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            <title><![CDATA[Clause complexing in research-article abstracts: Comparing human- and AI-generated texts]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The ability of chatbots to produce plausible, human-like responses raises questions about the extent of their similarity with original texts. Using a modified version of Halliday’s clause-complexing framework, this study compared 50 abstracts of scientific research articles from Nature with generated versions produced by Bard, ChatGPT, and Poe Assistant. None of the chatbots matched the original abstracts in all categories. The only chatbot that came closest was ChatGPT, but differences in the use of finite adverbial clauses and –ing elaborating clauses were detected. Incorporating distinct grammatical features in the algorithms of AI-detection tools is crucially needed to enhance the reliability of their results. A genre-based approach to detecting AI-generated content is recommended.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Resilience in virtual education: Designing and validating a scale in higher education]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) equips learners in all settings with the knowledge, skills, attributes, and visions essential for coping with the diverse challenges they will encounter in their educational endeavors. The emergence of COVID-19 influenced different aspects of human life including education. Thanks to technology, especially ICT, Virtual Education (VE) provides the opportunity to continue education in such crises. Amidst this pandemic, many students, especially university students, encountered various challenges and impediments that resulted from VE. One of the factors which can affect VE is learners’ resilience. Therefore, it is of high importance to measure university students’ Resilience in Virtual Education (RVE) to recognize the advantages and disadvantages of this type of education and support ESD. The main purpose of this study is to design and validate a comprehensive instrument for measuring university students’ RVE. Furthermore, to confirm the validity and reliability of the instrument, its nexus with a closely related construct, i.e., second language (L2) buoyancy was explored. To measure students’ RVE, a new scale (RVE Scale), comprising 33 items, was designed. It was designed based on the operational definition of academic resilience and was adapted to accommodate the requirements of VE. It measures six aspects of learners’ resilience: emotional, motivational, cognitive, metacognitive, persistence, and sociability. To measure L2 buoyancy, a relevant scale designed by Jahedizadeh et al. (2019) was utilized. It consists of 27 items with four factors; the factors include sustainability, regularity adaptation, positive personal eligibility, and positive acceptance of academic life. A total of 412 university students participated in the present research. The results obtained via Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) substantiated the validity of the newly designed scale and all the factors and items. The results attested to the criterion-related validity of the scale.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Persuasive strategies in grant recommendation letters written by senior faculty in a Ghanaian university]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The genre system of grant application has gained attention from researchers in Applied Linguistics, Discourse Studies, and Higher Education. However, the grant recommendation letter (GRL), also known as the “letter of support”, has been understudied in this system. To address this gap, this study examined the persuasive strategies used in GRLs. Using Aristotle’s Theory of Persuasion and a qualitative inductive discourse analysis, we analysed 90 GRLS. The findings revealed that GRLs employ different frequencies of ethos, logos, and pathos to influence the grant committee. The writers primarily emphasised rational justifications for the applicant’s qualifications, while also demonstrating ethos through appropriate personal traits. Personal pronouns were used to perform discursive functions as well. Based on the findings, we offer implications for pedagogy and further research on GRLs.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The power of metaphor in thesis writing process]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article contributes to the discussion of writing at the master’s level by investigating metaphors underlying the process of writing a master’s thesis from the perspective of graduate students. The analysis focuses on the use of metaphors in semi-structured interviews conducted with graduate students who defended their thesis and reflected on the whole process. Their metaphor use is non-elicited and this rhetorical device is spontaneously used showing that thesis writers conceptualize their research and all it entails in metaphorical terms to a significant extent. Despite the fact that thesis writers themselves were not encouraged to pay attention to or use metaphorical language, their narratives reveal the interplay of metaphors when describing the writing process.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Homogeneity and heterogeneity in lexical stress placement among Ugandan speakers of English as an L2: a view from usage-based perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The study delineates divergences that set apart the Ugandan accent from RP with respect to primary lexical stress placement, as well as divergences that evince variability among Ugandans. For example, differences from RP were (almost) homogenously observed in the words effect, cassava, agreement, arrest, alarm, with stress placed on the first syllable of all these nouns, while inter-speaker variability was substantially observed in words such as bursar, further, with some speakers placing stress on both syllables of the words, while others had the stress on the first syllable only. Analogy and underlying substrate influence account for the divergences, with substrate influence considered along the lines of what Wells (1982) refers to as ‘lexical distribution.