a data set for which the unfavourable properties of splines are eliminated. The vertices of the polyline will be smoothed (bypassed) by the B-spline control point function, which, spread over a dense set of tracks, will perform the first, slight smoothing. Subsequent smoothing iterations will be performed on a modified, increasingly sparse, but still uniform set of traces from the previous iterations. This will allow for even smoothing of any polyline.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Using an isopleth map to determine the population of any area]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The aim of this article is to present and verify a method of estimating population numbers based on an isopleth map that meets the volumetric condition. This boils down to a situation where the volume of a solid enclosed by a statistical surface corresponds to the number of people living in that area. To verify this method, an isopleth map of population density was created based on census data from the Central Statistical Office (in Polish: Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS) from 2021, referenced to a grid of 1×1 km squares. Population estimates were made for municipalities in the Lublin Province and then compared with the actual population recorded in these municipalities. The results of the comparison showed that the MPE (mean percentage error) was -2.69 and the MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) was 4.2%. As a result, the proposed method can be considered an effective tool for estimating the population in areas for which no systematic statistical surveys are conducted. These may be, for example, protected areas (national parks, landscape parks) or physiographic units. The method is so versatile that it allows working with official data and data contained in global grid models of population distribution.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Map of Old Wet Poland: Re-Storying Wetlands]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper arguments that despite the historical and political contexts of the nineteenth century period and the military intentions of The Map of Old Poland’s [Karta Dawnej Polski] original creators, this source now represents not only the nationhood narrative but also a complex story of wetlands. Due to time constraints and limited resources, the authors did not index forests or other environments in this map, except from aquatic objects. Therefore, we received a rich source containing over 3,700 hydronyms in Polish, including rivers, swamps, bogs, marshes, lakes, and larger bodies of water, some of which no longer exist or are now known only by foreign names. After indexing them for a new digital edition prepared by the Spatial History Lab in the Department of Historical Atlas, this paper envisages how to study such rare cartographical data within the frame of environmental history and the renewed interest in wetland restoration across a drying Europe. Particularly, the eastern parts of the former Polish Kingdom preserved on The Map of Old Poland, stretching from north to south, offer several valuable examples that are case studied in this article.
The author examines historical knowledge about the mapping of wetlands and how these areas were discussed by comparing travelogues and geohistorical sources from both the relevant period and selected contemporary texts. Where appropriate, the author adds commentary on what happened with these mapped wet territories, how and when they disappeared, and which have survived as protected reserves. To focus specifically on wetlands as subjects of environmental history, the author applies an aquacritical theory to investigate these unbound lands of old Poland and their stories, which extend beyond what is known about the hydrological regimes of historical states (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the conquering empires of Russia, Prussia, and Austria). By recognising the ecological layer as a form of wetland sovereignty within the map, their histories and memories are restored. This approach’s ambition is to complement our patchy knowledge of the trajectories of environmental transformations and the scale of aquatic ecosystems loss.
However, this paper traces only selected wetlands through their hydronyms, meaning that the scope of the study is limited to extracting specific histories. Still, further research is needed to compare other cartographical sources from the period for a deeper overview of wet heritage and for collecting and comparing more wetland hydronyms and their cartographical representations.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The “Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny” on the centenary of its first issue – an analysis of content (1923–2022)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In 2023, one hundred years had passed since the publication of the first issue of Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny (PPK) – the only Polish scientific journal devoted exclusively to cartography. This anniversary provided an opportunity to conduct an analytical and historical review of the journal’s achievements. The article aims to present a quantitative and qualitative analysis of PPK’s content over a century. The study examines changes in the number of publications of various types (articles, reviews, reports, etc.) as well as the evolution of the thematic scope of the articles.
The methodology involves a content analysis of the journal divided into seven publishing periods, using statistical data on the number of publications, the structure of sections, and subject matter. Editorial, structural, and functional changes are also considered, including the transition to an open-access model, the introduction of an English-language edition, and the launch of new publication series.
The results indicate a gradual adaptation of PPK to the changing academic and technological environment. In the interwar period, the journal focused mainly on reviews and bibliographies of Polish cartographic publications, whereas after 1969 scientific articles presenting the national cartographic output began to predominate. Since 2015, PPK has been published as the Polish Cartographical Review in English, accompanied by a supplement in Polish and a thematic library.
