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        <title>European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences Feed</title>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Principle of Non-Self-Incrimination: A Comparative Analysis of ECtHR Standards and Judicial Practice in Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0029</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The principle of non-self-incrimination, nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (no one is obliged to accuse oneself), constitutes one of the fundamental guarantees of due process and the right of defence in criminal proceedings. This principle protects individuals from any form of compulsion to contribute to establishing their own guilt and places important limits on the powers of state authorities in the collection and use of evidence in criminal proceedings. The principle of non-self-incrimination performs several fundamental functions. First, it safeguards respect for human dignity and individual autonomy. Second, it reinforces the presumption of innocence by ensuring that the burden of proving the charges rests with the prosecution. Third, it reduces the risk of coercion and abuse by state authorities during criminal investigations. In the absence of this guarantee, criminal proceedings would risk becoming a mechanism in which the accused is transformed from a subject exercising the rights of the defence into an instrument of their own prosecution. This paper analyses the historical origins, normative foundations, interpretation, and practical application of the principle of non-self-incrimination in light of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Constitutional Court of Albania. Particular attention is devoted to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR, especially Saunders v. the United Kingdom, John Murray v. the United Kingdom, and Brusco v. France, as well as to relevant decisions of the Constitutional Court of Albania. Through legal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper argues that the privilege against self-incrimination is closely connected to the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent, and the broader right to a fair trial. The study concludes that effective observance of this principle is a necessary condition for the legitimacy and fairness of criminal proceedings and, more broadly, for the effective functioning of the rule of law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Conditional Release in Albanian Criminal Law and European Human Rights Standards]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0027</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the institution of conditional release in Albanian criminal law, as regulated by Article 64 of the Criminal Code and its successive amendments since 1995. After tracing the historical development of the institution and its rehabilitative, humanitarian, and social purposes, the article provides a detailed analysis of the legal conditions governing the granting of conditional release, with particular emphasis on the requirement of a “special reason”, the assessment of the convicted person’s conduct and work while serving the sentence, and the minimum thresholds of the sentence that must be served before eligibility for release arises.The article also examines the duties of the court when determining an application for conditional release, with particular reference to the respective roles of the institution responsible for the execution of criminal sentences and the Probation Service. Special attention is devoted to the statutory grounds precluding conditional release, including recidivism, offences expressly excluded by law, and the specific regime applicable to persons serving life sentences. Drawing on the unifying case law of the Joint Chambers of the Supreme Court, recent European penal statistics, and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the article identifies persistent interpretative tensions in the application of the domestic framework and situates the Albanian regime within its broader comparative and European legal context. It concludes that, although the Albanian framework broadly reflects contemporary penological principles of rehabilitation and reintegration, its absolute prohibitions raise significant concerns under European human rights standards and require legislative reconsideration. In particular, the categorical exclusion of certain categories of convicted persons from any realistic prospect of release may be incompatible with Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and with the evolving jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court concerning the reducibility of life sentences and the right to a meaningful prospect of release.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Using Authentic Materials in Teaching English to the Military Students]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The use of authentic materials in an EFL classroom is what many teachers involved in foreign language teaching have discussed in recent years. This includes materials that involve language naturally occurring as communication in native-speaker contexts of use, or rather those selected contexts where Standard English is the norm: real newspaper reports, real magazine articles, real advertisements, cooking recipes, horoscopes, etc. The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance and effectiveness of authentic materials in teaching the English lexicon to the military students. This paper aims at answering the following research questions: what difficulties do teachers face when using authentic materials with their students; what are some of the advantages of using authentic materials with cadets; and what are some of the authentic materials teachers use in class. The subjects of the study were 4 English teachers working at the Armed Forces Academy. This research applied qualitative data, which involved a small group of teachers in an informal group discussion. The results showed that teachers are aware of the importance of using authentic materials in class. It was concluded that using different strategies to motivate cadets to learn with authentic materials in their daily life also allows students to interact with each other. Further research focusing on students’ perspectives about learning with authentic materials was suggested to enrich the literature of language learner autonomy.