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Acquisition of English nominal suffix -er by advanced EFL learners: a view from usage-based perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The present study investigated advanced Croatian EFL learners’ knowledge of five meanings of the English nominal (deverbal) suffix -er. It probed their ability to comprehend and produce corpus-rare and presumably unentrenched -er nouns in their prototypical agent and instrument meanings and their non-prototypical patient, locative, and causative meanings. It was hypothesized that participants would deal effortlessly with agent and instrument meanings of the low-frequency nouns since the corpus-attested high type frequency of -er agents and instruments, among others, suggests the existence of productive corresponding schemas. We hypothesized that participants would struggle with patient, locative and causative meanings of the low-frequency nouns since the corpus-attested low type frequency of the three functions arguably does not support their association with -er. A recognition and a production test were administered to two separate groups of English majors at a Croatian public university (n = 131). Results confirm general usage-based predictions about better performance with low-frequency agent and instrument -er nouns. However, a detailed examination reveals unexpected results, which confirm that frequency, however important, is not the only factor to include in a future model of EFL learners’ derivational proficiency.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Power relations through the prism of critical discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper aims to evaluate the role of language in a specific socio-political context. It offers a critical approach and evaluation of the political statements of the European Union representatives regarding the process of the accession of Bosnia and Hercegovina to the European Union. The focus of the linguistic investigation is on the identification of language structures that participate in the development of communicative models that enable the establishment of power relations between participating entities. The linguistic data is obtained through systemic functional grammar and evaluated using critical discourse analysis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Functional transposition of TILL and UNTIL from a diachronic perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 14 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The research traces the development of functional transposition of TILL and UNTIL in English. The study covers 16 historical periods and is based on 1,243 examples extracted from the writings from 850 to 1710, which are analyzed without resorting to any corpus software; 2,225 examples from 1710 to 1920, which are automatically tagged utilizing the corpus toolbox Lancsbox; and the statistical data on 127,544 examples over the period of 1920–2020. It is hypothesized that despite being synonyms and representatives of the same grammatical categories of prepositions and conjunctions in modern English, the lexical units TILL and UNTIL were initially formed as prepositions and later, following their own transpositional patterns, they were transposed into conjunctions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cam teach and prosper? EFL teachers’ attitudes, well-being, and coping strategies in an online setting]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 14 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The global Covid-19 pandemic led to the turn toward online learning and the need to adapt to new ways of English foreign language (EFL) teaching. This mixed-methods research aimed to examine teacher attitudes, well-being, and coping strategies related to online EFL teaching. The results indicated that Croatian EFL teachers had a positive attitude toward online teaching and acknowledged the importance of being digitally competent. EFL teachers were unsure about their ability to deal with online teaching and indicated their need to improve their IT skills. They revealed more negative than positive responses regarding their well-being and showed that they tried to actively cope during the pandemic. Results also showed better coping strategies among female teachers.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Exclamatives as means of exhibiting emotions in Henry James’s Washington Square: Pragmatic aspect]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 14 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article aims to analyse exclamatives as means of expressing emotions in dialogical discourse through the Speech Acts Theory. In particular, it dwells upon the representation of the Universal Emotion by the sub-classes of speech acts on the material of Henry James’s Washington Square. For this purpose, a structural-semantic analysis, a speech acts analysis, an intentional analysis, and a statistical analysis were used in the research. The results established pragmatic regularities of using the exclamatives in the course of communication in the novel. Thus, emotions play an essential role in constructing the character’s individual features, each of them having his/her predominant emotion. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the majority of the analysed exclamatives are used to express the emotions of anger, joy, and sadness, which are construed predominantly by expressive and representative speech acts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Challenges of distance English teaching: Narrative analysis of Iranian mainstream EFL teachers’ lived experiences]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2023-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 14 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to examine what challenges Iranian EFL teachers in the mainstream educational system experienced in distance classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telephone unstructured narrative interview was employed to collect data from 20 teacher participants, and two theoretical frameworks, CoI and TPACK, were used to interpret the results. The thematic narrative analysis yielded ten themes: non-customized platforms, material-related issues, connection/internet issues, pedagogical problems, evaluation problems, insufficiency of teachers’ knowledge of technology, unmet expectations, physical absence of teacher/student, student-related issues, and dealing with negative emotions. The authors discuss that while some challenges are the antecedent contextual challenges that existed and will probably continue to exist in the context of distance classes, some other challenges can be avoided if teachers are equipped with TPACK to fulfill their new roles in the community of distance classes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The impact of incidental learning on the acquisition of the sound /p/ by Arabic-speaking EFL learners]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The effect of incidental learning on acquiring the pronunciation of the phoneme /p/ by Arabic-speaking English as foreign language learners was the focus of this study. This phoneme was chosen because it does not exist in the phonemic inventory of Arabic. Eighth graders studying at Al-Ethra’a Secondary School in Alkarak were tested on the pronunciation of words containing /p/ in context (pre-test). For three weeks, they were taught the primary stress of English words containing the target phoneme in their first or second syllable (treatment/incidental learning). The learning exercises consisted of explaining the stress rules and listening to native speakers uttering the words, followed by the participants’ repetition. The students were then re-tested (post-test) to determine whether incidental learning had affected the participants’ pronunciation of /p/. The results reveal that the treatment (incidental learning of /p/) had a positive impact on the participants’ answers on the post-test.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The language of insults: A look at Theme, Rheme and negative inferences]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the thematic structure of a corpus of insults using the inference-boundary model of Theme and Rheme. It focuses on the concept of negative inference—which must be generated for an insult to be successfully delivered—and shows how it allows us to better understand and characterize the form that insults generally take. The analysis suggests that insults are typically structured to generate backward-looking negative inferences from the decoder, much in line with how new information (in this case, the thrust of the insult) is generally located in final position. The paper also proposes a summary statement capturing the general configuration of insults and suggestions for further research.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Migration as an Invasion and the Common European House metaphors in media discourse]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article discusses figurative use of expressions from the domains of INVASION and HOUSE in media discourse on the European migrant crisis. The conceptual metaphors MIGRATION AS AN INVASION and the COMMON EUROPEAN HOUSE, which are inextricably related in the segments of the real discourse on migration, have strong rhetorical power and serve as a means of promoting antimigrant ideologies. The aim of this paper is to identify the instances of deliberate use of the aforementioned metaphors in British and Bosnian-Herzegovinian papers and describe their use in the media with the aim of changing addressees’ perspectives on an important issue such as migration.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Examining the key factors behind foreign language anxiety (FLA) in online teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Though foreign language anxiety (FLA) has long been recognized as an important affective factor in second language learning, its impact is worth studying in new educational contexts of emergency remote teaching in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The present study examines the key factors behind FLA in online teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The research was conducted among a sample of 171 first-year undergraduate university students of Economics &amp; Business economics and Informatics at the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Croatia, during the winter semester of 2020/2021. The research instrument used was a 33-item questionnaire adapted from the FLCAS scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) to reflect the online ESP classroom environment. The main results indicate that various background factors, such as gender, self-assessed levels of proficiency, length of learning English and frequency of English language use, significantly influence the reported levels of language anxiety. Furthermore, the study establishes the underlying structure of FLA, with five factors positively correlated with overall language anxiety at the. 01 level of statistical significance: speech anxiety, evaluation and comprehension anxiety, online ESP classroom environment, anxiety of talking to native speakers, and lack of motivation for online class attendance. Finally, multiple regression analysis shows that the five aspects of FLA, alongside the variables of gender and self-assessed pronunciation proficiency, represent statistically significant predictors of the total level of FLA among online ESP learners. The other independent variables are confirmed to be unreliable in predicting the overall level of language anxiety in an online ESP classroom.