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        <title>Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering Feed</title>
        <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/ECCE</link>
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            <title>Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Riga Technical University</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Effect of DGs on Power Quality of Distribution System: An Analytical Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article offers an overview of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems (DS). The primary goal of this study is to assess the performance of DGs in DS. Due to the rise in electrical energy consumption, it is anticipated that DG sources would be essential to DS. Future power generating networks have a bright outlook on consideration of DG’s potential for utilising alternative energy sources. The quality of power systems is a crucial concern for energy providers and consumers. In order to decrease reliance on fossil fuels for the production of electricity, distributed generations are gaining importance in the energy supply networks in many countries. Distributed generators are small units that generate electricity close to customer sites. These DGs use renewable energy methods such as wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy. The incorporation of DGs into a conventional power supply system evolves in a number of side effects, including an increase in the number of short circuits, higher power losses, a decrease in the quality of the energy produced, voltage transients, problems with voltage stability, coordination issues regarding voltage regulation and protection, the possibility that system protection will not function correctly, and the fact that there is less residual current input as a result of the DG bidirectional power flows. This review paper discusses the impacts of the penetration of DG into DS and provides various strategies to mitigate these effects.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Integrating IoT Technology for Improved Distribution Transformer Monitoring and Protection]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research study focuses on developing and implementing an IoT-based distribution transformer monitoring and protection system. The traditional methods of transformer protection and monitoring have proven to be inefficient and time-consuming, leading to the need for a more modern and effective solution. In this study, a low-cost prototype system is proposed to handle and control the main functions and problems of the distribution transformer through the internet. The proposed system allows for easy monitoring and protection of the transformer, enabling electric companies to improve efficiency and reduce labour and tool costs. The system is validated using Proteus software to simulate and obtain results from the hardware. The system results are displayed in multiple ways, including LCD, system bar, and internet, making it easier for electric companies and consumers in developing countries like Pakistan to monitor and control distribution transformers efficiently. This research study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of IoT-based distribution transformer monitoring and protection systems and their potential benefits in enhancing transformer performance and efficiency.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sampled-Data Nonlinear Control of ECP-730 Magnetic Levitation System]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the idea of implementing various techniques related to sampled-data control for magnetic levitation systems. The control laws are designed to track time-varying signals and employ the feedback linearization technique based on the approximate discrete-time model. State feedback control is introduced with the gains adjusted via the pole placement method. A positional form proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control uses the trapezoidal summation for the integral term and the backward difference method for the derivative term. An input-output linearization feedback control is the most promising one, which incorporates the integrator in addition to the position error and velocity error. The integral action involves the manipulation of regulation error and reduces it with time to improve performance. Finally, controllers were tested in real time for practical demonstration along with a comparison for comprehensive analysis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[PI Controller Based Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) Using Capacitor Bank]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Power factor plays an important role in electrical industries. Low power factor results in loss of power and poor handling capacity. This factor can be overcome by using capacitors in parallel to the load. Since capacitor draws a leading while inductor draws a lagging current, hence by adjusting capacitor banks parallel to the load, it will level the power factor in the line. Earlier, the process of power factor improvement was done through manual connection of capacitor bank. Later a power factor corrector named the automated power factor corrector (APFC) was proposed. It uses a switched capacitor circuit to improve power factor. In this research, the power factor value from the load is measured and it also includes the installation of APFC unit using a PI controller. The design of this auto-adjustable power factor correction scheme is to ensure that the grid power system always operates under the specified power factor. Actual work of APFC is that it selects the capacitor bank for power factor improvement. The capacitor bank block will choose automatically to further improve the power factor. This process goes on until the required power factor is obtained. Later on, this will automatically turn off the connection between the capacitor bank and the circuit. Furthermore, power saving with power factor after improvement is also discussed in the paper. Here APFC plays a key role in order to decrease the time taken to correct the power factor, which is ultimately beneficial to increase the efficiency of the motors and all inductive loads.