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        <title>Modelling in Civil and Environmental Engineering Feed</title>
        <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/MMCE</link>
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            <title>Modelling in Civil and Environmental Engineering Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Comparison Between Machine Learning Predictions and Eurocode 8 Empirical Expressions for the Plastic Rotation Capacity of Rectangular Rc Columns]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comparative assessment of the plastic rotation capacity of rectangular reinforced concrete columns, using machine learning predictions and the empirical expressions provided by Eurocode 8, Part 3. The study relies on a database of 258 rectangular RC column specimens subjected to quasi-static cyclic lateral loading, covering a wide range of reinforcement configurations, axial load levels, shear span-to-depth ratios and failure modes. A previously developed and validated Stacking Ensemble model, combining Support Vector Regression, Random Forest and XGBoost through a RidgeCV meta-regressor, is used as the data-driven reference model. Its predictions are compared with the values obtained using expressions A.3 and A.4 from EN 1998-3:2005, evaluated on a subset of 52 rectangular specimens for which all parameters required by the code expressions were available. The comparison is performed in terms of the coefficient of determination, mean absolute error and root mean squared error, together with a residual error analysis. The results show that the Stacking Ensemble model provides a closer agreement with the experimental values, while the code-based expressions exhibit larger dispersion and a more conservative response, particularly when the partial safety factor is considered. The findings indicate that data-driven models can complement empirical code provisions by providing an additional quantitative reference for the seismic assessment of existing rectangular RC columns.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Bifacial Photovoltaic Module Research Experiment. Part 1: Design and Construction]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The present study concerns the construction of a bifacial photovoltaic module research experiment in Bucharest, as well as the reporting of the first monitoring results. This paper presents a comparative study of monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules, with a focus on the role of the reflective surface materials (albedo) in enhancing the backside irradiance and overall system performance. The research was conducted at the Technical University of Construction Bucharest (UTCB) and combines numerical simulations performed with Dialux Evo and PV Sol with real experimental measurements. The results demonstrate that bifacial panels outperform conventional monofacial panels under diffuse irradiance conditions, with energy gains of up to 34% on certain measurement days and a cumulative monthly surplus of 4.43%. The study also addresses critical installation parameters, such as tilt angle, mounting height and selection of reflective surface materials, providing practical guidelines for integrating bifacial systems into passive and energy-efficient buildings.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Network Analysis of Water Distribution System in Urban Areas Using EPANET 2.2 Software]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network of the Municipality of Oradea, Romania, using EPANET 2.2. A hydraulic model consisting of 270 pipes, 260 junction nodes, pumping stations, and storage reservoirs was developed to assess the operational behavior of the network. Two hydraulic simulation approaches were applied: Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) and Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA). The comparison between these approaches aimed to investigate the influence of pressure-dependent demand on network performance and to determine the suitability of each method for hydraulic assessment.The hydraulic performance of the system was evaluated using key indicators including nodal pressure, pipe flow velocity, pressure reliability, and demand satisfaction. The simulation results showed that the network generally operates within acceptable hydraulic limits. Pressure values remained sufficient to satisfy consumer demands, while pipe flow velocities were found to be consistent with the recommendations of European standard EN 805 and Romanian standard NP 133-2022. The comparative analysis demonstrated that Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) provides a more realistic representation of network behavior under variable pressure conditions by accounting for pressure-dependent demand variations. The results confirm the applicability of EPANET 2.2 as an effective tool for simulating hydraulic systems and demonstrate the advantages of PDA for evaluating the operational performance of urban water distribution systems under realistic operating conditions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A GIS-Assisted Python Toolchain for Location-Based Environmental Parameter Retrieval and Load Computation Based on Romanian Codes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Structural engineering design in Romania relies on location-dependent environmental parameters and zonation maps for snow, wind, seismicity, and frost depth. Manual reading of zonation maps is time-consuming, error-prone near zone boundaries, and difficult to reproduce at scale. This paper presents a GIS-assisted Python toolchain that