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        <title>EU agrarian Law Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Monitoring Cereal Stocks in a Performance-Based Cap: The Italian ‘Granaio Italia’ Register in the EU Framework]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Italian “Granaio Italia” system is a newly established national electronic cereal stock register, integrated into the National Agricultural Information System (SIAN) and addressed to farms, cooperatives, storage facilities and commercial operators exceeding product-specific thresholds. Although formally conceived as a quarterly reporting obligation on physical cereal stocks, it functions substantively as an information infrastructure supporting agricultural and market policies at both the national and EU levels. The article reconstructs its regulatory genesis from the 2021 Budget Law to the most recent implementing decrees, and analyses its material and personal scope, as well as the operational rules for electronic reporting, including the role of agricultural assistance centres and the interaction with internal management systems. Particular attention is devoted to key interpretative issues (identification of obligated operators, annual thresholds versus quarterly reporting, coordination with other mandatory records) and to the sanctioning regime, now fully operational. Finally, the system is situated within the EU framework on common market organization, agricultural statistics (including SAIO), and the CAP 2023–2027 delivery model, with comparative references to other Member States.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Regulations on Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land in Hungary]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Anyone might think that regulating the sale and use of property, including real estate and, within that, agricultural land, is a pure matter of private law under the regime of the Civil Code, since it involves private individuals who are equal and on the same footing. However, state intervention is justified on several grounds. On the one hand, agriculture has certain characteristics within the economic system that prevent the state from allowing the parties to exercise their private autonomy. On the other hand, the subject of legal transactions, agricultural land, is also a special commodity, for example, because it is not available in unlimited quantities and cannot be produced indefinitely, unlike most products. However, the need for specific regulations allowing state intervention is limited because agricultural land can also serve as a capital investment, and the European Union guarantees the free movement of such investments and investors, as well as the freedom of establishment. Which one of the two competing principles will prevail?]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Topological Governance of Rural Public Procurement in the European Union: A Conceptual Legal-Economic Network Framework with a Digital-Platform Extension]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article develops a conceptual and methodological framework for analysing rural public procurement in the European Union through legal-economic network analysis. It treats contracting authorities, suppliers, regulators, and, where relevant, digital intermediaries as nodes connected by legally meaningful edges, including awards, contractual obligations, information flows, review proceedings, and data-processing relations. The article responds to the need for a clearer bridge between network theory and procurement doctrine. It explains how legal thresholds, procedure types, publication duties, and electronic procurement infrastructures may be translated into measurable variables such as density, centrality, modularity, component structure, and supplier turnover. The contribution is methodological rather than empirical: it does not present completed findings on the Czech Republic or Slovakia. Instead, it formulates a reproducible research design for a future Czech-Slovak comparison and identifies the legal variables that would have to be coded before any causal claim could be made. Digital agricultural platforms are addressed as a secondary extension of the same topology, especially where platform centrality creates dependency, gatekeeping, and data-asymmetry risks. The framework shows how network diagnostics may support CAP monitoring, audit prioritisation, and legally informed regulatory design, while remaining subordinate to doctrinal analysis and case-specific evidence.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Liability for Damage to Land – The Case of The Czech Republic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Water erosion is a significant environmental problem that increasingly causes damage to agricultural land, private property, and municipal infrastructure in the Czech Republic. During heavy rainfall events, topsoil may be washed from agricultural fields into neighbouring properties and built-up areas, resulting in substantial economic losses. As agricultural land is often cultivated by tenants under lease agreements, while ownership remains with landowners, determining liability for erosion-related damage presents important legal challenges. This article examines the Czech legal framework governing compensation and liability for damage caused by soil erosion. It analyses relevant provisions of the Act on the Protection of Agricultural Land Fund, the Water Act, and civil liability legislation, together with selected court decisions concerning erosion-induced damage. Particular attention is paid to the allocation of responsibility between landowners and tenants and to the courts’ interpretation of statutory preventive obligations. The analysis shows that liability generally arises from a breach of legal duties to prevent soil degradation and erosion. Courts have emphasized that extreme rainfall does not automatically exclude liability where appropriate anti-erosion measures could have reduced the damage. The analysis concludes that both landowners and tenants may be held responsible depending on the circumstances of the case and their compliance with soil protection obligations.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal Aspects of Yard Sales – Limits and Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The direct sale of small quantities of primary products to the final consumer directly from the farm or household (the so-called “yard sales”) is one of the key tools for supporting the regional economy, as well as an important source of livelihood for many rural communities. Although yard sales guarantee consumers access to fresh and sustainable food, a number of obstacles associated with the application of this institute can be found in practice. In connection with the above, the author focuses on the research of European and Slovak legislation on yard sales, in order to identify application problems present in this area, as well as the subsequent formulation of appropriate proposals for their solution.