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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Role of Incumbency Fatigue in the NPP’s Parliamentary Performance in the 2024 Elections]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In competitive democracies, incumbency fatigue has emerged as an important factor influencing electoral outcomes. This paper examines the role of incumbency fatigue in the dismal performance of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) in the 2024 elections. It analyzes the impact of prolonged party and parliamentary incumbency on electoral results through a review of historical parliamentary seat data and a qualitative desk-based analysis of election reports and media coverage. The results indicate that the NPP’s defeat was driven by several factors, including declining public trust and confidence, a strong desire for change and new leadership, protest voting arising from unmet expectations, perceptions of weak accountability, and voter exhaustion with long-serving incumbents. The opposition National Democratic Congress (NDC) also used effective mobilization strategies. The paper further develops the Seat-Level Mechanism of Incumbency Fatigue to explain how incumbency fatigue manifests in electoral outcomes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Unmasking Anonymity: Thorn’s Approach to Combating Online Child Sexual Exploitation in India and its Adaptability to Pakistan’s Legal Framework]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The exponential rise of the internet has socialized the globe, and in doing so, has provided a cloak for online child sexual exploitation (OCSE). This article examines India's counter-paradigm warfare against the OECD, focusing on Thorn, a nonprofit organization using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics to prevent and counter predator networks. India's partnership with Thorn has yielded several inspiring stories with examples of superior technologies in the investigation of culprits. However, constraints of resources and legal incongruities and lacunae remain a problem. Based on India's experience, this article analyzes the situation in Pakistan and exposes weaknesses and gaps in its cyberspace laws and enforcement. For this reason, the article calls for the adoption of Thorn's model of socio-legal analysis specifically within the socio-legal context of Pakistan. It underscores the need for allied cooperation, the question of privacy and child protection, as well as the introduction of technology into Pakistani law. Based on the objectives and findings, the article presents some practical recommendations for the Pakistani government, such as technological integration, policy modification, global networking and partnership, and capacity development. These are underscored as key measures fundamentally relevant to the establishment of a solid system of child protection, as well as guaranteeing children's protection within the digital age from acts of sexual exploitation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Overcriminalization in Cybercrime Governance: Judicial Restraint in Regulating Assistance to Online Crimes in China]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Overcriminalization has become a central concern in contemporary cybercrime governance. In China, the Crime of Assisting Information Network Criminal Activities (CAINCA), introduced in 2015, criminalizes assistance that creates abstract risks within cybercrime networks. In judicial practice, however, the offense has gradually expanded through permissive presumptions of knowledge and mechanical reliance on quantitative thresholds, particularly after the 2020 “Duanka” campaign. Drawing on doctrinal analysis and three representative cases from the People’s Court Case Database, this article demonstrates how courts have blurred the boundary between neutral technical services and culpable facilitation. To address these risks, it proposes a framework of judicial restraint: restricting mens rea to actual knowledge, applying objective imputation to neutral assistance, prioritizing accomplice liability where upstream crimes can be identified, and strengthening individualized sentencing. These reforms aim to reconcile effective cybercrime governance with the principles of culpability and proportionality in criminal law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Technology and Intellectual Property Rights: Implications, Challenges, and Future Directions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article explores how technology and intellectual property rights (IPR) have changed and are changing in their interrelation, highlighting the opportunities and challenges that are created by new innovations. It follows the history of IPR since the Berne Convention of 1886 to the confusions of the modern digital age, where piracy, patent trolling, and cross-border enforcement remain a matter of concern. Specific attention is given to disruptive technologies, i.e., artificial intelligence, blockchain, and 3D printing, which challenge traditional ideas of authorship, ownership, and enforcement. The paper employs an interdisciplinary approach to study in a qualitative manner, which is based on a literature review, case studies, and doctrinal analysis, as well as recent judicial cases of AI-generated works. It proposes a dynamic and harmonized law made to suit a breakneck pace of technological change and, at the same time, strike a balance between the rights of creators and knowledge available to the masses. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the necessity of international cooperation, moral reasoning, and the incorporation of technological resources into IP management to attain sustainable innovation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Non-Compliance Provisions of Corporate Governance Codes: A Critical Analysis of the Laws of Mauritius and The United Kingdom]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Corporate governance codes in Mauritius and the United Kingdom rely on explanation-based disclosure to preserve flexibility while promoting accountability, yet persistent concern remains over whether weak or boilerplate explanations undermine that objective. This article examines the legal and regulatory treatment of poor-quality explanations for non-compliance with corporate governance codes, with particular focus on the Mauritian apply-and-explain framework and the UK comply-or-explain regime. Using a doctrinal black-letter methodology and comparative legal analysis, the paper analyses governance codes, statutory provisions, listing rules, regulatory guidance, and selected practical case materials, including the Tesco and Carillion scandals in the United Kingdom. The study draws on primary legal sources, supporting doctrinal and governance scholarship to evaluate whether existing frameworks provide meaningful standards or sanctions for inadequate explanations. The findings show that both jurisdictions depend heavily on disclosure as an accountability mechanism, but neither provides sufficiently robust, explanation-specific oversight. In the United Kingdom, enforcement remains largely indirect and market-driven, while in Mauritius, broad regulatory powers exist, but visible enforcement directed at explanation quality is limited. The article concludes that explanation quality should be treated as a matter of legal accountability, and it recommends clearer evaluative benchmarks, more explicit supervisory scrutiny, and a stronger enforcement architecture to enhance transparency, investor confidence, and the credibility of explanation-based governance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Human Trafficking of Indonesian Citizens in Cambodia: Perspectives from Criminology, Victimology, and International Law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Human trafficking involving Indonesian citizens in Cambodia demonstrates the complexity of transnational crime, which requires multidisciplinary analysis to understand the causal factors, patterns of victimization, and the effectiveness of law enforcement mechanisms. This study examines the practice of human trafficking against Indonesian citizens in Cambodia from the perspectives of criminology, victimology, and international law. Using qualitative methods with an empirical juridical approach, this study identifies a number of key issues, including recruitment methods based on job scams, the economic vulnerability of victims, weak cross-border surveillance, and limited law enforcement cooperation between Indonesia and Cambodia. The findings highlight the imbalance between the existing international legal framework and its implementation in the field, which is influenced by bureaucratic obstacles, a lack of inter-agency coordination, and the low capacity of destination countries to protect victims. This study recommends strengthening bilateral cooperation mechanisms, increasing law enforcement capacity, and expanding victim protection and recovery programs. The results of this study are expected to support more comprehensive and equitable efforts to prevent and combat human trafficking.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The “Livello” in Italian Property Law: Ownership, Extinction, and Third-Party Protection in a Comparative Perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This brief essay examines an institution peculiar to Italian law—virtually unknown even among legal practitioners—precisely because it lacks both a statutory definition and codified regulation: the “livello”. In the Italian legal system, this term designates a range of legal constructs, including a real right of enjoyment, a real burden encumbering land, and, more generally, a set of agrarian law relationships characterised by the grant of enjoyment of land by a large landowner (concedente) to a beneficiary (utilista), who undertakes to cultivate, improve, and pay a fee (also referred to as “livello”). It frequently occurs that, upon examining cadastral certificates, mortgage searches, or old title deeds in Italy, the existence of so-called “oneri livellari” (“livello burdens”) emerges with respect to a parcel of land, arising from contractual relationships both unknown and remote in time, whose respective obligations have likewise not been performed for a considerable period. This paper focuses on the contemporary legal implications of such findings for land transactions and due diligence, with particular attention to the identification of ownership, the conditions under which a livello may be extinguished or redeemed, and the protection of third-party purchasers where the transferor is the livellario (or an assignee) who, in practice, acts and presents himself as the full owner.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Tax Evasion, Shadow Economy, and Taxation System. Judicial Insights and Economic Assessments]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The shadow economy is a widespread phenomenon, with a major impact on public finances. It should not be viewed strictly as an economic problem, as it raises a number of ethical, social, and governance concerns. Combating the underground economy cannot be achieved only through increased controls and higher fines. It requires a multifaceted approach, targeting the root causes of informal economic activities. In order to discourage illicit activities, more efficient institutions, a simpler and more transparent fiscal system, and better regulation are needed. In this paper, we present the negative effects of the shadow economy and the need to combat it, and also address the main determinants of the underground economy, as well as the strategies needed to reduce it. Tax evasion represents the quid pro quo of the fiscal system, lato sensu, and taxation technique, stricto sensu. In this paper, both a quantitative and qualitative overview of the connections between tax evasion and the shadow economy in the context of the taxation system are presented. The practical case studies presented and analyzed were designed to reveal the judicial problem of tax evasion and the economic implications of the shadow economy. The empirical aspects analyzed in the paper focus on a more comprehensive approach to a more equitable taxation system. The conclusions of this study highlight the need for a more comprehensive fiscal system environment, both in Romania and at the European level, with a special orientation on equitable taxation, reducing the taxpayer burden, and a more flexible and transparent taxation system.