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        <title>Measurement Science Review Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Underground Energized Cable Detection Method Based on the Fusion of Real-World Simulation and Characteristic Time Sequence]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0035</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Detecting live underground power cables in complex subsurface environments with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is hindered by scarce labels, simulation–reality gaps, and weak deep echoes. We present ground-penetrating physics-aware modeling YOLO (GPM-YOLO), a detection framework coupling realistic simulation with physics-aware and depth-sequence fusion. First, we build a realistic GPR dataset by modeling non-uniform layered soils, plastic/concrete conduits, and stones, and by injecting power-frequency excitation into the cable core to emulate “live-cable” signatures, yielding systematic B-scans. Second, a physics feature module separates and adaptively fuses two cues: high-frequency strong reflections from the metal core and low-frequency oscillatory textures from the insulation. Third, a depth-sequence fusion module treats the B-scan vertical axis as an intrinsic temporal sequence and applies interval modeling with attention to enhance the continuity of deep weak signals and suppress false alarms. With db4 wavelet denoising, normalization, and a three-level annotation protocol (boxes, physics masks, depth evolution), GPM-YOLO achieves higher recall for deep cables and stronger robustness than vanilla YOLO on our dataset. The method unifies physical interpretability and data-driven learning for fast, accurate live-cable detection in urban settings.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Research on Virtual Calibration Method for Strain Gauge Balance Based on Non-Linear FEA]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0034</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0034</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 18 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study proposes a method for predicting the static calibration (SC) matrix of strain gauge balances during the development stage. Non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to simulate the complex deformation behavior of a six-component strain gauge balance under both single- and multi-component loads. By correlating the simulated strains with the applied loads, the virtual calibration (VC) matrix is obtained during the design process. The validity of the VC matrix is subsequently corroborated through comparison with the experimentally derived SC matrix. This research enriches balance design methodology, improves the first-attempt success rate of balance design, and enhances both the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of balance development.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cross-Condition Vibration-Based Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings Using Dual-Branch Feature Fusion and MK-MMD Domain Alignment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0031</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A cross-condition fault diagnosis method is developed for multi-channel vibration measurements. For every 0.5-s segment, Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) spectrograms and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectral sequences are generated from the same four-channel observation. A convolutional neural network and a temporal convolutional network encode local time–frequency textures and global spectral dependencies, while a sample-adaptive gate fuses the two representations. Multiple Kernel Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MK-MMD) is then applied only in the common fused space to reduce load-induced distribution shift without target labels, pseudo-labels, or adversarial optimization. Experiments cover all three many-to-one transfer directions among 0, 2, and 4 Nm. The proposed model obtains accuracies of 87.62 %, 85.71 %, and 70.59 %, and macro-F1 scores of 89.24 %, 76.00 %, and 72.31 % for T1–T3, respectively. Against four external domain-adaptation baselines, it achieves the highest task-averaged accuracy (81.31 %) and macro-F1 (79.18 %). Five controlled ablations and class-level visualizations further show that fused-space alignment is the most consistent contributor, while the normal–unbalance ambiguity remains the main limitation under the more difficult transfer directions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Train Speed Estimation Based on Weights Incorporating Systematic and Random Error Components]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0032</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0032</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Train on-board systems estimate speed using data from multiple sensors, each of which may fail under specific operating conditions. Accurate speed estimation is critical for railway safety. This study considers a hypothetical 60-second braking scenario. Speed is measured by five sensors with different characteristics and measurement models. Sensor data are fused using three methods: mean, median, and weighted. The weights are proportional to the inverse square of the measurement uncertainty. These uncertainties include both random and systematic components. Unlike many existing studies, the proposed approach incorporates systematic effects instead of relying solely on variances. The results show that the mean and median methods are simple to implement but do not provide the most accurate estimates. The mean is highly sensitive to outliers and performs poorly when a sensor malfunctions, for example, during wheel slide. The weighted method accounts for both random and systematic effects and provides the closest agreement with the reference value, although it requires analysis of the underlying measurement models.