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        <title>International Review of Financial Consumers Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/IRFC</link>
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            <title>International Review of Financial Consumers Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, International Academy of Financial Consumers</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Evolving Landscape of International Cooperation for Financial Inclusion]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper examines the current state of international cooperation in the area of financial inclusion, highlighting key achievements, the diverse roles of international organizations, recent developments in international cooperation, and the continuing barriers to full inclusion. International cooperation plays a key role in promoting financial inclusion and financial literacy, but a comprehensive description of such efforts is lacking. In addition to describing recent progress, it also describes challenges such as cybersecurity threats, data privacy concerns, and the impact of geopolitical fragmentation. A critical shift in focus is observed within international cooperation, moving beyond mere access to prioritizing meaningful financial health, resilience, and broader development outcomes for individuals and businesses globally.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Determinants of Insurance and Insurer Preferences Among Financial Consumers in ASEAN: Evidence from Myanmar, Vietnam, and Indonesia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study examines the determinants of insurance and insurer preferences among financial consumers in three emerging ASEAN markets—Myanmar, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Using 1,131 survey responses and a multinomial logistic regression framework, we analyze how socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors shape consumers’ choices between social versus private insurance and life versus non-life insurance. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity across the three countries. In Indonesia, income and government trust significantly influence social insurance preference, while trust in private insurers increases the likelihood of choosing private insurance in both Myanmar and Indonesia. Age is a key determinant of social and life insurance preferences in Vietnam. Financial literacy consistently increases preference for life and non-life insurance in Indonesia and for non-life insurance in Myanmar. Education negatively affects life insurance preference in Myanmar, reflecting structural characteristics of early-stage insurance markets. These results highlight that insurance demand in ASEAN is shaped not only by economic capacity but also by country-specific institutional, demographic, and behavioral factors. The study provides actionable implications for policymakers and insurers seeking to expand coverage and strengthen consumer engagement in developing ASEAN markets.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[In Recognition of the Retirement of Professor Hongjoo Jung (in February 2026)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0012</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0012</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analyzing the Effectiveness of Financial Consumer Protection Acts: A Comparison of Korea, the United Kingdom, and Japan]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Financial Consumer Protection Acts represent a crucial legal framework aimed at addressing the increasing complexity of financial markets and the growing number of damages incurred by financial consumers. Following the United Kingdom’s initial enactment of such legislation, similar frameworks were adopted in East Asian economies, including Japan and South Korea, contributing to the development of their consumer financial protections. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these laws remains a subject of debate. This study employs gap analysis and big data analysis to compare the effectiveness of the Financial Consumer Protection Act in Korea, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The findings reveal variations in effectiveness across countries and suggest several policy implications.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Determinants of Insurance Trust: The Relative Influence of Firm Characteristics, Salesperson Attributes, and Consumer Trust Orientation in Korea and China]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study investigates the determinants of trust in insurance companies and its behavioral consequences by integrating individual trust disposition, salesperson-related attributes, and firm-level characteristics. Using survey data collected from 905 respondents in Korea (n=249) and China (n=656), we employed exploratory factor analysis followed by stepwise regression to identify the primary drivers of insurance trust and subsequent behavioral intentions. It is the first to examine how trust in insurance relationships is shaped by both consumer characteristics (subjects) and insurer/salesperson characteristics (objects). Specifically, we ask whether distrust toward an insurer is more attributable to consumer dispositions or to insurer-related attributes. Results show that insurer-side characteristics—particularly salesperson attributes—play a more decisive role in shaping insurance trust. When consumer behavioral outcomes were examined, overall trust emerged as the strongest predictor of contract renewal intention, whereas recommendation intention was more strongly associated with relational factors linked to salesperson behavior. The study contributes to the trust literature by demonstrating the dynamic, multi-layered nature of trust in insurance relationships and offers actionable implications for trust-based relationship management in insurance markets.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Event Study on Stock Market Reactions to Media Disclosures of FinTech Investments: The Case of Korea]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0011</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0011</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