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The dynamics between CSR and government action, and their role in shaping corporate behavior and addressing corporate irresponsibility]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0028</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The interaction between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and government action is pivotal in influencing corporate conduct and tackling corporate irresponsibility. This interplay can either curb or amplify irresponsible practices, largely depending on how well these efforts are coordinated. It is universally accepted that that when effectively aligned, CSR self-regulation and government regulations can reinforce each other, fostering a culture of accountability and ethical behavior. Conversely, misalignment or weak enforcement of regulations can allow companies to engage in superficial CSR activities, potentially masking irresponsible practices and undermining the overall goal of sustainable and responsible business conduct.The main purpose of this paper is to research the dynamics between CSR and government action and how companies could have a positive or negative impact on social and environmental issues. The research explores the regulatory approach required for CSR, instruments used by governments to address this impact, the use of self-regulation compared to regulation and some evidence of companies improving their social and environmental impact through CSR. This paper raises several important questions: such as how do governments mitigate the effects of business on society, can CSR achieve similar results as government action and what changes in regulations are needed to support the transition from government action to CSR. A further discussion in this paper is to what extent can we rely on voluntary CSR programs to replace the role of governments regarding this impact?]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Family Begging as Modern Slavery: Between Child Mistreatment and Human Trafficking]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0024</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A child’s outstretched hand at a street intersection is one of the most legally misunderstood images of contemporary exploitation. This article examines whether, and under what circumstances, the use of children and vulnerable persons for begging by their own family members should be classified not as the lesser offence of “mistreatment of a minor”, but as “trafficking in human beings”, a form of modern slavery. Drawing on the most recent global estimates of modern slavery and data from UNODC, Eurostat, GRETA, and Albanian sources, the study first establishes the empirical scale of a phenomenon that is widespread, growing, concentrated among children and the most vulnerable communities, and frequently perpetrated within the family itself. It then reconstructs the international and European legal framework, from the Palermo Protocol and the Warsaw Convention to ILO Convention No. 29, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Directives 2011/36/EU and 2024/1712, under which forced begging is recognised as a form of exploitation and the consent of a child victim is legally irrelevant.Through a detailed examination of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 4, from Siliadin to V.C.L. and A.N., and a comparative analysis of five criminal-law systems—Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and England—the article demonstrates that these jurisdictions share a common “two-track” legal framework: a lesser child-protection offence and a more serious trafficking offence, distinguished not by the identity or familial relationship of the perpetrator, but by the presence of the constituent elements of trafficking.Against this background, the article analyses the Albanian legal response, focusing on Unifying Decision No. 217/2022 of the Supreme Court and the draft Criminal Code, and argues that the fact that the perpetrator is a parent does not exclude the legal qualification of trafficking and may, under certain circumstances, constitute an aggravating factor. It concludes that the proper legal qualification of familial forced begging constitutes both a test of the maturity of the criminal justice system and a measure of its commitment to protecting human dignity.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[German Grammatical Influence on Steinmetz’s Description of Northern Gheg Albanian]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Sun, 11 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the possible influence of the German grammatical model on Karl Steinmetz’s description of Northern Gheg Albanian in his Albanische Grammatik (Nordalbanische Mundart), published in Sarajevo in 1913. Rather than providing a general account of the morphological categories presented in the grammar, the article investigates how Steinmetz classifies and organises Albanian grammatical structures for a German-speaking readership. The analysis focuses on three closely related areas: the treatment of the article, the organisation of the case system, and the classification of selected personal-pronoun forms. A descriptive-comparative approach is adopted, combining evidence from Steinmetz’s grammar with Albanian grammatical and dialectological descriptions, as well as relevant accounts of the German case system. Particular attention is devoted to the absence of the ablative as an independent case category and to forms such as mejet, tejet, nesh, and jush, which Steinmetz classifies under the genitive despite their functions being more closely associated with the Albanian ablative. The comparison suggests that the possible influence of German grammatical categories on Steinmetz’s description of Albanian is most apparent at the level of grammatical classification and analytical organisation rather than in the linguistic forms themselves. At the same time, the study avoids interpreting every divergence from later or standard descriptions of Albanian as evidence of German influence, since Steinmetz’s classificatory choices may also reflect Northern Gheg dialectal usage, contemporary grammatical conventions, and the practical and pedagogical purposes of his grammar. The findings demonstrate that Steinmetz’s work is significant not only as a historical record of Northern Gheg Albanian but also as a case study in the methodological challenges involved in describing one language through grammatical categories inherited from another linguistic tradition.