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Optimized Centroid-Based Clustering of Dense Nearly-square Point Clouds by the Hexagonal Pattern]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[An approach to optimize centroid-based clustering of flat objects is suggested, which is practically important for efficiently solving metric facility location problems. In such problems, the task is to find the best warehouse locations to optimally service a given set of consumers. An example is assigning mobiles to base stations of a wireless communication network. We suggest a hexagonal-pattern-based approach to partition flat nodes into clusters quicker than the k-means algorithm and its modifications do. First, a hexagonal cell lattice is applied to nodes to approximately determine centroids of the clusters. Then the centroids are used as initial centroids to start the k-means algorithm. The suggested method is efficient for centroid-based clustering of dense nearly-square point clouds of 0.1 million points and greater by using no fewer than 6 lattice cells along an axis. Compared to k-means, our method is at least 10 % faster and it is about 0.01 to 0.07 % more accurate in regular Euclidean distances. In squared Euclidean distances, the accuracy gain is 0.14 to 0.21 %. Applying a hexagonal cell lattice determines an upper bound of the clustering quality gap.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Integration of EVs through RES with Controlled Interfacing]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Electric cars have a lot of promise in future energy markets as a manageable load. A popular vehicle-to-grid control interface, which enables the aggregation of the charging mechanism for energy management in the distribution grid, is one of the most significant road blocks to realize this opportunity. Understanding the ecology of electric transportation and integrating it in local communities to alleviate the energy shortage at peak hours is very complicated. In this research paper, recent standardization initiatives aimed at overcoming obstacles such as the integration of electric cars into smart grids are discussed. A charge control scheme focused on vehicle-to-grid connectivity is implemented. It is observed that the rise of environmentally sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is straining the power network and their infrequent power generation is causing problems in power system operation, regulation and planning. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid has been proposed to overcome grid load variations. Finally, the article discusses the incorporation of renewable energy sources and latest potential solutions involving electric vehicles.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A New RMF Stirrer Using AISI4140 Mild Steel: Energy Optimization Application]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0007</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2023-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the development of a novel FPGA-based RMF stirrer system. The system has been designed as a 3-phase system, with each phase being fed by PWM voltage with a phase difference of 120°. In case the system is driven at a 100 % duty cycle, the force acting on the magnetic fish remains continuous and constant until the subsequent phase changes. In such a case, at speeds under 400 rpm, the speed of the magnetic fish fails to be synchronized with the phase change speed. The magnetic fish, therefore, rotates more than 120° and the force is observed to cause a braking effect. Both fluid logic control (FLC) and virtual model control (VMC) were utilised to enable the system to be driven at a different duty cycle. The energy efficiency of the system for fluids with different viscosities has been attempted to be thereby improved with a lower current and shorter excitation time. With FLC and VMC control, the energy consumed by the system is reduced and the efficiency is increased, and approximately 95 % energy gain is obtained for liquids with viscosity up to 1.03 Pa·s. It has been experimentally proven that a lower limit value of the duty cycle of the PWM signal applied to the drive circuit of the system depends on the viscosity of the mixed liquid and a lower limit value increases with increasing viscosity. It has also been found that controlling the system with FLC and VMC does not have a great effect on the energy gain.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reconfiguration and Analysis of PV Array based on Particle Swarm Optimization of Solar Plant]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The major shortcoming in the extraction of electrical energy occurs due to partial shading over a limited area of vast spread solar panels underpinning reduction of efficiency. A number of panels are interconnected in series and parallel to form a photovoltaic (PV) array for large power plants and a shadow over a single cell deteriorates overall performance. As a consequence, several peaks are added to the P-V curve causing hotspots in PV panels, degradation of the PV system, and collapse of tracking algorithms. In order to minimize such issues in PV panels, an effective optimization technique is developed by reconfiguring the panels which are capable of reaching the full global power point in a PV system under partial shading conditions. The study proposes particle swarm optimization (PSO) using PV characteristics of Quaid-e-Azam Solar Plant (QASP) in Punjab, Pakistan1. In PSO, electrical connections of PV modules are changed keeping their physical locations unaltered aiming to improve the performance of the PV system. After reconfiguration, the algorithm finds the best combination of PV modules by equalizing the row currents followed by the comparison of row current, voltages, and power of panels. The proposed PSO is proved to be an efficient method for reconfiguring PV modules in very less computational time by increasing the output power of shaded modules.