As FinTech adoption by financial institutions accelerates, the capital-market effects of these technological investments remain incompletely understood. While prior studies typically examine FinTech as a single homogeneous category, technological heterogeneity—across artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data, and the Internet of Things—and industry-specific contexts may produce differentiated stock-price reactions. This study investigates whether media disclosures of FinTech investments by Korean financial institutions generate statistically significant abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns, and whether these reactions differ systematically by industry (insurance, securities, banking) and technology type. Using 451 FinTech-related disclosure events from 2016–2020, we apply simple market-model event-study procedures together with two-way analysis of variance. The results show that FinTech investment disclosures produce heterogeneous signaling effects across industries and technologies. Importantly, results confirm significant industry-technology interaction effects, indicating that each technology’s value and risk are interpreted differently across industry contexts. A notable methodological contribution is the explicit treatment of imbalanced event counts, which affects statistical power in certain subsamples. Robustness diagnostics confirm that the heterogeneity patterns are not statistical artifacts but reflect technology-specific and industry-specific valuation dynamics. This study provides new evidence on how financial markets interpret FinTech innovation, offering insights for investors, regulators, and financial institutions.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modernizing Duty of Disclosure in Insurance Law in Vietnam’s Transitioning Economy: The Need for a Policyholder-Centric Approach]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article examines the need for a policyholder-centric approach in modernizing Vietnam’s insurance law, focusing on the shift from freedom of contract to a pro-consumer framework, the strengthening of policyholder protections, and lessons from international legal reforms. As Vietnam’s market-based economy expanded in the 2000s, rising consumer awareness and widespread use of standard form contracts highlighted information asymmetries, leading to disputes and unfair claim denials. While the Law on Insurance Business as amended in 2022 incorporates the principle of utmost good faith, it retains outdated provisions that limit consumer protection. Drawing on global trends such as inquiry-based disclosure and proportional remedies, this article identifies key gaps and advocates reforms to enhance transparency, fairness, and trust in Vietnam’s insurance market.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Empirical Study on the Determinants of Insurance Literacy among Korean College Students]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

As consumers increasingly assume greater responsibility and risk in choosing diverse and complex insurance products, the importance of insurance literacy is growing. While existing research has focused on the relationship between financial competency and financial knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and financial consumer protection, research on the impact and structure of financial education precursors to financial literacy is scarce, particularly in the area of insurance. This study developed and analyzed a survey of approximately 900 undergraduate students majoring in insurance studies at universities in Korea to examine the factors that determine the relative effectiveness of risk management and insurance education. The study examined relationships between faculty and students, and between the environment and faculty, and analyzed the influence of teaching behaviors on subcategories of educational effectiveness including students’ attitude, knowledge, and behavior. Results confirmed that student characteristics, faculty characteristics, and characteristics of the educational environment impact the effectiveness of risk management and insurance education. Specific findings demonstrate the importance of teaching behaviors and educational environments that promote students’ efficacy and motivation as key factors in enhancing educational effectiveness in risk management and insurance.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Beyond Financial Inclusion: Reshaping the Regulatory Landscape for Virtual Banks]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The digitalisation of banking services, driven by smartphone access and limited physical presence, has transformed bank-customer interactions but introduced challenges, such as a reliance on third-party devices and external software contracts. Based on findings from focus groups held in Hong Kong (2021–2022), this paper identifies three critical gaps: (i) the absence of a personal touch, (ii) inadequate digital dispute resolution channels, and (iii) insufficient regulatory intervention. These gaps hinder digital adoption and undermine the role of banks as public utilities. The study calls for a global alignment of regulatory frameworks, advocating for a technology-centric approach to ensure effective governance and safeguard the integrity of virtual-only banking platforms.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Responses of Insurers and Financial Consumers after COVID-19 in Asia - Focusing on Japan, China, and South Korea]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

COVID-19 is recognized to be the most impactful pandemic crisis on social customs, policy-making, and economic activities in the modern history of humankind. The insurance industry especially, both life insurance and general insurance, was highly impacted by COVID-19. In this paper, we examined government responses to COVID-19, changes in the social environment and consumer behavior since COVID-19, and new waves among insurance sales, insurance products and insurance consumers in Japan, China, and South Korea. In respect to changes in insurance distribution channels, as the risk of infection increased, the selling of insurance products via non-face-to-face distribution channels has been increasing in all three countries. Changes in insurance products in all three countries show product changes such as the development of new special COVID-19 products. Also, since COVID-19, there have been two notable factors that have had a high impact on insurance consumers in the three countries – income inequality and the digital divide.