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhancing Writing Competence in Foreign Language Education: Teachers’ Practices, Feedback Strategies and Professional Development Needs]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to examine teachers’ perceptions, practices and professional development needs regarding the teaching of writing in foreign language education. Writing is considered one of the most complex productive skills, as it requires learners to combine linguistic accuracy, textual coherence, pragmatic appropriateness and strategic competence. The study employs a quantitative and descriptive-analytical research design based on a structured questionnaire administered to 164 foreign language teachers in Albania. The questionnaire explored teachers’ familiarity with process-oriented writing pedagogy, their confidence in teaching writing, the frequency of structured writing activities, feedback practices, perceived challenges and professional development needs. The findings indicate that most teachers demonstrate moderate familiarity with writing pedagogy, while their confidence in applying systematic writing instruction remains limited. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between teachers’ familiarity with process-oriented writing and their confidence in teaching writing effectively. Furthermore, teachers who participated more frequently in professional development activities were more likely to use writing stages, rubrics and revision-oriented feedback. The main challenges reported by teachers include lack of time, large classes, students’ limited vocabulary and insufficient training in writing assessment. The study concludes that writing competence should be developed through a systematic, process-based and feedback-oriented approach. Recommendations include targeted teacher training, the development of clear assessment criteria, the use of model texts, peer feedback, writing portfolios and continuous revision practices.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The role of judicial independence in strengthening the rule of law in transitional democracies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The impact of judicial independence on strengthening the rule of law in transitional democracies constitutes a significant area of analysis in this paper. The study focuses on a comparative examination of four transitional European democracies: Croatia, Romania, Poland, and Hungary. Judicial independence is a fundamental prerequisite for institutional stability, the integrity of judicial decision-making, and the overall credibility of the legal system. To assess the relationship between judicial independence and the rule of law, the analysis incorporates a range of international institutional and empirical indicators, including the World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index, the V-Dem Judicial Independence Index, CEPEJ data, and the EU Justice Scoreboard. These indicators provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating judicial performance and the effectiveness of mechanisms designed to safeguard judicial autonomy. The findings indicate that countries characterized by transparent procedures for the appointment and discipline of judges, together with robust judicial self-governance mechanisms, tend to maintain higher levels of judicial autonomy and institutional effectiveness. Conversely, political interference and the absence of independent oversight mechanisms are closely associated with diminished judicial credibility, reduced institutional performance, and a weakened rule of law. The study concludes that the adoption of transparent institutional practices aligned with international standards is essential for consolidating the rule of law and fostering the development of democratic institutions in transitional democracies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Toponymy as Linguistic Memory: Historical Layers and Structural Integration in the Kolonjë–Leskovik Region of Southeastern Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the toponymy of the Kolonjë–Leskovik region in southeastern Albania, treating place names as linguistic elements that preserve historical and cultural layers within the Albanian language. Given the lack of a continuous written historical tradition, toponyms are approached as a form of linguistic memory through which language development can be traced. The study examines how these toponyms are integrated into the Albanian linguistic system and what they reveal about historical contact with other languages. The methodology combines data from the “Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language” with field-based validation through questionnaires with local inhabitants. Starting from 70 toponyms, only those recognized by at least 70% of respondents and understood by at least 50% were retained, resulting in a final dataset of 40. The analysis focuses on three dimensions: lexical layers, structural integration (phonological and morphological), and semantic motivation. The findings show that, although influenced by Slavic, Byzantine, and Ottoman elements, the toponymy of the region is organized around a stable Albanian base, where external elements are adapted rather than replaced. Based on these results, the study proposes a methodological framework for Albanian toponymy that combines etymological literature with field-based validation in a diachronic perspective. This approach is particularly relevant in the current context, where migration, brain drain, and population ageing are gradually reshaping linguistic usage.