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Statistical and Metrological Framework for Evaluation of micro-CT 3D Data with Application to Dental Implant Components]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0033</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0033</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Dimensional comparison of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) reconstructions with CAD geometry requires a precise definition of the evaluated surface points. We apply a statistical and metrological framework to signed CAD–CT deviations at the vertices of three geometrically different titanium dental implant components, D1–D3, representing complex surface geometry, substantial μCT-to-CAD deviations, and ambiguous initial alignment. Complete exports contain 75 812, 46 954, and 16 416 measured-surface vertices. The corresponding RMS deviations are 49.14 μm, 207.72 μm, and 77.07 μm. Empirical cumulative distribution functions, histograms normalized to unit area, and descriptive summaries compare the observed meshes; two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distances quantify differences between their vertex distributions. D2 has the largest absolute-deviation upper tail. A detailed axial analysis of D1 localizes all 267 vertices with absolute deviation above 200 μm in one of 12 intervals. Separate area-sampled and radial D1 exports provide sensitivity checks for alternative surface and correspondence definitions. Because vertices are spatially dependent and mesh density determines their weighting, conventional KS p-values are only nominal reference calculations. A prospective observation model distinguishes physical deviation from measurement and alignment effects. The workflow provides a reproducible basis for statistical evaluation and measurement-uncertainty assessment of individual components.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[SQUID Magnetometry of Concentration Models of Iron-Containing Proteins]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0030</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0030</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Concentration models are used to understand the relationship between the concentration of iron-containing proteins and the magnetization of the examined samples when experimentally measuring iron content using SQUID magnetometry. They were prepared for selected proteins: hemoglobin, myoglobin, and ferritin in such a way that their dimensions and concentration resembled the actual samples as closely as possible, and individual proteins were applied as a solution to a diamagnetic matrix. Magnetization measurements with a SQUID magnetometer showed that heme proteins and ferritin have markedly different profiles. The assumption that magnetization increases with increasing concentration, while coercivity remains unchanged, was confirmed. A model of coupling individual contributions of metalloproteins to the resulting magnetization was demonstrated.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Identifying Key Factors in Human-Computer Interaction Through Feature-Based Analysis and Sensitivity Evaluation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0029</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0029</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[For this experiment, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) user interaction was forecasted by machine learning (ML) classification models, Random Forest Classification (RFC), and Decision Tree Classification (DTC). Two metaheuristic optimization algorithms, Fox Optimizer (FO) and Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO), were employed to improve the precision and reliability of these predictive models. The aim was not only to build good predictive models but also to identify the most vital factors that determine the models' performance. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the Class Activation Mapping (CAM) method. The importance of each input variable was quantitatively assessed using Sobol's sensitivity analysis, with both the first-order effect (S1) and the total effect (ST) index being considered. The sensitivity analysis outputs showed that mouse distance, clicks per minute, and interface complexity were the most important features, with each having a normalized sensitivity index higher than 0.30. All three issues dominated the variance of the model's output, illustrating their ability to represent user interaction patterns. The optimization with FO and NGO resulted in a significant improvement in classification accuracy. Furthermore, such optimization techniques can be an effective way of improving the performance of classification models. This research is relevant to identify the most influential behavioral and interface-related factors that influence user engagement across HCI environments. Besides, the methodology employed in this study can be used as a road map for future research projects aimed at the design of user-adaptive systems and the implementation of smart interface designs based on data-driven guidelines. The results highlight the importance of using ML models optimized for sensitivity analysis in HCI prediction tasks.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Standardization of Measurement and Imaging Protocols in Magnetic Resonance: An Overview of Current Initiatives, Challenges, and Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0027</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important imaging modalities in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research; however, its usability is significantly limited by the high technical and methodological variability across sites, scanners, and acquisition protocols. This lack of uniformity affects quantitative measurements, reduces their reproducibility, and complicates multicenter studies. In recent years, numerous initiatives and technical approaches have emerged, focusing on acquisition standardization, data harmonization, signal quality assessment, and validation of quantitative methods. This review summarizes current knowledge on neuroimaging data harmonization (e.g., ComBat), inter-scanner variability, radiomic feature repeatability, standardized QA procedures, and the challenges associated with integrating artificial intelligence into clinical workflows. Metrological frameworks such as the Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance (QIBA) further emphasize the need for clearly defined measurands, reference methods, and reproducible acquisition conditions. Special attention is given to large dataset initiatives, preclinical standardization platforms, and open tools for MRI quality assessment. The review highlights the need for unified methodologies, transparent protocols, and robust validation frameworks that are essential for the reliable clinical translatability of MRI.