The collected data make it possible to capture the fundamental changes in the nature and role of the journal, as well as its significance as a forum for the exchange of scientific ideas and for documenting the development of cartography in Poland. The article presents PPK as an example of the transformation of a local periodical into a journal that has secured its place in the international academic circulation.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of persuasiveness of selected map designs for presenting dominance of phenomena on thematic maps]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Various editorial decisions made during the cartographic design process may lead to different interpretations of the same phenomena, potentially emphasizing one phenomenon at the expense of another. Such decisions occur at different stages of map development, including the selection of enumeration units, a form of data representation (map type), and map graphics, including color scales.
This article presents the results of a user study examining the impact of selected map design choices – specifically: a level of spatial unit aggregation, a type of color scale, and a form of data presentation (a qualitative area map, a choropleth map, a cartogram, graduated symbols with choropleth colors) – on the accuracy of perceiving the dominance of a phenomenon shown on thematic maps. The study employed thematic maps visualizing two socially relevant topics: ethnonational diversity and presidential election results, each displaying two categories. The survey, conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method, involved 151 participants. Respondents were asked to identify which of the two categories was dominant on a given map. Response accuracy (identification of the actual dominant phenomenon), the perceived difficulty of the tasks, and the perceived magnitude of dominance were measured. Participants were also asked to describe the spatial distribution of the dominant phenomenon and indicate a map design preferred by them.
Based on the collected responses, the analysis revealed statistically significant differences in metrics depending on the map designs tested. The tested map designs, therefore, vary in their degree of persuasiveness in portraying dominance. The article concludes by identifying the techniques that more or less effectively distort the information conveyed by thematic maps.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Supporting the editing of dot maps using the spectral clustering algorithm]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Automation of map production is an important subject of work of many scientists. Particular attention should be paid to dot distribution maps, the editing of which is very time-consuming and complicated due to the lack of support in GIS programs. The aim of this research was to develop a method supporting automation of dot map creation. In the study, equal-size spectral clustering algorithm was used, which was modified with a function equalizing the number of points in clusters. Spatial data on residential buildings and statistical data on the population were integrated to calculate theoretical population distributions. These data were entered into the spectral clustering algorithm based on a predefined dot value. The output clusters were then visualized in ArcGIS Pro, where manual adjustments, such as the definition of the dot size and the dispersion of overlapping markers, completed the map editing process. The results showed that the algorithm successfully created clusters representing the population distribution with an acceptable margin of error of the dot map of less than 5% for the entire county (study area – County of Pszczyna, Poland). The adaptation of the equal-size spectral clustering algorithm for cartographic purposes shows its potential to support automation of the dot distribution map editing process. The study found that reducing the input dot value slightly below the target value improved clustering precision, resulting in more consistent clusters. Despite these successes, the method has limitations, including partial reliance on manual corrections in densely populated areas where overlapping dots could not be fully automatically resolved. These issues underscore the need for further refinement to achieve full automation.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Methods of centroid determination in QGIS – proposal of an algorithm using the “Model Designer” tool]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article talks about determination of centroids. The introduction outlines a number of definitions of centroids. Then, various methods of their determination and example applications are discussed. The paper also describes algorithms of calculation of centroid coordinates implemented in QGIS. Then, with the use of the model designer tool, an algorithm was developed to determine centroids on a reference surface, followed by calculations in QGIS. We calculated the coordinates of selected polygons on a surface in the systems PL-1992, PL-LAEA and PL-LCC, as well as on the GRS80 ellipsoid, Krasowski ellipsoid and on a sphere. The test area was Poland in its administrative borders, including territorial waters. The paper is concluded with an analysis and comparison of the obtained results.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Use of Copernicus data for developing a geoportal to support agricultural management monitoring in Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2025-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article focuses on mapping agricultural productivity, which can be assessed using vegetation and environmental satellite indices (e.g., NDVI, NDWI). It highlights the main agricultural risks in Poland, namely spring frosts and agricultural droughts. The significance of employing remote sensing indicators to create maps supporting agricultural management at national and voivodeship levels is emphasised. The article demonstrates how such maps can be developed using selected satellite-derived indices for agricultural monitoring across different administrative levels. Furthermore, it discusses access to satellite data from the European Copernicus Programme, including land cover, vegetation condition, and weather data (e.g., ERA5). The paper presents the results of a project undertaken by the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland (IGiK), which developed a geoportal designed for institutions involved in supporting agricultural development in Poland – KOWR (National Support Centre for Agriculture; in Polish: Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa) and ARMA (Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture; in Polish: Agencja Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa).