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Role of Legislative Oversight and Constituent Development in Enugu State, Nigeria]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Whilst there have been several studies investigating legislative oversight and its impact on constituents in different states in Nigeria, there appears to be a paucity of literature on this, with respect to Enugu State. This is why we examined legislative oversight's impact on constituent development in Enugu State, Nigeria. Drawing on a survey of 241 respondents/constituents, as well as a one-on-one in-depth interview with legislators of two constituent areas of Enugu East and Enugu South Local Government Areas, we analytically describe how legislative oversight impacts the day-to-day lives of constituents in Enugu State metropolis. The study reveals mixed findings of opinion between the legislators and their constituents. On one hand, the legislators strongly claimed that they carry out an oversight function by visiting and interacting with their constituents to know what they feel about government policies; constituents, on the other hand, strongly reject such a claim. However, there was a point of convergence in opinion between them as both groups agree that new projects/infrastructure have been instituted at the behest of legislators representing their constituents. Aggressive political education and sensitization are strongly recommended to ensure that constituents continue to hold their legislators to account, who in turn would hold the executive to account regarding policies and decisions affecting their constituents.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Ascendancy of Administrative Review on Public Procurement Disputes in Tanzania: A Content Analysis of Local Government Authorities]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Public procurement is a cornerstone of public service delivery, especially at the local government level, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms are vital to ensure integrity and value for money. This study examines the ascendancy of administrative review in resolving public procurement disputes in Tanzania’s Local Government Authorities (LGAs), focusing on Dodoma Region from 2015 to 2024. Using a qualitative content analysis of official reports and oversight documents, the research identifies patterns of ethical compliance, transparency measures, and outcomes of procurement challenges over the past decade. The findings reveal that successive reforms and oversight efforts have significantly improved transparency, accountability, and fairness in public procurement processes. The paper addresses these controversies and situates Tanzania’s experience in a broader regional context, comparing it with other jurisdictions’ approaches to procurement dispute resolution. The study’s implications are far-reaching: practically, it suggests ways to improve procurement outcomes and trust; managerially, it offers guidance for public officials to ensure compliance and accountability; and theoretically, it contributes to the understanding of how administrative law mechanisms can be harnessed to address real-life governance challenges. The paper concludes that while administrative review of procurement disputes in Tanzania’s LGAs has made notable strides in promoting ethical compliance and efficiency, further reforms and capacity-building are needed to resolve outstanding issues and fully realize a transparent, fair, and development-oriented procurement system. Limitations of the research are discussed, and avenues for future research – including comparative studies and on-the-ground assessments of the new e-procurement complaint system – are proposed.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of Licensing Issues in Tourist Destination Development: Case Study of Hibisc Fantasy Park]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The development of tourism destinations requires a strict and structured permitting process to ensure compliance with spatial planning, environmental protection, and community welfare. This study analyzes the licensing issues encountered in the development of Hibisc Fantasy Park in Puncak, Indonesia. Using a qualitative method with a juridical-empirical approach, the research identifies discrepancies between the obtained permits and actual development practices, such as the expansion of the construction area far beyond the approved limits. The study highlights several key factors contributing to the violation of licensing regulations, including weak government supervision, poor inter-agency coordination, economic pressures on developers, lack of regulatory understanding, and limited government resources. The findings emphasize the urgent need for stronger regulatory enforcement, improved institutional coordination, and greater public awareness to promote sustainable tourism development. Recommendations are provided to enhance the effectiveness of licensing systems and to ensure that tourism growth aligns with legal and environmental standards.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Extra-Judicial Killings: A Snapshot of Bangladesh’s Legal Regime]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the alarming topic of extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh, pointing out how these crimes violate fundamental human rights and undermine democratic values in the country’s criminal justice system. It sheds light on the pervasive impunity and lack of accountability among law enforcement agencies by tracing the historical roots of such killings and examining the current judicial system. It investigates the violations of internationally acknowledged human rights instruments and identifies gaps in existing legislation using a qualitative examination of secondary sources. To emphasize the seriousness of the present scenario, two shocking, sensational incidents are reviewed. Upholding the principles of human rights requires that the guidelines, rules, policies, and legal mechanisms made by the UN be put into practice. By putting these recommendations into reality, Bangladesh can create a society that upholds the rule of law, protects human rights, and ends the heinous practice of extrajudicial killings.