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Polarization in the American Political System: Causes and Consequences]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0017</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0017</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the rise of elite polarization within the American political system over several decades. The literature identifies a range of potential causes of polarization, including the partisan realignment of the South, the adoption and expansion of primary elections, electoral reforms, changes in voter behavior, and the increasing influence of party leadership in Congress. Although scholars continue to debate the relative importance of these factors, existing research suggests that elite polarization has significantly shaped the attitudes and behavior of ordinary citizens, particularly campaign activists. It has also influenced electoral competition between political parties by altering campaign rhetoric, policy positions, and political outcomes. Furthermore, increasing polarization has contributed to legislative gridlock, reducing both the efficiency and productivity of the legislative process and making bipartisan cooperation more difficult to achieve.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Money laundering through public contracts and fiscal stability]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Money laundering through public contracts constitutes one of the most complex forms of financial crime, significantly affecting fiscal stability and institutional integrity. This study examines the intersection between criminal law and public finance within the context of public procurement, identifying the mechanisms through which illicit funds are integrated into the formal economy. Although existing literature primarily addresses money laundering from a banking and financial perspective, this article focuses on public contracts as an alternative and comparatively underexplored channel. The methodology includes an analysis of the international and European legal frameworks, as well as a comparative examination of institutional practices. The findings indicate that the lack of transparency in public procurement procedures, the use of offshore companies, and weaknesses in the verification of beneficial ownership are among the principal factors facilitating money laundering activities. This phenomenon has direct consequences for fiscal stability, as it distorts market competition and reduces public budget revenues.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Judicial Norm-Creation Beyond Legislative Intent: The Albanian Courts’ Expansive Interpretation of the Domestic Violence Act After the Amendments]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines a significant yet underexplored tension within Albanian domestic violence law: the divergence between the explicit requirements of Law No. 11/2026, On the Prevention and Protection against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, and the judicial practice of courts of first instance. Following legislative amendments that narrowed the scope of protected persons by introducing a cohabitation requirement—namely, that certain categories of relatives must share the same household in order to qualify for legal protection—Albanian courts have continued to issue protection orders in cases where this statutory condition is not satisfied. The article argues that such judicial practice effectively creates an extra-statutory legal norm contra legem, thereby exceeding the permissible limits of judicial interpretation. Through a systematic doctrinal analysis of the relevant legislation, comparative examination of obligations arising under the Istanbul Convention and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and a critical assessment of judicial reasoning, the article demonstrates that, although the courts’ protective approach may be normatively commendable, it lacks a sufficient basis in positive law. The article further contends that the existing gap between legislative intent and judicial application raises important concerns regarding legal certainty, the separation of powers, and the rule of law. It concludes by offering recommendations directed both to the judiciary and to the Albanian legislature, aimed at ensuring coherence between domestic legal norms and Albania’s international obligations in the field of protection against domestic violence.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Human Rights, Gender Equality, and Judicial Independence in Democratic Societies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Human rights, gender equality, and judicial independence are fundamental principles that sustain democratic societies and ensure the rule of law. This paper examines the interconnected relationship among these three pillars and their significance in promoting justice, equality, and institutional accountability. The study analyzes the role of human rights protections in democratic governance, the importance of gender equality in political and social development, and the necessity of an independent judiciary for safeguarding constitutional values and civil liberties. Furthermore, the paper discusses contemporary challenges such as political polarization, discrimination, corruption, and authoritarian tendencies that threaten democratic institutions worldwide. Through a qualitative and analytical approach, the paper emphasizes that democratic societies can only function effectively when legal systems remain impartial, citizens enjoy equal rights, and governments are held accountable under the law. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations aimed at strengthening democratic institutions, promoting equal participation, and protecting judicial autonomy in modern democracies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Programmatic Formulations in the Press of Shkodra (1910–1920): Identity and Public Self-Positioning]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines programmatic formulations in periodicals published in Shkodra between 1910 and 1920, with particular attention to mottos, slogans, and editorial statements accompanying newspapers and journals of the period. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis, these formulations are treated not merely as decorative or identifying features, but as meaningful textual units through which periodicals articulated editorial orientations and constructed public identities. The corpus consists of selected Shkodra-based periodicals with political, social, cultural, and religious profiles published during the same period. The analysis demonstrates that programmatic formulations fulfilled multiple discursive functions, including the articulation of editorial mission, moral values, national rights, and political objectives related to self-governance and independence. The findings suggest that these formulations operated not only as identifiers of publications but also as condensed discursive expressions through which periodicals constructed institutional identities, legitimized ideological positions, and communicated forms of public self-representation in relation to the political and national concerns of the time. In this regard, the study contributes to a broader understanding of the Albanian press not only as a historical source, but also as a site for the production and circulation of political and cultural meaning. By foregrounding programmatic formulations as an object of discourse analytical inquiry, the study highlights their significance in illuminating the relationship between editorial identity, ideological positioning, and public communication in the Albanian press of the early twentieth century.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Teaching Neurodiverse Learners: Inclusive and Engaging Practices in English Classrooms]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The growing awareness of neurodiversity in education has underscored the importance of adopting more inclusive practices in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Conventional language instruction, typically designed around neurotypical learning patterns, can present significant challenges for neurodiverse learners, including those with differences in attention, communication, learning, sensory processing, and emotional regulation. This paper explores the potential of neuro-inclusive teaching strategies to address the diverse cognitive, social, and emotional needs of learners in EFL contexts. A qualitative literature review approach is employed, integrating recent studies on differentiated instruction, multisensory learning, emotional safety, adaptive assessment, and technology-enhanced learning. A conceptual model is developed to illustrate the relationships among neurodiverse learner characteristics, inclusive pedagogical approaches, cognitive and affective processes, and language learning outcomes. This model emphasizes attention, motivation, engagement, and participation as key mediating mechanisms through which inclusive teaching practices can support language development. The article advocates for learning environments that foster accessibility, belonging, and meaningful engagement by reframing neurodiversity as a natural variation among learners rather than a deficit. The findings contribute to the expanding body of literature on inclusive language education and provide a theoretical foundation for future research and pedagogical practice aimed at supporting neurodiverse learners in EFL settings.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Corruption and money laundering in post-communist Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Since the fall of communism in 1991, Albania has experienced major political, economic, and social transformations. While the transition toward democracy and a market economy created opportunities for development, it also produced conditions favorable to corruption and money laundering. Weak institutions, political instability, organized crime, and ineffective law enforcement contributed to the growth of illicit financial activities. This paper examines the relationship between corruption and money laundering in post-communist Albania, focusing on the historical transition period, the role of organized crime, the impact on economic development, and the reforms introduced through European Union integration efforts. The study argues that although Albania has made progress in strengthening anti-money laundering legislation and anti-corruption institutions, enforcement challenges and political influence continue to limit effectiveness. Understanding the connection between corruption and money laundering is essential for evaluating Albania’s democratic development and its aspirations for European integration.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Effectiveness of Moroccan Insolvency Law under Law 73-17: A Critical Analysis of Creditor Protection in Light of Empirical Evidence]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Law No. 73-17 on the treatment of business difficulties represents one of the most significant reforms of Moroccan business law since the adoption of the Commercial Code in 1996. Drawing inspiration from comparative experiences, particularly French insolvency law and the OHADA legal framework, this reform seeks to promote a culture of early prevention, ensure business continuity, and strengthen creditor protection. Several years after its implementation, however, questions remain regarding its actual effectiveness. Using a mixed-method approach that combines doctrinal analysis, jurisprudential examination, and empirical investigation, this article evaluates the extent to which the reform has achieved its intended objectives. The findings indicate that although Law 73-17 has substantially modernized the Moroccan insolvency framework, its effectiveness remains constrained by institutional, economic, and cultural barriers. The study highlights a significant gap between the ambitions of the legislator and the realities of practical implementation. It concludes that strengthening procedural governance, judicial specialization, and preventive business culture is essential to improving the effective protection of creditors in Morocco.