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Errata: Errata: Refers to Polish Cartographical Review, Vol. 52, 2020, no. 3, pp. 124–139, DOI: 10.2478/pcr-2020-0011]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Errata: Errata: Refers to Polish Cartographical Review, Vol. 47, no. 1, 2015, pp. 63–72, DOI: 10.1515/pcr-2015-0005]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Development of methodology for designing indoor cartographic visualizations for use in navigation for persons with special needs]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study aimed to design a cartographic visualization for mobile navigation applications around indoor spaces, including metro stations, with persons with special needs in mind. The visualization will be used in a dedicated application for mobile devices supporting the navigation of people around the Warsaw metro. The app was developed for any metro users and includes functions that help persons with special needs navigate the metro. It is not possible to meet the needs of persons with every type, degree, or complexity of disability, but the methodology has been developed based on the principles of designing cartographic presentations, accessibility guidelines and existing solutions, taking into account the needs of persons with special needs and the specifics of metro navigation. As a result, it differs significantly from the visualizations that currently exist in the Warsaw metro. The developed methodology was tested by designing a map of the Świętokrzyska metro station and subjected to user testing, including persons with special needs. The types of special needs included mobility disabilities, colour vision deficiency, and persons, who often travel with baby strollers. The results obtained allowed to improve the proposed solution.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Condition of young scientists of cartography in Poland: searching for a diagnosis (2016–2022)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 16 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article assesses the condition of cartographic research in the context of young scientists. Based on an analysis of the 469 academic achievements of 77 young Polish cartographers in the 2016–2022 period, the authors highlight challenges in defining contemporary cartography and difficulties in classifying research due to its interdisciplinary nature, overlap with GIS, and the use of cartographic methods in studies from other fields. The study also examines thematic trends, mobility constraints, and patterns of scientific collaboration. The findings emphasise the need to support young researchers and foster interinstitutional cooperation.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The use of sonar data for mapping the muddy bottom of water reservoir]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The goal of the work was to find a method to determine the structure of the subsurface of the bottom of a water reservoir with relatively soft ooze-muddy sediments using the recorded parameters of the first and second sonar echoes. This would allow avoiding the use of expensive devices such as sub-bottom profilers.
Sonar measurements were taken on the entire lake commencing from the depth accessible to the measuring boat with outboard transducers. The sonar screen image and the first and second echo parameters were recorded and used according to the RoxAnn method. In order to verify and extend the scope of the sonar data, measurements of the bottom depth and hardness were made using a pole at 40 control points located along five cross sections.
Finally achieved numerical models of sediment structures under the bottom surface of the water reservoir for three reference surfaces: depths for initial top surface of the colloidal state (ooze) layer, top surface of dense muddy bottom and surface of solid bottom under muddy layer. Each of them was obtained by two independent methods, in which the input data was the depth measured by the sonar for the initial top surface of the colloidal state layer or roughness of the first echo.
The volume between the numerical surfaces for the colloidal state layer, which is important for environmental protection purposes, was calculated using three different methods. The results were very similar. The difference of volume was within 1.7–5.7%. Each of the method of measuring any layer volume using a single beam echo sounder / sonar can be used to assess the scope of work and the costs of required restoration measures or water reservoir by removal of colloid suspension layer. The advantage of the developed method is the possibility of performing the work using a single beam echo sounder / sonar instead of an expensive sub-bottom profiler.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[3D artistic mapping of the urban environment for tourism information support]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[
With the development of the tourism sphere, its information support is also developing, in particular, represented with cartographic works. One of the forms of cartographic support for tourism is three-dimensional artistic maps (3D-maps, panoramic maps) and cartographic web applications. By our understanding the panoramic map of the city is a cartographic image of the urban environment, made with regard to linear and aerial perspectives on the principle of artistic painting and created an illusory sense of volumetricity. Such maps illustrated the historical parts of cities, park zones, museums-estates, individual architectural monuments become popular souvenirs, but their handwritten creation is rather labor-intensive and requires high artistic skills.
