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            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Peter Dear. The World as We Know It. From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2025. 370 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-23584-4]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Elly Dekker &amp; Kristen Lippincott. A Globe Maker’s Model Book from Florence: Nicholaus Germanus and the Production of Globes in Fifteenth-Century Italy. Cologne: Albireo Verlag, 2026. 208pp. ISBN 978-3-9827287-2-8]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Carrió Cataldi, Leonardo Ariel. Temps, sciences et empire. Cosmographie et navigation dans les monarchies ibériques au XVIe siècle. Turnhout: Brepols, 2024. 274 pp. ISBN 978-2-503-61372-7]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Introduction New Histories of Acclimatization. The Iberian World and Beyond]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Human Morphology and Medical Thought in Fifth-Century Sri Lanka]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The global history of anatomy demands closer attention across different eras, regions, and intellectual settings, especially reaching hitherto under-examined territories. This paper addresses the issue by reconstructing the knowledge of human morphology that prevailed in Sri Lanka during the fifth century CE, drawing primarily on the Pāli Buddhist Commentaries compiled from early Sinhala exegetical traditions. By systematically organ-ising and analysing these texts through content and thematic analysis, this study reconstructs a coherent account of contemporary anatomical understanding. The findings reveal detailed descriptions of individual organs, composite bodily structures, their respective functions, and structural and functional interrelations. The specificity and consistency of these accounts indicate a level of empirical engagement, including dissection and direct observation. When situated within the broader social, cultural, and epistemic spectrum of early Sri Lanka, these findings suggest that anatomical knowledge formed part of a wider medical and intellectual landscape.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Science and Horse Experts: the Lisbon Sociedade Hípica (1910–1974)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the role of the Sociedade Hípica Portuguesa (SHP) and associated networks in shaping horse breeding practices in Portugal between 1910 and 1974. It argues that horse arenas functioned as hybrid institutions, combining leisure, economic activity, and scientific inquiry, and therefore constituted significant sites of knowledge production beyond formal laboratories. Methodologically, the study draws on a combination of archival sources, including studbooks, correspondence, parliamentary debates, and the sporting press, in order to reconstruct the practices and epistemic cultures of breeders, veterinarians, and agronomists. By analysing the circulation of horses and expertise between Portugal and Spain, the article shows how animals operated as “commodities in motion,” enabling the transfer and transformation of breeding knowledge across borders. At the same time, it demonstrates that, unlike other domains of agriculture, Portuguese horse breeding only partially incorporated Mendelian genetics, revealing the limits of scientific diffusion in elite-controlled environments. The article contributes to the historiography of the “animal turn,” the history of breeding and heredity, and the study of hybrid scientific institutions, by highlighting the Iberian context as a key but overlooked space of transnational exchange. It shows that elite equestrian institutions were not peripheral but central to the production, circulation, and negotiation of biological knowledge in the twentieth century.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Centre of Acclimatisation: Francesc Darder and the Barcelona Zoo circa 1900]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Francesc Darder (1851–1918) wanted to turn the Barcelona Zoo, founded in 1892, into an institution dedicated to the acclimatisation of useful animals. Backed by the City Council, Darder launched several institutions and initiatives both inside and outside the zoo: animal auctions, poultry breeding, exhibitions, a zootechnical museum, and fish farming. With the help of modern technologies, the economic benefits of both “exotic” and domestic animals and their products were to be maximised. This policy was, implicitly, also meant to stabilize the Catalan economy after the loss of the last Spanish colonies in 1898 and to mitigate the strong social tensions in Barcelona at the time. This case study shows that the acclimatisation movement in Europe lasted well beyond its alleged demise around 1870 and that its connection with zoos could take on very specific forms, shaped by the social and political conditions of its urban contexts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Spaces of Acclimatization: Reales Sitios and the Introduction of Exotic Species in Spain (18th Century–Mid-19th Century)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, the Spanish Crown promoted the introduction, breeding, and acclimatization of exotic animal species within the Reales Sitios. Drawing on archival sources, natural history texts, and contemporary press accounts, this study analyses these courtly spaces as environments where exotic species were observed, bred, and evaluated for potential productive uses before the institutionalization of acclimatization societies in Europe. It highlights a certain continuity in exotic animal husbandry practices, the role of specialized personnel, and how political instability, economic calculations, and the circulation of practical knowledge shaped the scope and long-term trajectory of these projects within a broader European context.