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[On the Development of Long-Range Water Quality Monitoring System for Outdoor Aquaculture Objects]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper is dedicated to the development of hardware and software components for the autonomous water quality monitoring system (WQMS) for fishing farms. The system can measure main water quality parameters, storing and processing data on the remote server. The LoRaWAN technological solutions and infrastructure are utilized, providing the optimal tradeoff between data transmission range and adaptive power consumption. The main implementation and exploitation issues are described, and the proposed solutions are provided.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A State of the Art in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV): A Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0007</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[For the past decade, the main problem that has attracted researchers’ attention in aerial robotics is the position estimation or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) where the GPS signal is poor or denied. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of existing methods in the field of aerial robotics. There are many different techniques and algorithms that are used to overcome the localization and mapping problem of these UAVs. These techniques and algorithms use different sensors, such as Red Green Blue-Depth (RGB_D), Light Detecting and Ranging (LIDAR), and Ultra-wideband (UWB). The most common technique is used, i.e., probability-based SLAM, which uses two algorithms: Linear Kalman Filter (LKF) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). LKF consists of five phases and this algorithm is just used for linear system problems. However, the EKF algorithm is used for non-linear systems. Aerial robots are used to perform many tasks, such as rescue, transportation, search, control, monitoring, and different military operations because of their vast top view. These properties are increasing their demand as compared to human service. In this paper, different techniques for the localization of aerial vehicles are discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages, practicality and efficiency. This paper enables future researchers to find the suitable SLAM solution based on their problems; either the researcher is dealing with a linear problem or a non-linear problem.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Simulation and Application Purpose of a Randomized Secret Key with Quantum Key Distribution]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a well-researched secure communication method for exchanging cryptographic keys only known by the shared participants. The vulnerable problem of a secret key distribution is the negotiation and the transfer over an insecure or untrusted channel. Novel further developments of the QKD communication method are part of in-field technologies and applications in communication devices, such as satellites. However, expensive physical test setups are necessary to improve new application possibilities of cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics and quantum laws of physics. Therefore, optical simulation software can play a part in essential QKD simulating and further developing quantum-based cryptosystems. In the paper, the authors consider a feasible QKD setup based on the BB84 protocol to create a symmetric key material based on achieving a linear key rate via optical simulation software. The paper still provides two experimental architecture designs to use the QKD for a cryptosystem.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Three-Point Iterated Interval Half-Cutting for Finding All Local Minima of Unknown Single-Variable Function]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A numerical method is suggested to find all local minima and the global minimum of an unknown single-variable function bounded on a given interval regardless of the interval length. The method has six inputs: three inputs defined straightforwardly and three inputs, which are adjustable. The endpoints of the initial interval and a formula for evaluating the single-variable function at any point of this interval are the straightforward inputs. The three adjustable inputs are a tolerance with the minimal and maximal numbers of subintervals. The tolerance is the secondary adjustable input. Having broken the initial interval into a set of subintervals, the three-point iterated half-cutting “gropes” around every local minimum by successively cutting off a half of the subinterval or dividing the subinterval in two. A range of subinterval sets defined by the minimal and maximal numbers of subintervals is covered by running the threepoint half-cutting on every set of subintervals. As a set of values of currently found local minima points changes less than by the tolerance, the set of local minimum points and the respective set of function values at these points are returned. The presented approach is applicable to whichever task of finding local extrema is. If primarily the purpose is to find all local maxima or the global maximum of the function, the presented approach is applied to the function taken with the negative sign. The presented approach is a significant and important contribution to the field of numerical estimation and approximate analysis. Although the method does not assure obtaining all local minima (or maxima) for any function, setting appropriate minimal and maximal numbers of subintervals makes missing some minima (or maxima) very unlikely.