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Establishing an Independent Fiscal Council in Mauritius: A Framework for Enhanced Fiscal Governance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0015</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0015</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the case for establishing an Independent Fiscal Council in Mauritius as a mechanism to enhance fiscal governance, transparency, and accountability. Despite Mauritius’s reputation as a well-governed small island economy, recurring challenges, including rising public debt-to-GDP ratios (which reached 87% in 2021), persistent budget deficits, instances of public fund misappropriation, and weaknesses in fiscal oversight, indicate the need for institutional reform. Using a mixed-methods approach combining doctrinal legal analysis with comparative research, this study examines primary sources, including legislation and official reports, alongside secondary literature on fiscal governance. The research conducts a comparative analysis of fiscal council frameworks in selected jurisdictions (UK, New Zealand, Brazil, India, Australia, Hungary, Argentina, Luxembourg, and Singapore), drawing lessons applicable to the Mauritian context. The findings demonstrate that Mauritius’s current fiscal governance framework lacks robust independent oversight mechanisms, contributing to fiscal challenges and accountability deficits. The paper proposes a comprehensive model for a Mauritian Fiscal Council, including its legal foundation, institutional design, powers, functions, and relationship with existing institutions, while providing a detailed implementation roadmap addressing the unique political economy challenges facing Mauritius.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Annulment of the 2024 Romanian Presidential Election. Between Constitutional Guardianship and Judicial Overreach]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article focuses on Ruling No. 32/2024 of the Constitutional Court of Romania, which annulled the first round of the presidential elections in response to intelligence revelations about large-scale foreign disinformation and covert digital campaigns. Based on Article 146(f) of the Constitution, the Court assumed its role as the guardian of electoral integrity ex officio, ordered a full rerun of the elections, and extended the term of the incumbent president. While the decision reflects a militant defence of democracy and resonates with European standards that allow for annulment in exceptional circumstances, it can also be argued that it exceeded the limits of legality. The Court’s reliance on declassified information, its succinct reasoning, and the absence of procedural safeguards raise questions about transparency, predictability, and thus the rule of law. Testing both sides of the coin - which the article attempts to tackle - can illustrate both the strength and fragility of Romanian constitutionalism, i.e., strong in its desire to defend democratic values, yet fragile in the absence of clear statutory and constitutional rules for such crises.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Margins to Mainstream: The Role of Political Parties in Advancing Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Ghana]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Women’s underrepresentation in national legislatures is a persistent global concern. This study interrogates how political parties can promote greater women’s representation in Ghana’s Parliament. Using the mixed-methods approach, the paper combines a survey of 100 participants and in-depth interviews with six key informants. The findings reveal multiple challenges facing women in politics and identify mechanisms through which parties can help overcome these barriers. Internally, parties can introduce measures such as candidate quotas, reserved seats in safe constituencies, reduced filing fees, financial and material support, and capacity-building programs for aspiring female politicians. At the national level, legal reforms, including the implementation of the Affirmative Action (Gender Equity) Act (2024), are pivotal. While these strategies hold promise for increasing women’s parliamentary representation in Ghana, the study concludes that political parties must find a way to deal with internal opposition, as most stakeholders see these measures as undemocratic. The paper concludes that committed political party actions, coupled with supportive legal frameworks, are essential to achieving meaningful gains in women’s representation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Investigations. Doctrinal Gaps, Fundamental Rights and the Rule of Law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article examines the growing tension between the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in criminal investigations and the protection of fundamental rights. While AI technologies such as facial recognition, predictive policing, and digital forensics promise greater efficiency in law enforcement, they simultaneously raise serious concerns related to privacy, equality, non-discrimination, and the right to a fair trial. The analysis demonstrates that the current legal and doctrinal framework remains insufficiently developed to address these challenges, creating the risk of fragmented practices and undermining legal certainty. Drawing on European and international standards, as well as recent doctrinal debates, the article highlights the main risks: algorithmic opacity, indirect discrimination, automation bias, and the lack of consolidated jurisprudence regarding AI-generated evidence. The article contributes to filling this gap by identifying doctrinal lacunae and proposing research and regulatory directions. These include the need for clear procedural standards, mandatory algorithmic audits, minimum safeguards for digital evidence, strict limitations on the use of predictive technologies, and investment in digital literacy for justice professionals. AI should not be rejected as a threat, but integrated responsibly into the legal system, ensuring both security and respect for the rule of law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Aruna Shanbaug. A Case Study in Compassion, Dignity, and the Ethics of