retrieves site parameters directly from georeferenced national layers and unified composite KML overlays, computes snow and wind actions for multiple roof typologies according to CR 1-1-3/2012 and CR 1-1-4/2012 and supplies seismic parameters (peak ground acceleration - ag and response spectra control period - TC) per P100-1/2013 and frost depth per STAS 6054/77. The workflow integrates updated baseline maps from the CCERS collection, population density and tree cover density for the classification of the snow exposure and terrain conditions, while the frost-depth map is reconstructed in QGIS according to STAS. A second version of each map was created based on the MDLPA official seismic map creation approach for uniform administrative reporting. Two composite overlap maps were also produced to visually validate multi-factor assignments and support transparent, repeatable site characterization. Case studies across Romania demonstrate consistent parameter retrieval for both point coordinates and administrative level aggregation, enabling fast reporting and automated batch evaluations suitable for design offices and research pipelines.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Advancing Indoor Air Quality Management Through Predictive Feedforward Control - A Comparative Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In the contemporary built environment, ensuring optimal Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) while maintaining energy efficiency represents a multifaceted challenge for building management systems (BMS). Traditional ventilation strategies are predominantly reactive, adjusting air exchange rates only after pollutant concentrations exceed established safety thresholds. This reactive latency, or “phase lag,” often results in temporary exposure to high pollutant levels and suboptimal energy utilization. This study proposes a proactive “feed-forward” control framework based on pollutant forecasting. We conduct a rigorous comparative analysis of three distinct modeling paradigms: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks, Random Forest (RF) ensembles, and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The models were trained and validated using a comprehensive 1-year office environmental dataset from Kaggle, encompassing CO2, PM2.5 temperature, and humidity. Our findings demonstrate that for CO2 forecasting, both LSTM and RF architectures achieve high predictive accuracy (R2 &gt; 0.97) and successfully eliminate the reactive phase lag. For PM2.5, the stochastic nature of indoor particulate events presents a significant challenge, with the LSTM exhibiting a “conservative smoothing” effect and occasional mathematical artifacts such as negative values.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modelling of a RC Shear Wall Experiment Using Shell Layered Finite Elements]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the numerical modelling strategy used to recreate a shear wall experiment, in the finite element analysis software ETABS using shell layered elements. The experiment, conducted by Oh et al., subjected four different wall specimens to cyclic lateral loading to determine the effect of transversal reinforcement on their deformation capacity[1]. The experimental results, extracted from the SERIES database [2] for the WR-10 and WR-20 specimens are used as the basis for model validation. The finite element model employs a two-layer shell section, with separate reinforcement and concrete membrane layers, while the cyclic loading protocol is recreated through a series of chained nonlinear static displacement-controlled load cases. The results are compared with the experimental data, in terms of peak lateral force, cumulative energy dissipation and hysteresis loop shape.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Study on the Influence of Coupling Beam Depth for Coupled Shear Wall Systems]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The geometrical dimensions of coupling beams can strongly alter the overall behavior of coupled shear walls systems. This study examines the differences in structural response of two reinforced concrete coupled shear walls systems with different coupling beam depths. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was conducted on both models, carried out up to a target overall rotation of 2%. The results are compared in terms of peak lateral force, energy dissipation and strength degradation. The deeper beam system proved stiffer and able to dissipate more energy than its counterpart. The shallower beam system offered greater deformation capacity. An important finding is represented by the shift of the strength degradation mechanism: the strong coupling effect generated by the deep coupling beams led to the eventual crushing of concrete in the compressed pier, while the shallower beams began to yield, causing a degradation of the overall coupling moment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Compression and Bending Resistance of Steel Members: A Comparative Study on EN 1993-1-1 and AISC 360-22 Provisions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comparative study of provisions in two widely used design standards for structural steel members: the European standard EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3) [9] and the American standard AISC 360-22[10]. The research concentrates on the verification of steel members subjected to combined axial compression and bending -frequently encountered in buildings, bridges, and industrial structures. In the beginning, this paper briefly compares the relations in both standards to identify key