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        <title>Sanitarno inženirstvo International Journal of Sanitary Engineering Research Feed</title>
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            <title><![CDATA[Editorial]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2024-frontmatter</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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            <title><![CDATA[Food safety perceptions, knowledge, and behavior of hospitality workers on food safety: A small case study from Ljubljana, Slovenia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2024-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Foodborne diseases are prevalent in the hospitality industry, highlighting the need for food handlers to be well-trained in food safety, with adequate knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This study aims to assess these factors among hospitality employees globally, with a specific focus on restaurant food handlers in Ljubljana. A systematic literature review was conducted, along with semi-structured interviews with eight food handlers in restaurants, to explore their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding food safety. The results reveal that interpersonal relationships, communication, working conditions, and salary are key motivators. However, food safety knowledge gaps persist, particularly concerning microbiological risks and temperature control in food handling. Despite existing training, the transfer of knowledge to practice remains limited, primarily due to motivational and organizational barriers. Improved food safety training, enhanced communication, and a stronger commitment from management are needed to address these challenges and support good practices.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Design of healthcare facilities with an emphasis on environmental health features]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2024-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aims to critically analyze the integration of environmental health features into the design and construction processes of healthcare facilities in Slovenia, evaluate their impact on the well-being of patients and staff, and develop more holistic and sustainable design approaches. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, beginning with a qualitative analysis of national and international legal requirements and recommendations for constructing healthcare facilities in Slovenia, focusing on environmental health. The second step involved qualitative research through a case study, including short interviews with stakeholders to gather insights on applying environmental health criteria in construction projects. In the third step, recommendations for constructing healthcare facilities were defined, synthesizing findings from previous steps. By applying the six-step engineering design methodology and evidence-based approach, we presented the most critical areas of environmental health using the example of a 400-bed hospital. Our research results have significant practical value for all phases of healthcare facility construction, effectively raising stakeholder awareness]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Occupancy Impact on Air Quality in Repurposed Museum Space]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2024-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the air quality and ventilation effectiveness in a repurposed museum space with a hybrid ventilation system in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Focusing on CO2 and particulate matter concentrations, the aim is to determine the correlation between these parameters and the suitability of the ventilation system following a change in space use. Measurements were conducted over a four-month period, analyzing data during different occupancy and ventilation scenarios. The study compares observed values with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, specifically targeting PM2.5, PM10, and CO2 concentrations. Findings reveal inadequate ventilation in the repurposed museum space, even with hybrid ventilation. CO2 concentrations correlated with PM2.5 and PM10 levels, suggesting CO2 monitoring as an indirect indicator of overall air quality. Recommendations include improving ventilation efficiency and limiting occupancy to ensure adherence to air quality standards.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Disposable gloves: protection or just a false sense of security?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2024-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the impact of disposable glove use on food hygiene, focusing on the phenomenon of a false sense of security among food handlers in the catering establishments. A systematic literature review (2000–2024) and semi-structured interviews with nine catering employees revealed that improper glove use often results in reduced handwashing, cross-contamination, and non-compliance with hygiene standards. The literature analysis confirms that previous findings on the false sense of security associated with gloves remain relevant, while highlighting an increase in research activity on the topic in recent years. Interviews emphasized the lack of formal training on proper glove use and the need for enhanced supervision and awareness among food handlers regarding the appropriate hygiene practices for gloves and handwashing. The results indicate that gloves should not be perceived as a substitute for handwashing but rather as a complementary measure that requires strict adherence to hygiene protocols. This study highlights the importance of regular practical training, improved monitoring, and fostering accountability among food handlers to ensure food safety. A comprehensive approach to glove hygiene can significantly reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses and improve hygiene practices in the catering sector.