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Through linguo-stylistic analysis to a new retranslation of the ballad “Hasanaginica“]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The new retranslation of the ballad “Hasanaginica” brings about an interpretation grounded in comprehensive scholarly research, which a linguo-stylistic analysis of both its source text (ST) and 25 published (re)translations represent. This retranslation is designed to make a notable difference reflected in its aspiration to achieve optimal equivalence on all levels of expression, minding its metrics, rhythm, sound figures, as much as its lexical choices and syntactic structures. One of the paper’s main aims is to compensate for the linguistic and stylistic flaws recognized in the previous translations of this ballad, which were not always erroneous deviations from a semantic correspondence, but interpretations informed by a fundamental incomprehension of the religio-cultural circumstances shaping the world of the ballad.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The analysis of youth-related anglicisms among Bosnian youth - knowledge of their original form and meaning and attitudes towards them]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The importance of the English language in a contemporary globalized world leads to borrowing of English words into many languages, including Bosnian. The current research investigates the knowledge of the original English written form and translation of the English-origin youth-related words (anglicisms) among young native speakers of Bosnian. The study included 345 Bosnian and Herzegovinian high school students, both males and females, in 9 cities. The findings revealed that the usage of Anglicisms among Bosnian youth is not so frequent and that young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina are more familiar with the original written forms than with their translation/synonyms in the Bosnian language. Moreover, knowledge of these two forms of anglicisms shows variation only relative to a grade in English, while gender and age were found to be irrelevant. Also, no difference was shown in the knowledge of anglicisms in different fields: sports, fashion, and science and technology. Further research is recommended to study these and other youth-related anglicisms on a larger population sample.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[An analysis of lexicogrammatical development in English textbooks in Turkey: A usage-based construction grammar approach]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article measures the syntactic development indices in grade 5-12 English textbooks in Turkey. Through a usage-based construction grammar approach, it argues that the textbooks show an inconsistent development in verb-argument constructions (VAC) and other usage-based indices. The study employs an automatic software tool that detects variations in these indices and runs a statistical analysis on a corpus compiled by the author. Statistically significant results demonstrate that textbooks lack lexicogrammatical variation. As such, learners who use these textbooks are likely to experience a limited array of VACs that are limited in lemma-construction combinations. Findings also indicate that learners may not be exposed to the conventional usage patterns and frequencies of VACs when compared against a reference corpus. These findings may have an influence on the learners’ generalization process, their low-proficiency level in English, and poor idiomatic uses of the language.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Euphemistic strategies in Algerian Arabic and American English]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study aims to explore the use of euphemistic strategies by Algerians and Americans when dealing with three unpleasant topics: death, lying, and disease. It also examines the effect of degree of formality on the use of euphemistic strategies. To achieve this objective, a discourse completion task (DCT) was distributed to 21 Algerians and 21 Americans. The data were analysed using SPSS. The data analysis revealed that there are some differences and similarities between the two groups. The euphemistic strategies used by the Americans when they deal with death topics are synonyms and part for the whole. The Algerians use part for the whole, overstatement, and synonyms when they deal with death. Regarding the topic of lying, the Americans employ strategies of understatement and deletion, whereas the Algerians use understatement and metaphor. As for the topic of disease, the Americans use vagueness, and the Algerians use vagueness, metaphor, and deletion. These findings reveal that both groups resort to euphemism when dealing with these three unpleasant topics. However, their use of euphemistic strategies is culture-bound.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Teacher target language input and young learners’ aural comprehension of English]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/exell-2022-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The quantity of target language input available to learners contributes to the understanding of target language development. The present paper reports on a longitudinal study of the relationship between the amount of non-native teachers’ EFL input and learners’ aural achievement in instructed SLA. Young learners (N=132) were followed over a three-year period. High variability in teacher use of EFL was found. Results of correlational analyses and group comparisons pointed to a longitudinal advantage of participants exposed to instruction dominated by teacher target language use during their first two years of formal EFL learning. Directions for future research on the use of different languages and their relation to learners’ achievement are discussed in the context of early formal foreign language study.]]></description>
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