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of the Anti-Erosion Decree – A Case from The Czech Republic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article deals with the analysis of the anti-erosion decree, the application of which should prevent soil erosion. Erosion of agricultural land is one of the aspects of its damage, and causes degradation of agricultural land. It is the process of carrying away the most fertile layer of soil (topsoil) by water or wind, which degrades the soil and reduces its fertility and yields. In the Czech Republic, it is a serious problem that threatens more than half of the agricultural land.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Criminal Aspects of Damage to Agricultural Land – The Case of The Czech Republic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article analyzes the criminal law level of soil protection. Criminal law is intended to serve as a marginal means of environmental protection. In the case of soil erosion, this is intended to apply to cases of significant erosion impact. Interpretation problems associated with this concept are the subject of this article.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Consolidation of Agricultural Land in Poland – Selected Legal Issues]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The aim of the article was to answer the question of what legal instruments have been adopted by the national legislature to improve the distribution of agricultural land in Poland. The article also sought to answer the question of whether these instruments are effective. As the author notes in her conclusion, the legislator has implemented appropriate legal instruments for the consolidation of agricultural land. Support measures offered under the CAP should also contribute to improving the distribution of agricultural land. However, the fact that it is not known how many agricultural plots in the country should be subject to consolidation, or how much land has already been consolidated, is a drawback. As a result, it is not possible to clearly assess the effectiveness of the law in question.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Price Regulation of Water Companies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Price regulation of water utilities is a key tool for ensuring fairness, accessibility and efficiency of water supply for citizens and industry. This article examines various aspects of price regulation in the water sector, including legal frameworks and economic models. The results show that effective price regulation can support investment in infrastructure, improve the quality of services provided and ensure equal access for all residents. The definition of what is regulated and what is not regulated for a particular entrepreneur operating in the network industries is crucial, given the pricing, which is fundamentally affected by the sharing of revenues and costs when these activities occur1. The aim of the article is to compare approaches to price regulation in network industries, with a focus on the tendency to reduce state intervention in pricing abroad. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the balancing of the right of an entrepreneur in a regulated industry to freely conduct business and the right of the public to a safe and accessible service in the public interest. The author of the article sees no relevant reason for an entrepreneur in a regulated industry to be limited (even indirectly through intervention in pricing) in the performance of unregulated activities.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Agricultural Land-Lease Regime and Structural Change in Hungarian Agriculture]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[One of the key strengths of Hungarian agriculture lies in its extensive farmland resources, which cover nearly 60 percent of the country’s territory. A central policy question concerns whether access to agricultural land should be regulated through strict legal constraints or through more market-oriented, liberal mechanisms. Hungary has consistently chosen the former approach. Although the legal framework explicitly aims to support small and medium-sized family farms, it has not slowed the ongoing concentration of land or the structural transformation of the sector. Over time, this regulatory system has required numerous amendments as loopholes emerged or overly complex provisions proved impracticable. This study examines how land-use regulation has influenced the structural evolution of Hungarian agriculture, with particular attention to the ways in which legal frameworks shape access to land, patterns of use, and the distribution of farm sizes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy and of the Slovak National Construction Policy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article explores the interconnection between the reformed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027 and the fundamental legislative changes in spatial planning and construction in the Slovak Republic since 2022. The CAP reform introduced an integrated strategic framework that merges direct payments and rural development, requiring alignment of national strategies with the European Union’s environmental and climate objectives. In Slovakia, a parallel reform of spatial planning and construction legislation has taken place, culminating in the adoption of Act No. 200/2022 Coll. on Spatial Planning and the new Construction Act No. 25/2025 Coll. The new legal provisions introduce an integrated procedure for construction intentions, digitalisation of administrative processes, and decentralisation of executive powers through the establishment of new regional offices with extended competences. The authors highlight the benefits of the new system (faster permitting processes, simplified administration) as well as potential risks (tight deadlines for municipalities, legal uncertainty post-2032). They underline the need to harmonise spatial planning tools with CAP objectives, particularly concerning land use, nature conservation, and infrastructure, in order to prevent conflicts between legislation and rural development strategies. The article also aims to analyse the challenges in implementing the environmental goals of the CAP, which are often inadequately fulfilled due to poorly designed eco-schemes and inconsistent funding. The article also includes a comparison of various EU member states’ approaches to CAP implementation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Designing Participation: Institutional and Socio-Technical Determinants of Participatory Budgeting in Brno and Bratislava]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explains