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Glamorous Feathers for the Metropolis. Promises and Failures in the Acclimatisation of the Ostrich in colonised Algeria (1854–1914)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Since the mid-nineteenth century until World War I, France attempted to acclimatise the ostrich in Algeria and other French colonies in Africa. The goal was to establish a feather production centre that could compete with the British in the global market for feathers. But for more than half a century the French failed to raise ostriches on a large scale and thus to truly position themselves as a world feather producer. This paper analyses the Algerian initiative as an occasion for understanding the nature of acclimatisation in action, and the limitations that this form of colonialism through animals actually had. Its failed nature allows us to examine the various factors involved in the acclimatisation of the ostrich, which did not depend only on having the appropriate knowledge and technology.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Buenos Aires Zoological Garden, the Sociedad Rural Argentina, and the Multiple Goals of Argentine Acclimatization]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Sociedad Rural Argentina (SRA, Argentine Rural Society) and the Buenos Aires Zoo were the two principal acclimatization institutions in Argentina at the turn of the twentieth century. Located directly across the street from each other, both participated in global acclimatization networks, trading information and specimens with peers in Europe, the US, and the Global South. The peak of Argentine acclimatization occurred later than in many countries and served the development of agriculture and the colonization of the interior. Although the SRA and Zoo frequently collaborated, their differing missions and publics meant that the SRA focused on acclimatizing purebred cattle and strengthening Creole livestock for large ranchers, while the Zoo experimented with a broader range of animals and hoped to benefit small farmers and the working class. The history of Argentine acclimatization, which occurred against the backdrop of mass immigration from Europe, provides a counterpoint to imperial narratives and points to regional connections.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Is Small Science Cargo Cult? Mimicry, Dependency and Agency in the Margins of Big Science]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper argues that the application of the notion of cargo cults to science provides a valuable heuristic for revisiting the dichotomy between big and small science. By considering the use of the notion both by Cold War physicist and by anthropologists interpreting Melanese rituals, we suggest that cargo cult is better adapted (and adaptable) to small than to big science. We simultaneously understand small science as mimicry developed in a context of dependence upon big science and as a form of agency useful to counteract asymmetries of power in a world dominated by hierarchical forms of doing science.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Before the “Fascist Labscapes:” Origin and Development of Plant Breeding in Portugal, 1862-1926]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Plant breeding is one of the main factors sustaining the increase in agricultural productivity over the past two centuries. Despite some methodological obstacles to historical research, there is already extensive knowledge about the origins and early development of plant breeding in most European countries, the US, and East Asia. Portugal is absent from the international literature on this subject, and the existing studies focus mainly on the period from the 1930s onwards, connecting plant breeding to the establishment of the dictatorship and its goals of food self-sufficiency. The aim of this article is to analyse the origins and early stages of plant breeding in Portugal and placing them in the international context of this subject. Based on a wide range of sources, this study concludes that plant breeding began in Portugal in the second half of the nineteenth century and became reasonably well established by the early twentieth century, with the development of “Portuguese” hybrid varieties that were distributed to farmers.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: José Maria Moreno Madrid; Henrique Leitão. A Longitude do Mundo – Viagens Oceânicas, Cosmografia Matemática e a Construção de uma Terra Global [The World’s Longitude – Oceanic Voyages, Mathematical Cosmography and the Construction of a Global Earth]. Lisboa: INCM, 2025. 