The research proposes the author’s methodology and technology for creating and updating of three-dimensional artistic maps mainly of small and medium cities and towns using modern information technology, which involves a rational combination of works done manually (handwritten) and with the usage of graphic editors (automated). The preferred cartographic projections for mapping of different territories have been determined (external perspective projection with positive image, taking into account the curvature of the globe surface – for vast territories, central projection – for small territories, including individual monuments). The most optimal conditions for three-dimensional illusory representation of cities have also been established (the constant height of the observation point, the projection with parallel rays at an angle of 60° to the picture plane, the display only the front and middle parts of the map). Special attention is paid to the usage of automated libraries of signs, textures and colors, developed by the author in digital form and containing individual constructive elements of urban environment objects, which greatly simplifies the process of panoramic map creating.
The proposed combined handwritten-automated methodology involves several stages: preparatory, field and office. At the last stage, the visualization of objects is carried out, including the construction of the plan of the mapped territory, transforming it into the perspective projection, the construction of building frames and filling them with structural elements, color design and drawing detailing.
This methodology is also used for updating of artistic maps (actualization of their content).
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Transformation of initial cartographic materials for the “Main State Topographic Map” to coordinate system UCS-2000]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 12 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Initial cartographic materials were determined to create the topographic database of the “Main State Topographic Map”. They require preparation for creating (updating) digital topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000. One of the stages of preparation of input cartographic materials is their transformation to the coordinate reference system UCS-2000. The goal of the article is to research the problem of transformation of points coordinates by the rigorous mathematical method for referencing cartographic materials from the coordinate systems CS-42/CS-63 to the State Geodetic Coordinate Reference System UCS-2000 (after this – UCS-2000) by geographic information systems (GIS) for creation (updating) digital topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000 to create the seamless topographic database of the “Main State Topographic Map” on the territory of Ukraine. Authors propose a method of transformation orthophoto at the scale of 1:10,000 to UCS-2000 in Cartesian coordinates of Gauss-Krüger projection in the corresponding 6-degree zone in the adopted state interchart of topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000. This method consists of cartographic materials transformation using a transformation field in the form of a GRID model based on the triangulation TIN model using the finite element method. The choice of the finite element method and the peculiarities of affine transformation are mathematically substantiated. Also, the authors determined the requirements for the method of coordinates transformation.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Preparation of the Digital Elevation Model using open source Geographic Information Systems tools for 3D prints]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 12 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The presentation of landforms in two-dimensional graphics may not always be clear and understandable to every viewer. The presentation of landforms, as well as other types of characteristics and issues in three-dimensional space can bring many advantages in the process of better understanding of the surrounding reality. The primary purpose of this research is to put forward a simple scheme, accessible to any Geographic Information Systems user, for generating 3D physical terrain models for any area of the Earth. The presented scheme can be used anywhere in the world, however, for the purpose of illustrating its capabilities, a case study of a selected area – the Tatra Mountain range – was conducted in this paper. As part of the study, a 3D model was developed based on a Digital Elevation Model obtained from an open source, i.e. MapTiler. An indisputable advantage of the study is that the designed process flow in its structure takes into account only generally available tools and software (the model was prepared in the QGIS program). However, a certain limitation is the process of printing itself, which depends on the availability of specialized printing equipment. In this case study, FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology was used for printing, and the model itself was prepared on a Creality Ender 7 printer. The proposed flowchart, on the one hand, unifies and simplifies the process of creating physical 3D models, while on the other hand, it provides opportunities for GIS users and developers to develop the proposed solution.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Selected cartographic sources from the late 18th century to 1939 for the research of Josephine colonization in the Austrian sector of the first partition of Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/pcr-2024-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article presents a selected base of cartographic sources enabling analyses on Josephine settlements in the Austrian partition from the late 18th century to 1939. The purpose of the article is to present the cartographic source base on Josephine colonization collected in Poland and Ukraine. The research covered all settlements created during the Josephine colonization (1781–1789). The text discusses cartographic source materials (available on-site and online) acquired through queries. The analyses included village plans, large--scale maps of Galicia, the Galician cadastre (Austrian land cadastre) and maps from the interwar period.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
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