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Technical Condition Monitoring for Telecommunication and Radioelectronic Systems with Redundancy]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0008</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The telecommunication and radioelectronic systems with redundancy are widely used in different branches of human activity. To provide the necessary reliability level of equipment, the operation system is utilized. That system contains intended use, maintenance, repair, technical condition monitoring, and others. The damages, faults and failures are usually observed during the lifecycle of telecommunication and radioelectronic systems. They can lead to deterioration of equipment technical condition. The deterioration of technical condition can be detected during observation of diagnostic variable and reliability parameter. This article concentrates on the synthesis and analysis of statistical data processing procedure for deterioration detection while operating telecommunication and radioelectronic systems with redundancy. For the purpose of reliability estimation based on different redundancy methods, statistical data processing procedure synthesis was carried out using multiple hypothesis testing and detection criterion. The analysis problem was solved using Monte- Carlo simulation method, which allowed constructing operating characteristics. The obtained results can be used in the process of design and improvement of operation systems for telecommunication and radioelectronic equipment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[GPR Application for Non-Rigid Road Pavement Condition Assessment]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0002</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The main aim of the article is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of ground penetrating radars to assess various objects using the example of assessing the current state of highways. The article uses the software developed by the authors and the corresponding mathematical models. The analysis of the results obtained is based on mathematical models that have proven their effectiveness and is time-tested. It should be emphasised that the main problem in assessing roads with non-rigid pavement is associated with a change in the main parameters of the layers – thickness and dielectric constant. Previously, we proposed a scheme for the layer-by-layer determination of the values of the relative permittivity and then - the subsequent determination of the thickness of each layer, starting from the top layer and ending with the base. The paper presents the results of experiments actually carried out by the authors with various GPRs, which not only have different values of the central frequency, but also have significant design differences. In addition, the results of processing real data using the software developed by the authors are presented. As a result, an improved method of signal calibration has been proposed, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of assessing the thickness of road surfaces, as well as other objects.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Automatic Vessel Steering in a Storm]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0009</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The issues of automatic vessel control in a storm are considered in the paper. Vessel control in a storm is the most difficult stage in the vessel’s wiring, as it requires quick decisions to be made in difficult conditions. Practical experience shows that the deterioration of the working conditions of the crew is usually associated with an increase in the number of control errors, which is completely unacceptable in stormy conditions. To assess the safe speed and course in a storm, Yu. V. Remez has proposed a universal storm diagram, which allows identifying unfavourable combinations of vessel speed and course angles of the waves – the resonant zones, and avoid them. The universal Remez diagram provides for graphical calculations, which, in combination with the visual determination of the wave parameters, gives a very low accuracy. The article examines the possibility of automatic control of a vessel in a storm by automatic measurement of motion parameters and wave parameters, automatic calculation in the onboard controller of the vessel optimal safe speed and course during a storm, automatic maintenance of the optimal safe speed and course of the vessel. The automatic control significantly increases the accuracy of calculations, excludes the human factor, reduces the depletion of the crew, and increases the reliability of the vessel control in a storm. The efficiency and effectiveness of the method, algorithmic and software were tested on Imitation Modelling Stand in a closed loop with mathematical vessel models of the navigation simulator Navi Trainer 5000.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dual-Band, EBG-DGS Wearable Antenna for Emergency Services and Responses in WBAN]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2022-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The paper introduces a compact, thin flexible textile antenna integrated with an Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) covering the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) bands (2.4-2.485 GHz and 5.1-5.9 GHz) for emergency services and responses. The geometry and configuration of the proposed antenna are made from common clothing jeans fabric, which makes the antenna more flexible, thin, and conformal. A new configuration of EBG structure is developed using Minkowski fractal geometry as base geometry and a DGS with the complementary dumbbell-shaped slot to operate in WLAN standards. The EBG structure is used to isolate the antenna from the human body, whereas the DGS is used to improve the bandwidth and polarization purity. The prototype covers the WLAN bands with gains of 3.37 dBi and 6.47 dBi, a bandwidth of 115.9 MHz, and 398.06 MHz for the specified wireless bands. The integrated antenna demonstrates a Front to Back Ratio (FBR) of 16.77 dB and 32.72 dB, the radiation efficiency of 36.9 % and 73.8 %, and a better cross-polarization level at 2.45 GHz, 5.85 GHz, respectively. The antenna shows a high gain and an efficiency of about 70 % under the various bending scenario. Thus, the anticipated antenna is the most appropriate and potential candidate for wearable applications in various domains.