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[From Foreign Law to Lex Fori: The Challenge of Recognition of International Judgments]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the recognition of foreign court judgments within the framework of private international law and civil procedure in Albania. It analyzes the legal rules governing judicial proceedings involving foreign elements, with particular attention to the principles of territoriality, lex fori, and reciprocity, which guide Albanian courts in the application of foreign law. In accordance with international civil procedure, proceedings are regulated by the law of the forum state, while Albanian courts are required to respect the content of foreign law unless it conflicts with the Albanian legal order.The recognition of foreign judgments is essential to ensure their legal effectiveness and to prevent procedural and substantive legal complications. In Albania, this process is regulated by Chapter IX of the Civil Procedure Code, which establishes specific conditions for recognition. A foreign judgment must be final, must not conflict with prior Albanian judicial decisions, and must comply with fundamental principles of due process, including proper notification of the parties and respect for public order. Recognition does not convert foreign law into Albanian law; rather, it renders the foreign judgment enforceable and grants it legal effect within the Albanian legal system. This process ensures the authority of res judicata and guarantees equal rights for the parties involved.Additionally, the paper examines the different forms of recognition, the role of the Court of Appeals, the importance of reciprocity, and the use of evidentiary mechanisms in recognition proceedings. This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the applicable legal procedures and judicial practices related to the recognition of foreign judgments, contributing to the consistent and fair application of private international law in Albania.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Gender Equality in Albania in the limelight of EU Law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Gender equality has evolved significantly over time, shaped by social movements, legal reforms, and cultural change. Historically, gender roles limited women’s access to education, employment, and political participation. Over centuries, activists and reformers challenged these restrictions, leading to major milestones such as women’s suffrage, expanded labor rights, and legal protections against discrimination. Despite progress, gender inequality continues to exist globally, particularly in areas such as wage equity, leadership representation, and access to education. This paper examines the historical evolution of gender equality, key movements that advanced it, and ongoing challenges in achieving full equality. Gender equality is a fundamental principle of the European Union (EU) and a core requirement for countries seeking EU membership. Albania, as an EU candidate country, has undertaken significant legal and institutional reforms to align its national framework with EU gender equality standards. This paper examines the concept of gender equality under EU law and analyzes Albania’s progress in harmonizing its legislation and policies with EU requirements. While Albania has made notable advancements, particularly in legal alignment and political representation, challenges remain in implementation, enforcement, and social attitudes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Empowering Digital Defense: The Role of Cyber-Vaccination and Awareness Training in Strengthening Cybersecurity in the Modern Era Awareness Training for Cybersecurity]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ejels-2026-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Today’s rapidly evolving digital world has experienced a steady increase in the threat of hacking. As cyberattacks become more frequent and sophisticated, cyber-vaccination technology is being developed as a security method to counter the potential dangers posed by botnets. Cyber-vaccination involves exposing individuals to simulated cyberattacks, allowing them to become familiar with common threats and learn how to respond appropriately. Through internet safety awareness training, participants develop essential skills that are critical for maintaining online security.On a global scale, the growth of cybercrime mirrors the rapid spread of an infectious virus. Based on reported financial losses, cybercriminals appear to be accumulating increasing amounts of stolen funds each year. Although a wide range of advanced technologies exists to identify and prevent known cyber threats, these measures are often insufficient when attackers exploit human behavior as their primary method of intrusion.Many reputable organizations invest significant resources in training their employees to recognize and avoid phishing emails and other forms of cyberattacks. These organizations allocate funding and establish specialized teams to provide effective cybersecurity education. However, a substantial portion of the general population lacks access to such routine training, which presents a significant challenge.Providing accessible cybersecurity education is therefore essential. This study aims to examine the various free training options currently available, as well as the common risks and challenges associated with these educational opportunities. Additionally, the study will compare alternative solutions to determine their effectiveness in improving cybersecurity awareness.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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