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            <title><![CDATA[Regional Resilience and Recovery: A Study on Romania’s Nuts2 and Nuts3 Regions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As a result of the pandemic that humanity has gone through, a concept seems to be gaining increased popularity, namely resilience. Resilience refers to the ability of a system to return to its original form when subjected to a shock. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, resilience refers to the capacity of national economies to adapt, to find strategies through which to recover. The current paper studies resilience and regional economic recovery through indices that use employment as parameter at regional and national levels. As the title of this paper specifies, the research begins by presenting the performances of NUTS2 regions, subsequently analyzing the results obtained at the county level. In order to determine individual regional resilience abilities, 2020 was taken into account as the initial period and 2023 as the final period, marking a first moment in which the national economy can be considered to have recovered. Among the results obtained, the performances of the Bucharest-Ilfov and Centru regions were highlighted, as well as the much lower values of two of the southern regions.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The 50-Year Legacy of George Shultz: The Public Entrepreneur who Terminated Wage-Price Controls]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[April 30, 2024, marked fifty years since the end of the Nixon Administration’s Economic Stabilization Program (1971–74), the last full U.S. wage-price control regime. George Shultz helped launch, manage, and end the program, highlighting its life cycle: initial dependence on government agencies, later reliance on private-sector information, and eventual political pressure for removal. Cooperation collapsed as mandates conflicted, triggering institutional “creative destruction.” As an executive entrepreneur, Shultz and the Cost-of-Living Council advanced supply-side policies that challenged agencies, exposed inflationary practices, and enabled the ESP’s termination—offering a key case for Public Choice and agency-life-cycle theories.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Digital Readiness of Vegetable Farmers and Community Development in Selected Areas in the City of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines: Exploring The Nexus]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Digital readiness plays a crucial role in enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of farmers, which on a wider scale can propel community development (CD). The study determined the relationship between digital readiness and the economic, social, and cultural dimensions of CD through an interview of 102 farmers in the vegetable farming communities in selected barangays in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines. The methodologies used by Horrigan (2016) and Roberts and Hernandez (2019) were adapted to determine the level of digital readiness of the farmerrespondents, and classified them to: Unprepared, Traditional, Reluctant, Cautious Clicker, and Digitally Ready. Descriptive analysis was performed along with Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis to evaluate the existence of relationship between digital readiness and the dimensions of CD. Fisher’s Exact Probability test was done to determine the relationship between digital readiness and CD. Results revealed that the farmer-respondents are on the average 58 years old, dominated by women (58%), had average household size of 5, and average area cultivated of less than a hectare. Cautious Clickers accounted for 73.53% while those Digitally Ready were 10.78%, and none were Unprepared. Among the six elements of digital readiness, own ability was rated the lowest by the farmer-respondents. The self-rating on CD revealed an average of 3.77 (out of 5.0) with “crisis response” (3.94) as highest and “voicing own opinion” (__) as lowest. Low correlation was noted between digital readiness and the dimensions of CD but Fisher’s Exact probability proved the highly significant relationship between digital readiness and CD.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Perceived Determinants of Employee Performance in Nepalese Commercial Banks]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Employee performance has become a critical issue due to rising competition, changes in digital banking, and evolving customer requirements in the financial industry. Understanding the perceived determinants has become crucial for improving employee productivity while maintaining institutional performance. This study set out to investigate the factors that commercial banks (CBs) believe influence employee performance. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was administered to 267 bank employees from Nepalese commercial banks based on a convenience sampling technique. Explanatory and descriptive research designs were adopted to measure the perceived determinants of employee performance in the banking industry. Job security, physical working environment, and supervisor support positively impact employee performance. The working environment and supervisor support had the most effect on employee performance. The empirical research provides insights into bank management and policymakers on which two elements, supervisor support and working environment, should be considered when developing strategies that aim to boost workforce productivity and institutional performance in the financial sector.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cybersecurity Tools and Workplace Surveillance: Cascading Risks to Privacy and Psychological Well-Being]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines Cybersecurity tools for monitoring, the relationship between perceived workplace managerial surveillance and employee psychological well-being. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, this study used a mixed-methods design. Data was collected through an online survey from 475 professionals across the United States with at least a bachelor’s degree, yielding a response rate of 42%. Measures included perception of surveillance, psychological distress, and privacy perception, assessed using validated scales on a 7-point Likert scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS 28 descriptive statistics, regression, and mediation to test the hypothesized model. Results demonstrate a strong, statistically significant positive relationship between Cybersecurity surveillance tools and both perceived privacy violations and psychological distress. Importantly, privacy violations partially mediate the relationship between surveillance and well-being, suggesting that perceived intrusiveness intensifies psychological strain. First, the findings underscore the importance of adopting Cybersecurity tools for their intended purpose and establish monitoring that balances operational needs with employee privacy and mental health. Second, study affirms that workplace surveillance contributes to psychological distress, both directly and through reduced privacy perception. These insights offer practical guidance for human resource professionals, policymakers, and technology designers aiming to protect employee wellbeing and foster healthier, more trust-based work environments. This study makes a significant theoretical contribution to literature, as this is one of the first studies of its kind to demonstrate that privacy violation only partially mediates the relationship between perceived Cybersecurity tools used for surveillance and psychological well-being.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Faith, Dependency, and the as-is Economy: Nonprofit Saturation and Economic Stagnation in Shreveport, Louisiana]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Shreveport, Louisiana, once a vibrant industrial and cultural centre in the Ark-La-Tex region, has experienced decades of population decline, economic stagnation, and fiscal strain. This study explores how the city’s unusually high concentration of nonprofit and religious organizations has shaped its civic and economic trajectory. Drawing on archival records from Louisiana State University Shreveport (LSUS), U.S. Census Bureau data, local press archives, and nonprofit sector materials, the paper introduces the concept of the as-is economy, a system of civic and institutional dependency that perpetuates economic inertia. The analysis traces the city’s postindustrial transition, from the decline of oil and manufacturing to the expansion of tax-exempt institutions, and situates Shreveport within broader Southern patterns of religious, philanthropic, and service-sector dominance. By connecting nonprofit saturation to diminished fiscal capacity, stalled diversification, “brain drain,” and demographic contraction, this study argues that Shreveport exemplifies a broader paradox of the Southern urban economy: a city rich in moral capital and institutional care yet constrained in its capacity for structural renewal. The case of Shreveport suggests that nonprofit expansion, while socially stabilizing, may also reinforce long-term economic dependency when not paired with entrepreneurial growth, public investment, and civic modernization.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Exploring Complexity Leadership during Turbulent Times: A Case Study of Transnet National Ports Authority, South Africa]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research study investigates how leaders at Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA), a state-owned enterprise in South Africa, apply complexity leadership theory to adapt, innovate, and sustain performance amid the volatility of global trade, economic shifts, and organizational change. By using semi-structured interviews and conducting focus groups, context-specific insights were gathered and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings provide empirical evidence-driven practical recommendations to strengthen leadership capacity to navigate uncertainty and complexity. It also advances academic understanding of complexity leadership within state-owned enterprises in developing countries.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Inclusive Education in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Inclusive education in early childhood aims to provide equitable learning opportunities for all children, including those with diverse abilities and backgrounds, within the same educational settings. This approach fosters social integration, respects individual differences, and promotes a culture of acceptance from an early age. Many early childhood education settings face shortages of materials and facilities necessary to support inclusive practices. Large class sizes further exacerbate the difficulty in addressing individual needs effectively. Educators often report a lack of specialized training and professional development in inclusive education strategies. This insufficiency can hinder their ability to implement effective inclusive practices and accommodate the diverse needs of all students. Limited awareness and support from parents regarding inclusive education can pose challenges. Engaging families and fostering a collaborative approach is essential for the success of inclusion initiatives. Inconsistencies in educational policies and a lack of clear guidelines for implementing inclusion can lead to varied practices and hinder the establishment of standardized inclusive environments. Investing