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Advantages of greenery in hospital environment - a literature review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2023-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Background: Incorporating greenery into hospital environment contributes to the sustainable development goals by mitigating health, environmental and economic problems. Despite the increasing interest in plants, gardens and green roofs in general built environments, the benefits of greenery in hospital environment are still under-researched. The aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature and describe the benefits of greenery in hospital environment.Methods: The PubMed, Springer Link and CINAHL databases were searched to identify relevant studies and articles published between 2012 and 2023. The keywords used were hospitals, greenery, green systems, vegetation, and room plants. The language restriction was that articles were published in English.Results: Following the PRISMA methodology, seven eligible studies were included in the literature review. Evidence shows that the presence of greenery affects patient health outcomes and the well-being of healthcare staff. Moreover, the healing and therapeutic effects greenery in the hospital environment have been identified. Greenery also has a positive psychological effect on healthcare workers and visitors. Humanizing healthcare spaces and connecting them with nature empowers patients, reduces stress and pain, and improves emotional well-being.Conclusion: The biophilic design concept increases occupant connectivity to the natural environment through vegetation at the location, including implemented green building envelope systems (green walls and roofs) and the introduction of indoor plants. It should be incorporated into the established steps of hospital design. In summary, more research is needed, particularly on the potential impact of plants on hospital-acquired infections.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A study on implementation and perception of preventive hygiene measures]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2023-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Covid-19 pandemic required the implementation of various preventive hygiene measures to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were introduced worldwide. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people’s daily lives. Again, relatively simple hygiene measures have proven to be very effective and useful. The main objective of the present study was to find out how people implement the proposed individual prevention measures and how they perceive the administrative measures implemented during the pandemic. The paper presents the results of a web-based, non-representative cross-sectional study conducted between October 15 and November 17, 2020 in Slovenia during the Covid-19 lockdown. The completion of the survey coincided with the peak of the coronavirus pandemic, so it was to be expected that awareness of the importance of hand hygiene as well as other preventive measures was high among respondents. We find that people have changed their hygiene habits during the pandemic. Habits differ both between individual NPIs and between groups of respondents (age, gender and occupational structure of respondents). There are still opportunities to improve knowledge and attitudes towards hand hygiene and to implement all other NPIs.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2023-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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            <title><![CDATA[Risk management and risk communication of an illegal use of sulphites in meat preparations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2023-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a case study on the management of a food fraud associated with health risks: the illegal use of sulphites in meat preparations and minced meat in Slovenia in 2019. The purpose is to highlight the shortcomings of existing systems for ensuring food safety in case of food frauds and highlight challenges for improvements.Sulphites are food additives but also have significant allergenic potential, hence they may cause serious reactions in sensitized consumers. Labelling of foods treated with sulphites is mandatory, and their use in meat and meat preparations in Europe is not allowed. However, certain food business operators may intentionally add sulphites into meat preparations to improve the sensory properties; besides being a food fraud, this exposes unaware consumers to health risks.The case started with the notification of an allergic-like reaction by a consumer following the consumption of a meat product. While the public authorities reacted by intensifying controls on markets and retailers, the analysis of risk management and risk communication aspects showed a number of shortcomings: slow response time; lack of recall of sulphite-treated meat products and of an in-depth risk assessment.The evaluation of this case study identified violations of food law regulations and consumer protection legislation. Effective risk management requires an interdisciplinary approach, integrating timely and targeted official control and risk communication throughout the food chain to protect consumers from unfair practices. Consistent, effective, and transparent communication among all actors who share responsibility in ensuring food safety is necessary to achieve improvements.This serious case of food fraud with actual risks to consumer health provided an opportunity for lessons to be learnt regarding managing health hazards from intervention to prevention.