similarities and differences in terms of verification formulae, safety factors, and underlying design assumptions. A focus is placed on the influence of member slenderness, as the study considers columns across a range of slenderness ratios to assess how each standard responds to varying levels of slenderness. Furthermore, the main body of the research investigates in detail the resistance predictions of both standards through a structured parametric analysis. The study considers three representative cases of moment diagrams along the bar: uniform bending, linearly varying moment, and opposite end moments, each examined across a range of member slenderness ratios. Results are presented graphically in a structured and sequential manner, to facilitate interpretation and to highlight cases where the two standards yield possible significantly different resistance capacities. The comparative study shows that differences between EN 1993-1-1[9] and AISC 360-22[10] can be noticed in the member and the combination of applied loads.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Parametric Investigation of Thermal Performance in Energy Piles and the Influence of Pile Spacing]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Experimental investigation of the effects of various parameters and pile spacing on the thermal performance of energy piles is not practical in terms of cost and time. Therefore, numerical modeling studies are becoming increasingly important in such topics. In this thesis, a numerical modeling study was conducted to examine the effects of heat exchanger pipe diameter, number, position within the pile, and pile diameter, as well as the number of piles and the spacing between them, on the thermal performance of energy piles.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Vrancea March 4, 1977 Earthquake on the Built Environment of Craiova]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0014</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0014</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Considering the adverse effects of 1977 Vrancea earthquake in Craiova, in addition to the old single-family residential buildings that suffered significant damage, newly built collective housing blocks constructed between 1960 and 1975 also showed major structural issues. A total of 69 buildings comprising 121 sections were identified. Fortunately, no collective residential buildings collapsed. Craiova had the highest number of large residential buildings damaged after Bucharest. Craiova was not considered a seismic zone according to the 1963 seismic zoning code, and therefore the structural requirements and seismic design regulations were not incorporated into the design of its buildings. This changed in 1978 due to the new seismic design code enforced at that time, when the structural systems made of masonry walls were replaced by large prefabricated panels in residential buildings with a height regime of ground floor plus four stories (GF+4S). Unfortunately, for the buildings damaged by the March 4, 1977 earthquake, only partial repair and retrofitting works were carried out.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Thermal Response Test for Optimizing Geothermal Applications in Romania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Thermal Response Test – abbreviated as TRT – is a standardized procedure for geothermal heat pump systems with closed-loop heat exchangers. The test enables the determination of key physical properties of the ground – thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance – which are essential for the correct sizing of the ground heat exchanger system, ensuring it meets the requirements of the building’s HVAC system. Additionally, the TRT provides valuable information regarding the technical and financial effort required for the drilling operation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Energy Analysis Regarding the Use of a Hybrid Building Heating System]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0012</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0012</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The heating system proposed to be analyzed in this paper is a hybrid system composed of a heat pump working with mechanical vapor compression and a thermal power plant, each of them providing the thermal power needed for heating volumes, in an accumulation tank where the heat agent is circulated in the heating installation of the consumer.In this context, the analysis of energy efficiency is appropriate because it has a significant impact on technology, taking into account the accelerated depletion of conventional resources, that leads us to the objective of the paper witch is to quantify and compare different installation configurations using heat pumps in order to partially replace conventional energy resources.The analysis refers to the values of thermal and electrical energy used annually by the heat pump and is taking in consideration 3 categories of parameters: the climatic zone in which the building is located, thermal parameters used in the sizing of the central heating installation and the installed capacity of the heat pump used. The obtained results were processed and presented graphically.