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Behavioral-Pattern Driven Framework for Research on Financial Consumer Protection]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study attempts to advance the argument that targeting specific behavioral patterns serves as a value-adding complement to the rule- and principle-based consumer protection policies in financial markets. To that end, two particular optimization frameworks are specified to elaborate a set of suboptimal behavioral patterns that one can expect from demand- and supply-sides of the financial service sector: (1) a two-period (working age vs. retirement) intertemporal utility maximization framework for financial consumers; and (2) a profit (or net operating income per-period) maximization framework for financial intermediaries. Based on the models specified, a set of behavioral patterns to be tamed is identified and elaborated, and the research and policy agenda to nudge the consumers as well as the intermediaries to improve each behavioral pattern are discussed.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of Customer Harassment: Trends and Issues in Japanese Insurance Practice]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2025-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article addresses the growing problem of customer harassment in Japan’s insurance industry, with a particular focus on the life insurance sector. “Customer harassment” – a uniquely Japanese term - refers to abusive behavior by customers toward service workers, such as verbal abuse, threats, and unreasonable demands. The issue has become a pressing concern due to its harmful impact on employee well-being and workplace environments. The article stresses the importance of acknowledging customer harassment as a systemic issue and implementing strong protective measures. Such harassment undermines employees’ physical, mental, and social health, diminishes professional standards, and threatens long-term employment stability. Proactive responses are essential for maintaining trust between customers and employees, ensuring service quality, and preserving the credibility of the insurance sector. Recommended strategies include the adoption of clear internal policies, employee education, and the establishment of industry-wide standards. Shared data and best practices across companies can result in more effective responses than isolated efforts. However, lasting change requires more than private sector initiatives. Government action—especially through legislation and enforcement—is critical. Ultimately, the article calls for coordinated efforts by insurers, regulators, policymakers, and consumers to build a safer, more respectful service environment that supports both employee welfare and customer satisfaction.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Towards Better Data for Better Development Outcomes: A “lean” DFL survey tool to measure digital and financial literacy globally*]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The rapid development and increasing reach of digital platforms for financial products and services provides great potential for better mechanisms for those considered “left behind” in a changing world to access and use new tools for economic development. However, a lack of current data on digital and digital financial knowledge and competencies, particularly in the Pacific region, means that developing targeted data-based interventions can be difficult. To fill the data gap, the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and Tebbutt Research implemented a lean digital and financial literacy survey (DFL survey) in six Pacific countries and Timor-Leste in 2022 and 2023, which resulted in findings that provide a baseline as well as information to be used by policy makers, development practitioners and financial service providers to better target low-income and underserved clients.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Using Defaults to Enhance Adoption of Lifetime Income in Defined Contribution Plans]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Most 401(k) participants accumulate wealth for retirement in qualified default investment alternatives (QDIAs) such as target date funds that are designed to provide a life cycle appropriate mix of stocks and bonds for accumulation. Shifting a portion of savings to an annuity would allow retirees to spend more each year by delegating longevity risk to an insurer. The 2019 SECURE Act increases protections to plan sponsors who incorporate annuities into a QDIA, but adoption has been surprisingly slow resulting in low rates of lifetime income protection among employees. We review barriers to adoption with the defined contribution (DC) system including liquidity requirements, product design, and the need for active election of an annuity. We suggest three solutions to reduce these barriers. Defaults that include an annuity option are currently designed to require an active choice to receive lifetime income at retirement by participants. Evidence from other countries and participant surveys suggest that a high percentage would select some allocation to an annuity. Second, product innovation that allows participants access to liquidity with an automatic lifetime income benefit may be easier to implement than full annuitization. Care should be taken to design a product that is unlikely to be misused by less knowledgeable participants. Third, a regulatory entity that oversees commutation among insurers offering annuities within DC plans can reduce risks related to liquidity and the transfer of income liabilities to lower-rated insurance companies.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[What does numeracy add? Exploring financial literacy, numeracy and other skills amongst low-income adults in Canada and the UK]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

There has been surprisingly little research about the role of numeracy in adult financial literacy, and the few existing studies available lead to contradictory findings. This paper takes a qualitative approach to explore the extent to which low-income adults in high-income economies use financial literacy and numeracy in their financial lives. Financial literacy is assessed in terms of three domains -- ‘keeping track’; ‘making ends meet’ and ‘staying informed’ -- via semi-structured interviews and background information on participants. Participants are also categorised into three groups based on discussion about their numeracy: ‘formally capable’, ‘informally capable’, and ‘uncomfortable’. Some participants exhibit elements of financial literacy but little or numeracy. There is no evidence that numeracy is essential, but having a variety of skills to draw on, potentially including numeracy, appears to be beneficial for low-income adults. The research contributes to the literature in two ways. It provides deeper understanding of the role of numeracy and also identifies two additional skillsets which appear to benefit low-income adults: digital skills and the ability to communicate clearly and advocate for oneself.