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2022-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A survey study toinvestigate food handler’sknowledge, attitudes andbehaviour towards foodsafety and food practicesin restaurants in Liverpool]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2022-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Food establishments are on the rise in the United Kingdom, producing a widevariety of cuisine to cater for a variety of tastes in a global market. However, asignificant proportion of the population will experience a foodborne illness atsome point in their lives, and in 2018 alone there were estimated to be 2.4million food borne illness related cases in the UK [1]with a resulting 180 deathsper year. Whilst Local Authorities monitor and inspect these establishmentsperiodically, the importance of those who work within food business cannot beunderestimated. As such the aim of this research study was to explore foodhandlers’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour towards food safety and foodhandling practices in restaurants within Liverpool. Using both convenience andsnowball sampling, the research employed a quantitative online questionnaire togather data from the target population of food handlers. The responses from 52participants were then analysed using a combination of Microsoft Excel andSPSS version 28. The results of the study reveal that food handlers in Liverpoolfood businesses have a generally satisfactory level of food safety knowledge;their attitudes expressed demonstrated a strong positive approach and theyengage in safe behaviour. However, the results show some areas of concern:knowledge surrounding harmful pathogens was lacking; behaviour in relation tothe use of mobile phones in the kitchen and attitudes towards attending workwhilst unwell. Therefore whilst the overall knowledge, attitude and behaviours offood handlers appears acceptable that does not mean they do not pose risk tocustomers. Whilst all participants had received training, this did not alwaystranslate into improved food handling knowledge, attitudes or behaviours.Training, therefore, must be tailored to reflect the needs to the individual withthe understanding that knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are linked.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[State of the Art Emission Inventory and Their Application: Literature review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2022-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Currently, the complex bottom-up emissions inventories are in rise. Itsdevelopment is essential for both understanding the sources of air pollutionand designing effective air pollution control measures. Anyway, the mainchallenge to get the most reliable emissions evidence is the variety ofcontributing sources, the complexity of the technology mix and the lack ofreliable emission factors. The input data bases are improving constantly, bymore reliable statistics and survey-based data. Our study reveals thestrengths and deficiency of currently published scientific papers on the topicof emission inventory. With that purpose, 40 crucial scientific papers wereselected. We first highlight the period and geographic region, when and wherethe inventories were made for. We then summarize the sector-basedestimates of emissions of different species contained by SNAP sectors inselected inventories. Additionally, the resolution of inventories is analysed.Finally, the last section summarizing common ways of assessing andvalidating inventories and their main purpose. This review shows that there isstill a lot of chance to improve emissions inventories in a way to develop inputdata and emission factors for different technologies and activities or todevelop inventories on fine grids. Those efforts will give us wider knowledgeabout pollution sources and will lead to accepted better air quality policy.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Optimisation of chlorinedisinfection in drinkingwater supply network]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2022-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Chlorination is one of the most commonly used procedures for drinking waterdisinfection. The research aimed to soptimise the subsequent disinfection ofdrinking water with chlorine in the water supply network in the city Velenje,taking into account the applicable legislation. The gradual reduction of chlorinedosage was implemented with simultaneous monitoring of selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of drinking water. During the two-month period, 418 samples were taken at 22 previously defined differentsampling spots. Free chlorine values were reduced from the initial 0,18 mg/L tothe final 0,08 mg/L at the outlet, while values at some remote sampling sitesreached only 0,01 mg/L of free chlorine. Microbiological analyses of samplesshowed that the drinking water met the limit values in the regulations, despitethe low values of free chlorine. Based on the results, a modified chlorination ofdrinking water was introduced in the tested supply area, and the introduction ofa similar regime in other supply areas is being actively considered. In this way,we reduce the consumption of disinfectants and ensure the supply of qualityand healthy drinking water to consumers.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2020-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial activity of the volatile phase of essential oils and their constituents on Legionella pneumophila]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2020-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Legionella cause atypical pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease and flu – like disease known as Pontiac fever. As pathogens of the respiratory system, these bacteria represent a public health problem and there is a need for examine new alternative ways to inactivate them. These bacteria live naturally in water and are transmitted by infectious aerosols. To purify the air, essential oils that show antimicrobial properties are widely used. The anti-Legionella activity of five exotic essential oils and five Mediterranean essential oils characteristic for coastal Croatia was examined. Model organism used in experiments was L. pneumophila (strain 130b). This experiment was conducting with modified version of sealed plate method using a BCYE medium. The exotic essential oil with highest anti-Legionella activity was Niaouli essential oil, and the best anti-Legionella activity among Mediterranean essential oils showed Immortelle essential oil. Anti- Legionella activity of four main chemical compounds was examined and compound that show significant highest anti-Legionella activity was α – pinene. Volatile components of essential oils have a great potential as anti-Legionella agents and further research are needed.