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Improvement of Pilot Symbol Orthogonal Sequences in 2×2 to 4×4 MIMO Wireless Communication Systems with Channel State Estimation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[MIMO wireless communication systems with channel state estimation, in which 2 to 4 transmit-receive antenna pairs are employed, are simulated. The channel estimation is fulfilled by the orthogonal pilot signal approach, where the Walsh Hadamard-ordered sequences are commonly used for piloting. The signal is modulated by applying the quaternary phase shift keying method. Maximum 250 000 packets are transmitted through flat-fading Rayleigh channels, to which white Gaussian noise is added. Based on simulating 10 subcases of the frame length and number of pilot symbols per frame, it is ascertained that pilot symbol orthogonal sequences in 2×2 to 4×4 MIMO systems can be improved by substituting Walsh functions with partially unsymmetrical binary functions constituting the eight known orthogonal bases. The benefit is that the bit-error rate is substantially decreased, especially for 2×2 MIMO systems. Considering three cases of the pilot signal de-orthogonalization caused by two indefinite and definite pilot sequence symbol errors, the relative decrement varies from 0.123 % to 14.7 %. However, the decrement becomes less significant as the number of transmit-receive antenna pairs is increased.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Device and Algorithm for Vehicle Detection and Traffic Intensity Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0010</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[To effectively manage the traffic flow in order to reduce traffic congestion, it is necessary to know the volumes and quantitative indicators of this flow. Various detection methods are known for detecting a vehicle in a lane, which, in turn, have their own advantages and disadvantages. To detect vehicles and analyse traffic intensity, the authors use a pulse coherent radar (PCR) sensor module. Testing of various modes of operation of the radar sensor was carried out to select the optimal mode for detecting vehicles. The paper describes a method for fixing vehicles of different sizes, filtering and separating the vehicle from the traffic flow. The developed vehicle detection device works in conjunction with signal traffic lights, through which traffic control takes place. The signal traffic lights, which have their own sensors and control units, communicate with each other via a radio channel; there is no need for cable laying. The system is designed to work on road maintenance sites. The paper describes the experimental data when testing on a separate section of the road. The experiment showed the advantage of traffic lights (cars passed the regulated traffic light faster) from the point of view of calculating the traffic flow over the normal traffic light operation. Reducing downtime in traffic jams, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the environmental situation, since at the moment internal combustion engines prevail in vehicles.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Hybrid Routing Approach Using Two Searching Layers]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0007</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper considers SUB_GOALs by using basic A* algorithm and Subgoal Graphs in a hybrid approach to execute optimal route. SUB_GOALs identified with pre-searching from basic A* at break points and Subgoal Graphs at corners of obstacles are added to SUB_TABLE to expedite the final searching in the hybrid approach. Map to work on is divided to subregions with decision-making process by using line-of-sight to avoid redundant searching. In the final searching layer, all feasible SUB_GOALs gained from decision-making process in the same subregion are connected to find final solutions of routes. Solutions achieved in the divided subregions are evaluated and combined to discover the final optimal route. The proposed hybrid approach is applied to three different scenarios in various dimensions of maps. In these three scenarios, the shortest route without hitting obstacles is calculated as 46.67, 57.76 and 124.7 units, respectively, and compared with other search algorithms. Simulation results of route planning are demonstrated to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A New Quasi Open Loop Synchronization Technique for Grid-Connected Applications]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ecce-2021-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an effective quasi open-loop (QOLS) synchronization technique for grid -connected power converters that is organized in two different blocks. The first block is a new flexible technique for extracting the positive and negative sequence voltage under unbalanced and distorted conditions. It is a decoupled double self-tuning filter (DD-STF) or multiple self-tuning filters (M-STF) according to the conditions. The main advantages of this technique are its simple structure and the fact of being able to work under highly distorted conditions. Each harmonic is separately treated and this allows for selective compensation in active filter applications. The second block is the frequency detector; we propose a neural approach based on an ADALINE for online adaptation of the cut-off frequency of the DD-STF and M-STF considering a possible variation in the main frequency. The main advantage of this method is its immunity to the voltage signal amplitude and phase. In order to improve the performance of the frequency estimation under distorted source voltage, a pre-filtering stage is introduced. Experimental tests validate the proposed method and illustrate all its interesting features. Results show high performance and robustness of the method under low voltage ride through.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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