in comprehensive training programs enhances teachers’ competencies in inclusive education, equipping them with the skills to address diverse learning needs effectively. Building strong relationships among educators, parents, specialists, and the community fosters a supportive network that can address challenges and share resources, promoting a unified approach to inclusion. Establishing clear, consistent policies and frameworks at national and institutional levels provides a structured approach to implementing inclusive education, ensuring accountability and uniformity in practices. Implementing inclusive practices during early childhood can lead to better developmental outcomes, as early intervention has been shown to positively impact cognitive and social development, setting a strong foundation for lifelong learning. Addressing these challenges and leveraging the opportunities requires a concerted effort from policymakers, educators, parents, and the community to create an inclusive, supportive, and resource-rich early childhood education environment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Environmental and Financial Ramifications of Cardboard Package Recycling – A Review and Framework]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a literature analysis of the financial and environmental Implication of cardboard packaging recycling and proposes a framework in the end. Therefore, the paper aims to demonstrate the literature evidence of the application of product take back, recycling and reusing, which serves a dual advantage of environmental protection and economic benefit to the company. The paper’s approach applied the inductive research approach, which engaged in a critical review of the literature to unveil patterns and/or themes around cardboard packaging recycling. Findings from the review lead to five main headings namely eco-efficiency, industrial symbiosis, extended producer responsibility, stakeholder theory and activity-based costing. The paper contributes by using these themes to develop a “confluence theory for package recycling”. This proposed theory holds practical and research significance in furthering advocacy for environmental sustainability through corporate environmental responsibility in managing cardboard wastes. The financial implications resonate with theoretical applications in environmental management accounting scholarship. Overall future research agenda is highlighted for future empirical research application.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Influence of Tax Governance on Tax Morale in Algeria: A Field Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the extent to which tax governance in Algeria contributes to strengthening tax morale, it aims to assess how various dimensions of tax governance influence taxpayers’ willingness to comply, through a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed among a sample of taxpayers. The results reveal that technical governance dimensions, particularly efficiency, readability, and stability, have the strongest positive impact on taxpayers’ morale. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving administrative effectiveness, fostering greater citizen engagement, and integrating tax values into educational curricula to support sustained tax compliance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Public-Private Partnerships: A Theoretical Review of the National System of Innovation in South Africa]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This theoretical paper critically examines the role of the National System of Innovation (NSI) in research and innovation through networking. This secondary research focuses on critically reviewing the literature on public-private research partnerships (PPPs) and interrogating their relationship with and impact on the performance of the NSI. The study analyses the current state and approach to partnerships by the NSI, highlights constraints to forming partnerships, and unveils approaches and models that may be adopted to foster Public-Private-Partnerships needed to attract private sector investment necessary for the NSI.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Developing ECED Teachers’ Knowledge and Skills to Meet the Demands of Quality Education in a Rural Context]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[South Africa’s rural environment makes quality Early Childhood Education and Development difficult. Poor teacher qualifications, curriculum implementation and school management make rural ECED susceptible (Aubrey, 2017; Adebunmi, Aina, &amp; Bipath, 2022; Hannaway et al., 2019). Palmer’s (2011) theory of lived experience in flexible education is used to examine ECED instructors’ educational expectations in a remote Northwest Province. The qualitative technique comprised individual and focus group semi-structured interviews with four ECED teachers and classroom observation of teaching activities and resources. This research was part of UNISA’s Community engaged Scholarship. This research found that departmental assistance focusses on curriculum completion, teacher progress and teaching accountability. This ignores more pressing issues including bad infrastructure, congested classrooms, school location and a lack of assistance for multi-level students. With high expectations and little support, teachers feel mentally exhausted trying to balance classroom realities with expectations. The study recommends prioritising teacher voices and community realities in planning, funding infrastructure improvements and providing relevant, context-sensitive professional development. It also suggests that future research focus on practical support strategies and models specifically designed for the unique challenges of rural ECED environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Emerging