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Numerical Calculation and Experimental Study of a Large-Format Streak Tube with High Spatiotemporal Resolution]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0028</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0028</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Large-format streak tubes with high spatiotemporal resolution are essential for ultrafast diagnostic systems, such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, compressed ultrafast photography (CUP), and imaging lidar. However, simultaneously achieving a large working area on the photocathode and high spatial resolution remains challenging because off-axis aberrations can significantly degrade imaging performance. In this work, a large-format streak tube based on a spherical electron-optical configuration is designed, numerically analyzed, and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed structure integrates a spherical photocathode, a spherical-slit accelerating electrode, and a spherical phosphor screen to suppress off-axis aberrations and improve spatial-resolution uniformity over a large working area. Three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations show that the streak tube achieves a spatial resolution exceeding 16.2 lp/mm within a 36 mm × 6 mm effective photocathode area, while maintaining a simulated physical temporal resolution better than 4.5 ps. A prototype streak tube was fabricated and experimentally characterized. The measured results demonstrate a photocathode spectral response covering 400–750 nm, a full-area static spatial resolution above 14.25 lp/mm, a magnification range of 0.76–0.86, and a deflection sensitivity of 62.8 mm/kV. The experimental results agree well with the numerical predictions, confirming that the proposed spherical electron-optical design provides an effective approach for achieving large-format detection with high spatiotemporal resolution. This streak tube offers a practical technical route for wide-field ultrafast optical diagnostics and high-precision time-resolved imaging applications.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Numerical Solutions for Nonlinear Vibrations of the Mathematical Pendulum Based on a Modified Frequency Formulation: Location Point Configurations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0026</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0026</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to obtain accurate and efficient numerical solutions for the nonlinear vibrations of a mathematical pendulum using a modified frequency formulation, with a focus on the optimal design of location point configurations. The nonlinear motion equation of the pendulum is transformed to match the framework of the modified frequency formulation, and detailed derivations are carried out for three distinct location point schemes. A systematic comparison is performed between the proposed method and conventional analytical approaches (including the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), the modified homotopy perturbation method (MHPM), and the harmonic balance method (HBM)), with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) solution serving as the benchmark. The results show that the modified frequency formulation, especially with the optimized location point configuration, achieves higher calculation accuracy and more stable error growth under large-amplitude, strongly nonlinear vibration conditions. The proposed method can effectively capture the dynamic characteristics of the mathematical pendulum and shows promising application potential in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) dynamics and related engineering fields.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Low-Frequency Noise Measurement of High-Ohm Resistors]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0025</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0025</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses with the measurement of low-frequency noise in high-ohm resistors. The magnitude of low-frequency 1/f noise is primarily determined by the manufacturing technology of the resistor. In this paper, the noise of precise thick-film resistors was compared with the noise of metal-oxide resistors, which, according to theory, should generate very low low-frequency noise. For this purpose, new measuring equipment was developed to provide accurate results by correlating its two outputs. Another method used in this paper was the conversion of the noise-voltage spectral density from measured time histories. This method can be used to measure a wide frequency range at high voltage drop on resistors. The low-frequency noise of thick-film resistors was compared based on the size of their packages and the magnitudes of their voltage coefficient. A combination of both methods can provide very accurate results. The main reason for this measurement was to select high-quality, high-ohm resistors for measuring very small currents in order of pA and fA, where there is often no alternative to thick-film resistors. Their 1/f low-frequency noise is often not specified by the manufacturer.