why Brno’s municipal participatory budgeting (PB) has become durably institutionalised and scaled, whereas Bratislava’s remains fragmented. National fiscal and programme-budgeting frameworks are treated as moderating conditions that enable or constrain local design choices, not as the primary object of analysis. Using a most-similar systems logic, we conduct a comparative multi-case analysis with embedded units – annual PB cycles, project types, core institutions/platforms, and, for Bratislava, boroughs. Evidence derives from publicly available municipal legal and budgetary documents and formally adopted PB rules and reports. The analysis integrates mechanisms from institutional theory (institutionalisation), actor – network theory (socio-technical robustness of identity, workflow, and data infrastructures), deliberative democracy (input/throughput/output legitimacy), and principal – agent perspectives (transparency and auditability). Findings show that Brno’s stable funding envelope, dedicated participation unit, codified cycles, secure digital identity, and auditable end-to-end pipeline underpin predictable delivery despite clustered turnout. Bratislava’s borough-led PB enables experimentation but creates coordination frictions, heterogeneous rules, and uneven links to programme budgeting. The study offers a portable, mechanism-based diagnostic for post-socialist municipal contexts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Regulating the Revolution: A Dual-Pillar Analysis of Agricultural Spraying Drones in the European Union]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The advent of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), or drones, promises to revolutionize precision agriculture. By enabling the targeted application of plant protection products (PPPs), drones offer significant environmental benefits, reduced costs, and increased operator safety compared to traditional ground-based machinery. However, their deployment in the European Union is not straightforward. Operators face a complex and high-stakes regulatory environment governed by two distinct and parallel legal frameworks: EU-wide aviation safety rules and EU-wide (but nationally implemented) pesticide application laws. This article analyzes this dual-pillar regulatory system. It first examines the EU aviation framework, which categorizes all pesticide spraying as a ‘specific’ operation requiring a formal risk assessment (SORA) or adherence to a Pre-Defined Risk Assessment. It then investigates the critical barrier of the Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (SUPD), which enforces a general ban on all aerial spraying, penetrable only via national derogations. The analysis concludes that while a clear path for authorization exists, its complexity requires a harmonized approach between aviation and agricultural authorities to unlock the full potential of this technology.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Consumer Protection Guarantees in E-Commerce around the World, Focus on Food Product Purchases and EU Regulation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As more and more people shop online, the e-commerce industry has become more scalable. People are forced to shop online because they were afraid to go to physical stores during the pandemic, and are used to it after the pandemic is over. This research will focus on the details of e-commerce around the world as well as the issues of protecting consumer rights online, with a specific focus on consumer rights when purchasing food products online and the regulatory framework of the European Union (EU). Are the eight basic consumer rights recognized by the UN included in e-commerce operations and are they sufficient to protect consumers or do consumers need other principles that fit the new phenomenon in e-commerce operations? The main objective of this research are to study the current situation of e-commerce around the world and identify the principles of online consumer protection. The legal jurisprudence approach was used, supplemented by illustrative research, and the intensive desk research approach was used to collect data. The study employs a legal-analytical methodology to evaluate how EU regulations, including Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights, Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 on food safety, and Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011 on food information to consumers, guarantee fairness, traceability, and transparency in online food markets. The results showed that there is no objection to using the basic rules for protecting the ordinary consumer, but there is a need to create additional laws to protect the electronic consumer, or to amend what is existing in line with the developments, which would protect individuals from deceptive and misleading policies and practices of unfair commercial conduct that takes place over the Internet.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Social Landscape of Canada and Europe with Focus on Immigration Policies in the 21st Century]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article explores the social landscape of Canada and of the European Union (EU) with a focus on immigration and the social integration of immigrants, of asylum seekers or of persons seeking other forms of international protection due to their persecution, racial, religious, national grounds, holding political opinions, belonging to a social group in their countries. The article aims to analyse the policies of Canada and the EU in implementing the criteria of the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951), into their policies and legislation. The research results show that Canada’s approach to immigration in the twenty-first century reflects its longstanding identity as a country of immigration and its reliance on newcomers to support demographic stability, labour-market needs and social development. Canadian policy is grounded in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) of 2002, which established a modern framework balancing three core objectives: economic selection, family reunification, and humanitarian protection. Over the last two decades, Canada has admitted historically high numbers of immigrants and refugees, relying on a points-based system to attract skilled workers, while also expanding pathways for temporary residents, international students, and provincial nominee programs. The article further provides a comparative overview of the EU Member States’ approaches towards the implementation of EU legislation, with particular attention to the Pact on Migration and Asylum (2024). The integration of migrants into host societies remains essential, given the EU’s ageing demographic profile and the growing labour market shortages faced by employers. Over the last fifteen years, the locus of policymaking on asylum seekers and refugees has gradually shifted away from national governments and towards the European Union, as the Common European Asylum System has developed. In Canada, refugee protection remains a central pillar of Canada’s migration model, combining overseas resettlement with inland asylum procedures. Canada is recognized as a global leader in private refugee sponsorship and continues to play a significant role in international resettlement efforts, receiving over 10 percent of global resettled refugees in recent years. Policy adaptations since 2000, including reforms to asylum procedures, enhanced security measures, and cooperation with the United States under the Safe Third Country Agreement, reflect an attempt to balance humanitarian commitments with effective system management.