Technologies in Sustainable Finance: AI and DLT as Enablers of the Green Economy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aims to explore the role of emerging technologies in facilitating the global adoption of the sustainable finance agenda. It linked the carbon emission levels of several sectors and countries with technology-enabled sustainability practices to identify the individual contributions of technologies in the financing aspects. Despite challenges, an organisation’s new performance benchmarks compel it to adapt technologies to several sectors, as technologies are seen as enablers of sustainability. A holistic study of the cautious applications of technologies is needed to assess their potential adverse effects and reap their benefits. Therefore, the study explores literature covering scholars’ and practitioners’ opinions and application experiences. Quantitative data on adaptation, emissions, and green product applications have been collected, tabulated, and analyzed to compare practices across sectors and countries. Findings indicate that technology applications are efficient enablers of sustainability. Also, there were differences in the utilization of green tech products, such as green bonds and climate tech, between sectors and countries. European countries have led the adaptation, while Asia has yet to adjust to the mismatch between emissions and green practices. A lack of a legal framework, standard reporting and measurement principles, and data security were leading causes of concern. The study will assist in careful future adaptation and policy formulation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Advertising Credibility on the Consumer’s Purchase Decision (Exploratory Research on the Opinions of a Sample of Customers of Electronic Devices Companies in Karbala)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research aims to study the impact of advertising credibility used by electronics companies on their customers’ purchasing decisions. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and primary data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 130 customers from three companies specializing in the sale of electrical appliances in Karbala Governorate. A total of 120 valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. The research results confirmed the validity of the main hypothesis, which assumes a significant correlation between advertising credibility and purchase decisions. The research also found that adherence to ethical standards in advertising has a strong, statistically significant positive impact on guiding purchase decisions. Among the most prominent recommendations emerging from the research is the need to prioritize the quality of advertising content to reflect reality, as this helps customers make a sound and informed purchasing decision.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Drivers of Changes in Government Expenditure: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Understanding the variables, which drive the fluctuations in government expenditure is essential for public sector expenditure planning and productive budgeting. Many government targets are either not met or over-budgeted, which often stem from inability to trace and include all the factors that impact government expenditure in the periodic comprehensive planning process. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a review of the factors that that drive changes in government expenditure. The methodology approach is conceptual review and development of framework. It first dwells on a critical review of the literature, which are subsequently sieved for key words that tangibly represent the factors that drive government expenditure. Subsequently, the article proceeded to develop a framework of factors, which affect government expenditure. The framework is organised in relational diagram that denotes cause and effect, where the factors are indicated as pointers of causation of changes in government expenditure. It also identifies public policy change as a notable factor to consider as a control variable, hence public policy is a standalone variable in the framework. The article, therefore, paves the way for further research application and expansion of the framework in theoretical and empirical research. It also provides important tool for public sector managers as reference point in planning periodic government expenditure.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Theories for Enhancing the Efficiency of Medicine Procurement in Limpopo Public Hospitals]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper seeks to analyse theories for enhancing the efficiency of medicine procurement in Limpopo public hospitals of South Africa. Medicine procurement is a critical function for the delivery of health services in public hospitals. The availability of medicines depends on the efficient procurement practices in public hospitals. There has been a problem of medicine procurement in public hospitals impacting negatively on delivery of health services. The main question of the study: How can the medicine procurement in the public hospitals be improved? The study aimed to enhance the efficiency of medicine procurement in Limpopo public hospitals. The study employs qualitative method using document analysis tool. The secondary data reviewed comprises of journal articles. The researcher used Google Scholar to search for journal articles relevant to procurement theories. The study's results showed that theories could improve an efficiency of the medicine procurement in public hospitals, resulting in cost-effective health service delivery. The study recommended that all procurement practitioners be developed through in-house training on the procurement theories for enhancing the efficiencies of medicine procurement for the improvement of knowledge and skills in public hospitals. The research additionally suggests that procurement theories could enhance the efficiencies of medicine procurement in public hospitals.