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Rapid Touchless 3D Fingerprint Imaging Based on Full-field Microscopic Fringe Projection Technique]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0024</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0024</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Accurate three-dimensional (3D) fingerprint imaging is essential for next-generation biometric systems requiring high spatial resolution and microfeature fidelity. This study presents a novel, rapid, non-contact 3D fingerprint imaging system that integrates a seven-step phase-shifting fringe projection technique with a microscope-based optical configuration and structured RGB illumination. The system achieves lateral resolution better than 40 μm and vertical resolution below 5 μm, enabling precise reconstruction of ridge-valley structures and third-level features, such as sweat pores and ridge-edge contours. A comparative analysis of illumination wavelengths shows that green light provides the highest measurement accuracy, yielding a wrapped-phase standard deviation of 0.07 rad, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeding 25 dB, and a root mean square error of 1.8 pixels in the unwrapped phase. Surface profiling results confirm the system’s capability to resolve ridge heights in the range of 45–65 μm and pore diameters between 80–150 μm. Compared to existing techniques, the proposed method offers enhanced spatial resolution, improved preservation of fine surface features, and a novel assessment of spectral effects on 3D reconstruction performance. With an acquisition time of less than one second, this system demonstrates a strong potential for applications in high-security biometric authentication, forensic investigation, and spoof-resistant technologies. Future research will focus on enabling real-time data processing, system miniaturization, and improved performance under dynamic or uncontrolled environmental conditions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sensor of Mechanical Quantity Based on the RF Principle]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0023</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0023</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the design and analysis of a mechanical quantity sensor based on a radio-frequency principle, while addressing the high power consumption and circuit complexity of existing solutions. The proposed approach focuses on minimizing power consumption and reducing the number of required components, while enabling simple tunability by modifying a single parameter, namely the inductance. A compact compliant mechanical body serves as a capacitive element and exhibits a linear relationship between the applied force and plate displacement. Measurements confirm clear dependencies of capacitance and oscillator frequency on the acting force, supported by simulations and theoretical calculations. The optimized 3D-printed design ensures flexibility, repeatability, and controlled deformation. The resulting sensor enables tunability and wireless transmission of measured force (weight) data via radio frequency (RF)-based frequency changes, while also providing a suitable platform for the use of stiffer, more brittle materials, potentially leading to significant miniaturization of the sensor dimensions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Analytical Solution for the Eddy Current Coil Located over a Conductive Disc with Two Layers of Different Radii]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0021</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0021</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this work, an analytical model was derived for an air-core probe placed above a disc whose upper layer has a larger diameter than the lower layer. The proposed solution can be utilised in eddy current testing of screws, rivets, valves, and other elements with similar geometry, and made of electrically conductive materials. The final formulas for the change in the probe impedance were obtained using the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method and expressed in closed form. The calculations were performed in Matlab for two disc configurations made of bronze, brass, and graphite. The results of the calculations of the impedance components were compared with the results of the measurements. Very good agreement was obtained within the entire frequency range. In no case did the errors in determining changes in resistance or reactance exceed 2 %.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Measurements of Potential Positive Ion Sources of Gadolinium]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0022</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0022</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The long-term goal of the research is to develop a positive (Gd II) ion source for further experiments, particularly for the studies of negative ions. Gadolinium (Gd) is a hardly volatile element (melting temperature 1585 K, boiling point 3273 K) with metallic properties; therefore, the atomization and ionization of Gd requires specific efforts. In this study, two methods were used to obtain the sources of Gd atoms and ions and to study their spectroscopic properties: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a hybrid plasma technique — a combination of a hollow cathode discharge (HC) with low-pressure radiofrequency inductively coupled plasma (RF-ICP). For this research, samples of gadolinium metal and Gd2O3 were used.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Accuracy Improvement of DIC Method Displacement Measurement Based on Image Stabilization]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0020</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 31 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Digital image correlation (DIC) is a cornerstone technique for displacement measurement, offering transformative potential for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications due to its non-contact nature and cost-effectiveness. However, in practical applications, image jitter caused by extended monitoring distances and suboptimal optical conditions degrades accuracy. Given the significant relationships among pixel resolution, stability, and DIC measurement accuracy, this paper proposes a study to improve image stability using corner detection methods to improve the measurement accuracy of DIC technology. First, a camera captures multiple dynamic displacement images of slowly moving objects at different distances. Then, image stabilization technology is applied to the images for algorithmic processing, followed by DIC analysis. The results show that under normal acquisition conditions, the relative errors of DIC-analyzed data at different distances range from 3.8 % to 8.6 %, with displacement errors increasing with distance. In contrast, the relative errors of data processed with image stabilization technology range from 3.2 % to 6.0 %, demonstrating accuracy improvements of 4.2 % to 34.1 % (the improvement in accuracy increases with increasing test distance). This indicates that image stabilization technology can effectively improve the accuracy of DIC-based displacement measurement.