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dam Break Flood Modeling and Analysis of Its Effect on Downstream Localities, Mihăileni, Romania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A dam is a hydrotechnical structure facilitating water storage, supply, or electricity generation. At the same time, it plays a crucial role in protecting downstream communities from flooding. Despite the many benefits of a dam, it can pose a risk to downstream settlements in the event of an accident. Both globally and nationally, numerous dams are approaching or have already exceeded their designed lifespan, thus presenting an increased risk concerning structural stability. Considering their continuous degradation and the increased rainfall caused by climate change, it becomes essential to analyze various dam failure scenarios and develop emergency response plans to minimize the loss of human life and material damage. This study focuses on analyzing the Mihăileni Dam in Romania. The effect of this dam’s failure is simulated using the HEC-Ras software version 6.5, based on a 2D hydraulic model, utilizing high-resolution digital terrain model, as well as up to date hydrological data. The study examines the changes in the flood wave along the river, its propagation time, and the number of affected communities and houses following the accident. The results of the simulation are presented, including flood extent boundaries, depth and velocity raster, which can be used to generate detailed maps showing the flood wave’s impact. These maps serve as the basis for developing an emergency action plan in the event of a dam failure and are a crucial tool for intervention teams in emergency situations. The studied dam failure scenario was adopted in accordance with the existing methodology and legislation in Romania, ensuring the accuracy and relevance of the simulation within the local context.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Development of a 3D Model of a College Campus Using Arcgis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In the realm of urban planning, effectively managing and modelling college campuses, as well as digitizing maps, now requires the integration of three-dimensional elements. ArcGIS modelling presents a versatile and interactive system that offers exceptional data visualization, supporting city planners in their decision-making and planning processes. This paper focuses on exploring the techniques of ArcGIS modelling, utilizing a straightforward procedure to create a three-dimensional model of the Sipna College of Engineering and Technology campus in Amravati (a tangible ArcGIS model) to showcase the efficacy of this approach. The primary goal is to enhance data management, including maps, plans, and facility utilization, by employing three-dimensional spatial analysis for specific applications within the college campus. ArcGIS proves to be a suitable software for seamless planning and modelling, offering flexibility for adjustments throughout the project. This paper emphasizes the importance of GIS in civil engineering and various other sectors, providing valuable insights into the concepts of modelling and digitizing three-dimensional maps.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modelling of Stress Into Humidified Porous Layer Under Influence of Microwave Irradiation Part III the Numerical Simulation Results]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0009</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Thus, in the last part of the paper we are demonstrated the numerical results of numerical simulation of mechanical thermodiffusion processes applying to the one-dimensional porous layered sample. So, as conclusion to the previous two parts of the paper: 1. The way of applying the spatial averaging method to the description of the diffusion, electrodynamics and mechanical properties of the porous multiphase composite wetted medium was considered; 2. The set of physical interconnected phenomena in porous wetted materials was defined as the mechanical thermo-diffusion phenomena and the mathematical model was proposed to describe the interconnected moistened, electromagnetic and mechanical fields; 3. On the example of a porous layer the closed system of equations was obtained, which connects the heat and mass transfer processes with an internal microwave heat sources induced by external microwave irradiation and mechanical stresses within the framework of the model of the continuous medium. We are aligned the results of our numerical studies with the characteristic critical time values for the microwave drying and compared the diffusion process into internal and external areas of the porous humidified plate. Also, the mechanical stress state was obtained and analyzed for the porous plate during observer drying period for the small strain values under conditions of absence of external loading.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modelling of Stress Into Humidified Porous Layer Under Influence of Microwave Irradiation Part II the General Model Equations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this part of paper are examined interrelated processes of heat and mass transfer, which take into account the nature of interphase interaction in a moistened porous media. A closed system of balance diffusion equations for the liquid phase and components of the gas mixture of water vapour and dry air is reviewed. The energy or heat balance equation, which contains the intensity of sources of evaporation or condensation during the phase transformation of liquid into water vapour, is analyzed. The phenomena of dielectric relaxation into a heterogeneous porous layer under influence of symmetric electromagnetic field of microwave frequency is modelled by an isotropic (non-magnetic) dielectric with weak or insignificant conductivity and strongly depends from pore saturation by liquid .With the help of the spatial averaging method, as it was described in the previous part of paper, taking into account the interphase interaction the equations for mechanical balance of are proposed, in which the exchange integrals of the moment of impulse and mechanical forces are applied. The macroscopic equations of mechanical balance into the solid and liquid phases are proposed, from where the analytical expressions for an effective, thermal and moisture stresses in the porous wetted layer are obtained using the accepted approximations and taking into account the known relations for stresses in the solid and liquid phases.