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Green Finance and Credit Risk in Nepalese Banking Industry]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The primary focus of this study is to analyze the effect of green loans on credit risk in Nepalese banks. To achieve this objective, this study follows a quantitative approach considering the objective reality and uses the quarterly secondary data, sourced from the website of Nepal Rastra Bank [NRB] over the period starting from 2021Q2 to ending with 2025Q2. The fixed-effect model (FEM) and the random-effect model (REM) are used to estimate results. The best model is selected using the Hausman and Breusch-Pagan LM tests. The result demonstrated that green loans, as measured by hydroelectricity loans, increase credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. This unexpected result is also robust, shown by the REM. This indicates that a 1 percent increase in green loans is associated with a 0.384 percent increase in credit risk. Conversely, the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) reduces credit risk. The credit-to-deposit ratio (CD ratio) stimulates credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. Similarly, holding more liquid assets and a larger size, as measured by deposit volume, increases credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector. The positive impact of green loans on credit risk indicates that the regulator (or NRB) should give financial incentives, such as concessional loans, to banks, by which banks grant green loans at a concessional rate, which increases borrowers’ debt-paying capability and thus reduces credit risk. Similarly, bankers should enhance their own capacity for credit evaluation and develop a monitoring mechanism to help reduce credit risk in the Nepalese banking sector.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Retraction Note]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Organisation Capability &amp; Public Administration: From Reform and Subjectivity to Objective Evaluation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to propose a definition for ‘organisation capability,’ develop an empirical approach, and therefore to evaluate capability for one public administration entity. Through long-term public administration and management literature, the ontology of ‘organisation’ is often overlooked. This inhibits the development of an empirical definition for ‘organisation capability,’ in turn inhibiting methodologies and coherent assessment. The research question asks how to evaluate organisation capability. A comparative study review highlights gaps empirically, particularly in contexts of public sector reform and organisation development. Notable issues include tendencies for definitional varieties of ‘organisation capability,’ subjective methodologies, and resource maximisation. The methodology presents organisation capability (OC) as the dependent variable, with two independent variables for humanistic propensity-to-act (PTA) and structural latitude-to-act (LTA), the logical domains for capability antecedents expected through organisation design. A third variable – enacted capability (ENC) – provides selective impact observations, providing in theatre data and potential causal inferences. Through mixed-method factor analysis and a composite measure for capability profile, with a capability index, a gap analysis supports organisation development strategies. As expected from objective analyses across human, structural, and impact factors, results reveal deviations (deficits here) from organisation design intentions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Employability and the Relevance of Skills - Towards a Systemic Design Framework]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/hjbpa-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to develop a systemic employability design framework to address the mismatch between stakeholders’ current views of employability and the relevance of skills. A qualitative approach using systems thinking was deployed, and participants from relevant government departments, the private sector, HEI, and graduate employees from two telecommunication organizations were selected through purposive sampling. A thematic approach was used to analyze the data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The data was captured using ATLAS.ti, and thematic analysis was conducted. Key factors contributing to the mismatch included the lack of an ecosystem, stakeholder collaboration, lack of understanding of the relevance of skills, employability skills as an asset, inadequate education systems reform, socio-economic factors, macroeconomic context, employability mindset, lack of a focused strategy and employability awareness. A framework is recommended for a sector-specific ecosystem design that could foster stakeholder collaboration, including a shared understanding of employability, shared objectives and ways of working and formalized partnerships for implementation and scalability. Relevant skills should be defined and career paths integrated at all levels of education, including bridging into other sectors or opportunities. Sector-specific focused strategies should be developed, including employability-defined outcomes that can be measured, evaluated, and reported holistically to ensure stakeholder accountability. A strategy should be developed to engage individuals on employability and create awareness of career paths enabled through face-to-face and digital guidance.]]></description>
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