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Pneumonia Detection from CXR using Adaptive Elephant Herd Optimization and Python Rectilinear Locomotion Strategy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0018</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0018</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Pneumonia poses a major global health challenge, impacting around 450 million individuals annually. This highlights the urgent need for computerized pneumonia detection using chest X-ray (CXR) images. Today, deep learning (DL) models are used to analyze CXR images for accurate pneumonia diagnosis. Hyperparameters significantly influence the effectiveness of DL models in disease prediction. Effective tuning of these parameters is essential to develop robust, accurate, and efficient predictive models. This paper explores several baseline hyperparameter optimization techniques for tuning them in the pneumonia detection from CXR images using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Additionally, an adaptive elephant herd optimization (AEHO) using the Python rectilinear locomotion strategy (PRLS) is proposed in this paper to enhance disease prediction models. The proposed AEHO-PRLS model achieved 96.57 % accuracy and outperformed the baseline models in accuracy and reliability of disease prediction models.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Uncertainty of the Indirect Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of the Semiconductor Element]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0019</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0019</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The indirect thermographic measurement of the temperature of a semiconductor element consists of two stages. The first involves a thermographic measurement of the case temperature of the semiconductor element. The second involves determining the relationship between the case temperature and the semiconductor element's temperature. This is possible based on simulation studies using the finite element method (FEM). This type of measurement is subject to a certain level of uncertainty. The measurement uncertainty depends on a number of factors that affect the measurement result, as well as on the probability distributions assigned to them. As a result of the conducted research, the uncertainty value was determined. This uncertainty concerns the indirect thermographic measurement of the semiconductor element's temperature.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Methods and Practical Aspects of Measuring 1/f Noise in Zero-drift Operational Amplifiers]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0017</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0017</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Operational amplifiers are an important ingredient of analogue electronic circuits, and their noise performance is an essential design parameter. However, at low frequencies, data provided by component manufacturers usually cover only a limited range (typically 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz). The frequencies below this range, critical for high-stability and precision circuits, such as signal conditioning stages, voltage references, or digitizing voltmeters, are rarely addressed. Therefore, it is often necessary to characterize the parts. The traditional noise measurement technique requires the amplifier to be configured for very high gain, which is seldom the way the amplifier is used. Different techniques for voltage noise density measurement are presented and compared in this paper, including two methods that allow for noise measurement with a unity gain configuration - a mode that has not been explored until now. Practical aspects required to obtain reliable results are highlighted. A side product of this work is an open-hardware design of an ultra low-noise amplifier, which can be used to measure the noise performance of operational amplifiers or resistors using regular measuring equipment readily available at universities or industrial laboratories.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Intraoperative Method for Measuring Acetabular Cup Inclination and Anteversion in Total Hip Arthroplasty Using an Inertial Measurement Unit]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/msr-2026-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Aiming to guide acetabular cup placement within the “safe zone” (40°±10° inclination, 15°±10° anteversion), this paper introduces an intraoperative inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based method for measuring cup orientation in total hip arthroplasty (THA), featuring registration and measurement phases. The registration phase establishes human-body-to-world coordinate transformations without reliance on bony landmarks or invasive contact, while the measurement phase enables real-time estimation of cup inclination and anteversion. Four experiments were conducted using a 3-axis tilt table to validate: 1) IMU’s basic angle estimation accuracy (RMSE 0.315°–0.423°); 2) robust acquisition of rotation axis vectors during the registration phase; 3) high measurement accuracy for inclination (RMSE 0.278°) and anteversion (RMSE 0.296°), with an average error vector magnitude of 0.373° (well within clinical tolerance); and 4) acceptable errors due to IMU pose changes (average error: 0.987°) and IMU drift (error increase: approximately 3.5-fold over 20 minutes, mitigated by mid-procedure reregistration). While theoretically and experimentally feasible, the method relies on patient-operating table immobility and lacks clinical validation. Offering high accuracy and cost-effectiveness, it shows potential as a standard THA navigation method with further optimization.]]></description>
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