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Three Waves of FinTech Innovations and Their Implications for Financial Frauds and Anomalies]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The main objectives of this study are two-fold: first, to survey the technological innovations adopted in the financial service sector during the last three decades, commonly termed as FinTech, by categorizing them into three waves; and, to elaborate their implications for combating financial frauds and abusive intermediation practices. To that end, the paper also documents a sample of real-world cases observed in Korea and other countries which demonstrate the fraudulent and problematic practices in trading financial products that harm the welfare of financial consumers. Given these discussions, the paper elaborates three sets of remedies to deal with the anomalies, i.e., combating the financial fraudsters, overseeing the abusive intermediaries, and nudging financial consumers to make sound decisions.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Can Individual Development Accounts Promote Saving Among Low-Income Individuals? Evidence From Self-Sufficiency Program Participants in South Korea]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study examines whether access to Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) promotes low-income individuals’ saving. IDAs are an asset-building policy that provides matching funds to participants’ savings for long-term economic development. This study uses survey data collected from a probability sample of Self-Sufficiency Program (SSP) participants (N=1,020) in Korea. SSP participants are automatically eligible for the IDAs program. The dependent variable is savings outcome: no savings, savings only in IDAs, savings only in private accounts, and savings in both IDAs and private accounts. The main independent variable is the length of SSP participation, which is equal to the duration for which SSP participants are qualified for IDAs. Multinomial logit regression shows that long-term SSP participants were significantly more likely to save only in IDAs or to save in both types of accounts than short-term participants with comparable characteristics. The predicted probability of “no savings” declined from 63% in the first year in SSP to 35% in the fifth year. The predicted probability of “IDAs savings only” increased from 13% to 43% for the same period. These results indicate that access to IDAs is effective in helping SSP participants save, calling for continued government support for this asset-building policy for low-income populations.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Examining the Impacts of Saving Rate and Net Lending on Pension Funds in OECD Countries]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

While various studies have shown the influence of pension plans on saving rates in different countries, the relationship between lending and pension wealth has been under-explored. This paper thus aims to analyse the impacts of saving rate and net lending on pension funds in OECD countries. For this purpose, we employ a panel data analysis from 27 OECD countries over an 11-year period from 2011 to 2021. Results from fixed effects regression models show a negative association between savings rate and pension contributions as well as pension benefits paid. In addition, net lending does not seem to have any significant influence on pension fund revenues, however, there is a slight positive impact on pension benefits paid. Finally, we show that our results are robust even after controlling for various socio-economic and demographic factors. The findings of our study have significant implications for policy design, particularly in relation to the incentives provided by policymakers to improve pension sustainability. Policymakers may offer interest rate reductions or direct substitutes for savings and lending to encourage individuals to contribute to the pension funds.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Power-Balancing: State Attorneys General and Unfair Mortgage Lending]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper is a case study in the enforcement of state unfair trade practice laws targeted at predatory mortgage lending and securitization abuses during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. It considers how the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office (MA-AG) leveraged its dual mission as People’s Lawyer and State General Counsel to achieve robust public safeguards and more equitable buyer-seller market relationships. It explains how the MA-AG spliced its consumer protection authority over improvident risk and unfair loan originations with its investor protection authority over faulty securitization practices to multiply their combined impact. Although some pre-2008 credit practices have disappeared, others persist in altered forms and still others are sure to emerge in the future. For that reason, the consumer protection power-balancing strategy has considerable importance for the future safety and equity of consumer practices and demonstrates the role state attorneys general offices can play to protect the marketplace.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Empowering Australian Financial Consumers through Plain English Legislative Drafting]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/irfc-2024-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper addresses the legislative morass that has been observed in Australia, in which legislation for the protection of financial consumers is impenetrable, confusing, incoherently organised, spread over multiple pieces of legislation, contradictory, excessively lengthy, and drafted in a manner that obfuscates meaning and is inaccessible to the average (or indeed, sophisticated) consumer. It discusses how such legislation is antithetical to the principles of the rule of law. It provides evidence from other jurisdictions of the effective use of plain English drafting, as well as the benefits of stark language use in drafting – an advance on plain English. Informed by linguistic analysis and techniques, it provides examples of how legislation can be re-written so as to be brief, accessible, useful and intelligible to consumers. Finally, it makes a recommendation for institutionalising these techniques for future legislative drafting.
]]></description>
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