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Position of Self-Employed Farmers in the Business Environment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The position of self-employed farmers (SEF) in the business environment is a topical issue, as self-employed farmers play a key role in the agricultural sector and in rural development as well. Independent farmers often operate as small and family farms, contributing to the economic stability and food security of the regions in which they operate. However, their position in the business environment is influenced by factors such as legislative conditions, access to financial resources, the number of market opportunities, and support mechanisms from the state or the European Union. The main goal of the paper is to describe the position of the self-employed farmer and his role in rural development. In the contribution, we are devoted to the legislative definition of the legal form of independent farming of a farmer, which defines the main advantages and disadvantages of this type of business. In the next part of the post, we are devoted to the development of the number of SEF in Slovakia, where we record the number of these entities over a long period of time. In the end, we provide an overview of financial support options for self-employed farmers. For the future of the Slovak countryside and agriculture, it is crucial to constantly support young and small farmers and create conditions for their growth and development]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Climate Change on Wine Tourism from the Perspective of Hungarian Organic Wineries]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on wine tourism from the perspective of Hungarian organic wineries. During the qualitative research, we examined the perceptible signs, the positive and negative aspects of climate change and its impact on wine tourism based on the example of five organic wineries in different Hungarian wine regions. We focused on organic production and explored why the interviewees use this method and how it affects wine tourism. In addition, we examined the sustainability efforts and plans of the wineries. It can be concluded that organic wineries have perceived the effects of climate change for about 10–15 years in wine production and wine tourism; the weather has become more unpredictable. The wineries protect against adverse effects by planting other grape varieties and introducing new procedures. Climate change did not induce organic production, but sustainable management is essential for the examined companies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reparcelling of Agricultural Lands and Reparcelling Measures in the Practice of the CJEU – Lessons Learned from Zamestik Judgment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The subject of Zamestik judgment (Court of Justice of the European Union, C-343/21) examined hereby is a Bulgarian farmer who was ordered by the Bulgarian authorities to repay the part of an agri-environmental grant from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) because, during the period of his commitment to the EAFRD, his agricultural holding was reparcelled and he was unable to fulfil his commitment to ensure the use of entire territory of the land for five years. The Opinion of the Advocate General and the judgment took different positions. From this decision we will learn about the concepts of reparcelling, reparcelling measures and approved land-consolidation, whether this concept should have a uniform EU interpretation and what kind of measures of Member States can be considered as reparcelling measures. The link between reparcelling, approved land-consolidation and agri-environmental objectives of the EAFRD and the “traditional land policy“ room for manoeuvre of the Member States will be examined.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Selected Legal aspects of Protecting Honey Bees from Poisoning from Polish and European Union Perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to present selected aspects of bee health protection against pesticide poisoning from the perspective of European Union and Polish law. In order to accomplish the research purpose defined in such a way, it was necessary first to address the concept of apicultural activity, which was not defined in Polish law, but its definition was proposed by the doctrine. Next, the harmfulness of pesticides to the health and life of honey bees was demonstrated, and the regulations in EU and Polish law concerning the protection of the health of Apis mellifera from pesticide poisoning were presented. Finally, conclusions were provided concerning, among other things, problems with the application and enforcement of legal norms in practice and the lack of a regulation dedicated to this issue in Polish law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Farm Register in Italy: Legal Framework, Functions, and a Comparative Analysis of European Models]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/eual-2025-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The farm register was introduced by Article 9 of Presidential Decree No. 503/1999. It is a mandatory instrument for all entities engaged in agricultural, agri-food, forestry, and fisheries activities. It simplifies administrative procedures and serves as the foundation for accessing support under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and national or regional schemes. Managed within the National Agricultural Information System (SIAN), the register has evolved into an integrated digital platform aimed at enhancing efficiency and transparency. Despite technological advancements, challenges persist in data management and in the interaction with control mechanisms. These difficulties highlight the need for further reforms to simplify the system. This analysis explores the legal framework, procedural aspects, content, and operational challenges of the farm register.]]></description>
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