712 pp. ISBN: 978-972-27-3238-3]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Jugaad as Small Science: The ‘e-Rickshaw’ Conundrum in Delhi]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The emerging discourse on “small science” and “slow science” broadens the scope of the STS scholarship by problematizing the question of scale in doing science. It claims that small science is not only about doing things at a small scale, but also about doing different things. The scholarship shares space with the emerging frugal innovation scholarship, which advocates for humane technologies with a greater degree of simplicity, decentralised control, greater customisation possibilities, and participation of “laypeople” in the making of these technologies. However, these innovations are, at times, criticised for not being based on (idealised) “science.” We draw upon philosophical, and historical studies on scientific methods to relook at the claim of absent science in jugaad. We take a scaled up jugaad transportation technology developed by laypeople in the informal economy in the city of Delhi for the analysis. We find that jugaad is an outcome of a carefully designed search process, aided by alertness of mind, knowledge about immediate material and knowledge environment, and a preference for accessibility and affordability in creating new technologies. It involves reuse, repurposing, and improvisation. The paper raises broad questions about how jugaad operates, achieves legitimacy, and survives public scrutiny, to create a space for, a more human-centred, “jugaad-science”.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Small Science, Little Fraud? Scale and Misconduct in Contemporary Science]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Given that issues of scale and size are commonly used in characterizations of small science, this paper explores their possible relationship with the prevalence of scientific misconduct. The study is based on a detailed review of recent empirical work addressing, both directly and indirectly, different aspects of scale in relation to questionable scientific practices. First, we discuss some problems in conceptualising scientific misconduct. Second, we examine the historical evolution of scientific misconduct, from traditional “epistemological” manipulation to contemporary “post-production” cheating and link it to deeper structural changes in science. Third, we review papers that have examined associations between the size of research groups and projects and other issues of scale, and the risk of misconduct. We conclude that there is substantial evidence that small-scale science affords valuable protection against threats to the values traditionally associated with scientific integrity and research ethics.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Introduction Why Small Science]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Filipa Lowndes Vicente and Leonor de Oliveira, ed. Collections, Exhibitions and Museums in Portugal and its Empire. From the 18th to the 20th Century. New York and London: Routledge, 2025. 272 pp. ISBN: 978-1-032-84329-2]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: William Max Nelson. Enlightenment Biopolitics: A History of Race, Eugenics, and the Making of Citizens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024. 328 pp. ISBN: 9780226825588]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Small by Design? Acting, Being, and Feeling Small in the History of Quantum and Mechanical Computation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Accounts of the relationship between eighteenth century artisanal practice and the development of modern scientific practice and culture have produced an influential range of concepts that have aided historical and sociological accounts of contemporary scientific practice: invisible technicians, tacit knowledge and artisanal thriftiness have all served as tools to understanding the integration, processes and development of more contemporary scientific practice. However, despite the seemingly apparent evocation of artisanal practice as something related to—but eventually “less than”—scientific practice in terms of authority, resources and geographical reach, concepts alluding to smallness has been frequently evoked but received little attention as an analytical category tool in its right. This paper will offer two case studies to interrogate the relationship between “smallness” and practice with an emphasis on counterposing actor’s categories with the social relations of knowledge/technical production. The first case explores the relations between the London clock and watch making community and the (human) computers and calculators employed by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. The second traces and analyses the development of quantum technologies in Europe in the twenty-first century. By analysing the different uses and meanings of “smallness” in these two contexts, this paper will highlight the strategies, intentions and debates within techno-scientific and artisanal groups and point to the different ways in which “smallness” operates. This paper will suggest that through paying attention to “smallness,” concepts such as experience and feeling may offer a useful way into thinking about issues of scale and development in contemporary science.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Book Review: Robert Halleux, with the collaboration of Blanche El Gammal, Les Alchimistes Grecs, Tome IX, 1ère partie, Traités des Arts et Métiers. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2021. 207 pp. ISBN: 978-2-251-00643-7]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/host-2025-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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