Euthanasia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The case of Aruna Shanbaug is a landmark case in Indian jurisprudence that significantly influenced the debate surrounding the right to die with dignity. Aruna Shanbaug, was a nurse at King Edward Memorial Hospital, left in a persistent vegetative state for 42 years following a brutal assault. This prolonged condition raised complex ethical, moral, and legal questions regarding whether individuals in irreversible conditions should be allowed to die through unnatural means. In 2009, Social activist Pinki Virani filed a petition in the Andhra Pradesh High Court, seeking permission for euthanasia, arguing that Shanbaug’s condition was unlikely to improve and that she was suffering unnecessarily. The petition was later brought before the Supreme Court of India in 2011. While the Court rejected the plea for active euthanasia, it acknowledged the legality of passive euthanasia, provided that strict conditions should be fulfilled, including the approval of a medical board. This ruling marked a crucial development in the recognition of passive euthanasia in India, paving the way for future legal reforms. The case continues to influence discussions on human rights, medical ethics, and personal autonomy in the context of Indian healthcare law. The objective of this paper is to analyze the ethical, moral, and legal implications of the Aruna Shanbaug case in the context of euthanasia laws in India. It aims to explore how the case influenced the recognition of passive euthanasia and shaped subsequent legal reforms in the country.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Digital Transformation in Legal Education: Gamification Models from India, Brazil, and South Africa for Pakistan]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Legal education requires digital transformation because it responds to modern pedagogical needs through innovative learning methods to increase students’ skills in legal reasoning, advocacy and problem-solving abilities. Legal training that implements gamification mechanics connects game-based elements to produce a dynamic system that builds student involvement along with enhanced mental retention. This paper critically analyzes gamification effectiveness in legal education through an analysis of successful Indian, Brazilian, and South African approaches, which yield adoption principles usable for Pakistan. The paper establishes constructivist learning theories and experiential pedagogy as well as cognitive engagement principles before showing gamification uses in simulated legal practice with interactive case analysis and digital moot courts. The research evaluates three different implementations based on comparative case studies, where it investigates LawBot and AI-empowered legal games in India in addition to Jogo Justo for interactive moot court exercises in Brazil and interactive virtual legal clinics in South Africa. This study contrasts different models by examining their successful methods and limitations to create specific policy changes that match Pakistan’s legal education programs. The paper focuses on aligning curriculum content with each other while developing faculty abilities alongside mobilizing institutional backing and resolving limitations involving infrastructure. A detailed examination of legal regulatory requirements, together with public-private partnerships and policies from the bar councils, investigates the sustainability measures for adoption. The paper recommends future innovation along with digital transformation to improve Pakistan’s legal education system in this age of technology-based teaching methods.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mobile Legal Justice: Buckle Up for a Rocky and Smooth Justice System]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This analysis explores the dynamics of the justice system, highlighting its systemic challenges and recent advancements. It aims to examine the justice system’s dualistic nature, focusing on structural barriers alongside progressive inventions. The rationale is to enhance an understanding and contribute optimally to legal processes by investigating the interplay among various components of justice delivery. The study explores the divergent experiences within this framework, where some individuals steer significant obstacles reminiscent of traversing perilous terrain while others benefit from more explicit pathways. The discourse emphasises the critical need for equitable justice across different demographics by analysing the influence of technological developments and mobile applications in improving accessibility and transparency. These narrative challenges prompt legal professionals and policymakers to rigorously assess continuous systemic disparities while cultivating a concerted effort toward a more equitable legal framework. Generally, this contribution posits that envisioning a future in which justice is accessible and fundamentally fair is achievable through the strategic deployment of ingenious tools and advocacy efforts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal Challenges in Enforcing the Duty to Render Assistance at Sea: Implications for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/jles-2025-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[International Shipping is subject to both national and international regulations to ensure safe and sound shipping as well as to enforce rights and obligations. Technological advancement in the shipping industry especially the introduction of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) is going to bring a great change along with challenges. Moreover, there are issues concerning the regulation of MASS under existing regimes such as the meaning of the relevant terms, the requirement to have a master and crew on board, the master’s duty to render assistance at sea, seaworthiness and avoidance of collisions. This paper aims to focus on the enforcement of the duty to render assistance at sea over MASS. Hence, this paper analyses the challenges that may arise while employing the duty over MASS, non-compliance under the present laws and the need for the adoption of a new regulatory framework to settle such non-compliances.]]></description>
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