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An evaluation of the effectiveness of nudge techniques in improving hygiene behaviours in Kindergartens]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2020-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Good hygiene practice is an important element in terms of preventing the spread of infections, but it is not always carried out according to instructions among employees in hygienically sensitive work processes. To improve this, tools for nudging hygienic behaviour have been developed, which subconsciously encourage the individual to perform the desired hygienic behaviour. Examples of activity where employees and children constantly come into contact with pathogenic microorganisms are educational institutions (kindergartens). By observing the working process in the selected kindergartens, we wanted to determine the time, technique, and frequency of handwashing among childcare workers and children. In the case of the first ones, we wanted to find out whether they also wear personal protective work equipment. Based on the findings, we wanted to implement the selected nudging tools for better hygiene behaviour. In the first half of the observation, we found that the hygienic behaviour regarding handwashing of childcare workers and children is poor. After setting the nudging tools, hygienic behaviour improved in all the observed groups. The results suggest that the use of nudging tools in kindergartens can significantly contribute to the better implementation of hygienic behaviour (especially handwashing) in childcare workers and children. Consequently, we conclude that with the tools for promoting hygiene behaviour, the incidence of infectious diseases in kindergartens can be reduced. We can direct children towards the healthier and hygienically appropriate way of life by means of the appropriate hygiene behaviour.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[“A farmer’s time is expensive”: A qualitative study exploring the knowledge attitudes and perceptions of farmers regrading health and safety in Northern Ireland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2020-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The agricultural sector is important to Northern Ireland (NI) as it accounts for almost 10% of all jobs and 75% of all land usage. Despite a reduction in fatalities in other sectors, the number of fatalities in the agricultural sector in NI has remained stubbornly consistent. This research looked to use qualitative data to explore the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and factors that influence health and safety measures and controls. Using a snowball sampling technique, a number of semi structure interviews were undertaken with participants to explore these areas. The findings of these semi-structured interviews identified six key themes: the importance of health and safety; the impact of poor health and safety; different generational attitudes; fear; time management and finance. This revealed that although participants feel they have some level of knowledge around health and safety, they felt this was lacking. However, a lack of knowledge did not mean they were unaware of the importance of health and safety and its potential impacts, although they perceived that farmers of a different generation to themselves were more at risk. Participants also indicated they were willing to make value judgements, where the need for action and cost of health and safety outweighs the importance implementing appropriate measures and control. Therefore, despite understanding the importance of health and safety, until the cost benefit equation is rebalanced for farmers in NI they still face significant risks to their health and safety.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2: A critical review of preventive and control measures in the context of the virus’ characteristics]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2020-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The year 2020 has been marked by the novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 due to the spread of this very contagious virus throughout the world. Since the outbreak, we have gained many insights about the virus, its presence and persistence in the environment and its possible and most common transmission routes. Such knowledge about the virus is invaluable for establishing effective preventive and control measures (also referred to as Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)) that have become a key to tackling this pandemic in the absence of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we discuss five main groups of NPIs: 1) ventilation, 2) cleaning and disinfection, 3) hand hygiene, 4) physical distancing, and 5) protective masks. We explore their shortcomings and potential negative consequences that might occur as unwanted side effects.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Editorial]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2019-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Challenges and strategies in the education of primary school children related to microbiological food safety – a review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ijser-2019-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2020 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Teaching microbiological food safety and food safety in general at the primary school level is crucial, because behaviour is more easily influenced at that stage. The purpose of this review was to identify challenges in the education of primary school children related to microbiological food safety and to review the type of activities published and evaluated in the scientific literature targeting primary school children. The most frequently applied approach in the reviewed studies is target population-tailored workshops. The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) model is most widely used for evaluation purposes, based mostly on the self-report and recall levels. Studies that compared theoretical and practical educational approaches unanimously demonstrated that theoretical awareness is not effective for changing and maintaining appropriate behaviour, whereas experiences had a significant impact. The review highlighted the differences and deficiencies in home economic teachers regarding formal education. The development of proper teaching methodologies and educators seems to be the key to the achievement of aware, confident, and skilled students (on the consumer level) during primary education.]]></description>
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