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modelling of Stress Into Humidified Porous Layer Under Influence of Microwave Irradiation Part I the Problem Formulation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[We are considering porous wetted or humidified linear sample, as the plate or layer prepared on the base of concrete ceramic. The porous plate with constant thickness is under influence of symmetric microwave irradiation at fixed frequency and power. The wetted porous material is reviewed as three-phase (the solid skeleton, liquid and gas mixture) and two-component (the mixture of water vapor and dry air) media. According to the method of spatial averaging or homogenization, an averaged (continuous in coordinate and time space) value is assigned to each local physical quantity in the heterogeneous porous medium, when the conditions of homogenization are satisfied. It is assumed that calculated by homogenization method averaged quantity is taken to be equivalent to the measured physical quantity. In such way, a heterogeneous (composite) multiphase porous sample is modelling by a continuous isotropic medium in which the averaged or effective local physical quantities are determined by the volume fractions of the phases (components) of the material. In this part of paper the classes of porous material are reviewed. The method of appropriate description of microscopic structure of porous media based on the local space averaging is demonstrated. The general types and principles of porous media drying are reviewed. The difference of mechanical destruction under microwave and convective drying is shown.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Estimation of Nonlinear Seismic Response of a 10-Story RC Shear Wall Structure Designed According to P100/81]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study analyzes the displacement demands of a 10-story reinforced concrete (RC) building with shear walls, designed according to the P100/81 seismic code. The nonlinear static (pushover) analysis evaluates the structure’s seismic performance, identifying dynamic characteristics, plastic mechanisms, and displacement demands for key limit states: Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention. Displacement demands are determined by intersecting pushover curves with inelastic spectra, using either Miranda’s method or artificially generated spectra for various mean return intervals (MRI). The results emphasize the importance of displacement demand evaluation to identify vulnerable structural elements and the necessity of retrofitting measures to improve seismic resilience and ensure compliance with modern standards.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Effects on Geothermal Piles]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The growing global population necessitates sustainable energy solutions to meet escalating energy demands. Geothermal energy, abundant and continuous, ranks as a leading alternative after solar energy. Integrating geothermal energy into building systems requires specialized structures. For shallow geothermal applications, thermo-active piles offer a cost-effective and efficient solution regarding both investment and operational expenses. Distinct from traditional piles, these energy piles enable thermal exchange between the pile and surrounding soil, supporting building heating, cooling, and hot water needs. Their design mandates a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis. This study presents a numerical model of a field-scale energy pile experiment, validated through stress and temperature data collected during the experiment..]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Utilizing the Strut-and-Tie Model for the Design and Analysis of Deep Beams]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/mmce-2025-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete deep beams, distinguished by a low shear span-to-depth ratio, exhibit complex, nonlinear strain distributions that render conventional beam theory inadequate. The Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) offers a sophisticated yet practical framework for analyzing and designing such structures by conceptualizing internal stresses through truss like systems of compressive struts and tensile ties. This paper presents a dual-method approach - a detailed manual calculation and an advanced case study using CAST software providing a step-by-step tutorial that bridges theoretical principles with practical application. The study meticulously explores critical phases, including force path determination, nodal classification, and reinforcement optimization, adhering to Eurocode 2 standards. Results demonstrate that STM achieves high accuracy in predicting both local and global stress responses, while ensuring structural safety and efficiency. The strong correlation between manual and computational outcomes underscores the method’s reliability and adaptability for complex structural challenges, reinforcing its value in modern engineering design.]]></description>
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