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        <title>Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Construction. Architecture Section Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/BIPCA</link>
        <description>Sciendo RSS Feed for Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Construction. Architecture Section</description>
        <lastBuildDate>Sun, 10 May 2026 13:18:16 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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            <title>Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Construction. Architecture Section Feed</title>
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            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/BIPCA</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Collaboration as a formative exercise in architectural education: The case of “Tomorrow’s Architects” as an emerging model of interdisciplinary pedagogy]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0030</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0030</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The conference theme invites reflection on how architecture schools shape the host city and, conversely, are shaped by it. This paper presents a critical analysis of how student-led initiatives can act as catalysts for alternative forms of learning, rooted in collaboration, trust, and a strong commitment to transforming ideas into action. The case study focuses on the NGO Tomorrow’s Architects and two of its core projects: INFOARH and REconnect. The research methodology combines a critical analysis of the NGO’s activity report with direct observation and autoethnographic reflection.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[The digital double. From original to variation: architectural representation in the digital era]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0024</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0024</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In the context of the second digital turn, as it is defined by Mario Carpo in his book The Second Digital Turn, Design beyond Intelligence, the architectural graphical representation suffers a fundamental transformation: the digital tools aren’t anymore only passive tools used for execution, but active cognitive mediums which directly participate in the process of thinking and designing. These new mediums offer the possibility to generate new architectural forms and spaces that don’t derivate anymore from a unique or canonical model, but from variational and iterrational dynamic systems. Thus, the traditional relationship between the original and its copy, in which the double is a faithful reproduction or a translation of a fixed prototype, is destabilized. In the digital logic, the “double” becomes autonomous, it becomes a variation, a unique instance of production.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Integrating heritage into new urban developments]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0026</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0026</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Cultural sustainability raises numerous issues for architects, who are challenged to find solutions for preserving and enhancing architectural heritage, the natural setting, and cultural identity. An important issue in maintaining cultural identity is the relationship between new developments and architectural heritage, which should preserve meanings transmitted over time, by generations. On the one hand, this requires respect for the traditions and the existing built environment. On the other hand, new developments should address the needs and values of modern society and find ways to connect the heritage to modern life. Architectural heritage has an as-yet untapped potential for integrating the cultural and social dimensions of sustainability. Based on case studies, this article analyses three ways in which the cultural and social values of historical heritage can be preserved, enhanced, and enriched by new architectural developments.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Co-producing third spaces around Depoul Victoria, Bucharest]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0022</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0022</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper examines the Depoul Victoria project as a model for decolonizing architectural education and practice through participatory, interdisciplinary methods. By suspending a conventional design competition, the project enabled early engagement with local communities to reimagine an industrial site’s future based on social realities rather than imposed briefs. Volunteers conducted historical, sociological, and spatial analyses, producing documentation that informed a shared, community-centered vision. This process legitimized often-invisible work like coordination and listening, highlighting its importance in architectural pedagogy. The initiative demonstrates how integrating residents’ imaginative rights can build trust and generate social capital, redefining the architect’s role beyond design. By analyzing these outcomes, the paper proposes a framework transferable to other Romanian urban contexts, advocating for systemic change toward a socially engaged, reflective practice that fosters inclusive and sustainable urban transformation.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[The faculty within the architecture of Iaşi]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0028</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0028</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The growth and dissolution of our built environment and architectures is, perhaps, a vivid representation of how memory functions, preserving most of what stands the challenge of time and “forgetting”, sometimes in a natural manner, sometimes altered by trauma and sometimes fuelled by the lack of understanding, appropriation and connection with the users’ culture and knowledge. The evermore divided world today reflects in a landscape of architecture lacking, at times, semantic coherence and connection to a broader paradigm. Of course, the visionary endeavor and experiment is mostly an unintended exercise within the design tasks of a Faculty of Architecture, serving mostly as a more or less defined urban, historic urban structure. Yet, every Faculty of Architecture, through hosting its projects within its city, intrinsically showcases a museum of possibilities, a testing laboratory of visions, confronting discourses, aesthetic directions, meanings and attitudes towards the existent, formulating the grounds for its particular architectural and urban hermeneutics. In a world divided to the extent of ideological fractures today, working on the project of a coherent, empowering and relevant city renders the Faculty of Architecture as a platform for building trust and collaboration.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Iaşi. A guide of local history]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0027</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0027</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This local history guide is an unconventional monograph or an alternative journey which offers an immersive experience in the cultural universe of the city of Iași, guiding the observer’s mind through successive landscapes of culture and identity, through history, stories and testimonies, accompanied by invitations to discovery, interpretation and observation exercises, while addressing challenges to the reader’s memory and contemplation. The guide launches the invitation of transcending space and time, understanding history in its place of origin. The guide bears the immersive quality of a game. Each chapter is made up of lessons, sometimes extending in various directions through case studies, which offer a welcome respite to reflect or deepen a particular history or detail, a beautiful deviation from the well-known history. Dedicated and freely provided by local authorities to 6th and 7th grade pupils from the schools of Iaşi, this project represents a means to empower local knowledge, having as a cult drive the belief that a deeper understanding of the local cultural genealogy, in which history is interwoven with its places and architectures, will lead to much more responsible attitude towards the built environment of Iaşi, its heritage and memory.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[New frame – same picture. Spatial concepts explored and revealed by first-year architecture students]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0029</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0029</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The transition from high-school to university is often a challenging and unsettling experience. In order to ease the transition to a new environment, the first steps of students at the Faculty of Architecture in Iași are closely guided by tutors. The first task of the Project Design course confronts the students with a new challenge: that of observing and interpreting the spaces they visit, aiming to develop the skills of direct analysis of the built environment. The paper aims to analyze the processes involved in the consolidation of the basic notions and principles of architecture in the case of first-year students, through guided observation, diagrammatic representation, and comparative analysis. The aim is to identify spatial categories relevant to understanding the principles of architectural composition. The spatial models and concepts identified within the city of Iași address fundamental compositional principles with broad applicability, regardless of the specific urban/architectural context in which they are explored.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Industrial heritage as an identity resource. A Perspective on the city of Anina]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0031</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0031</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper addresses the conference theme “Convergence. Architecture as a Framework for Collaboration and Trust” by examining how post-industrial legacy shapes relations between people, place and history. Inherited structures and spatial patterns strengthen identity and support regeneration grounded in local experience. In a town shaped by two centuries of coal mining, architecture embodies labor, resilience and belonging. Material presence conveys symbolic depth, while memory and everyday practices sustain continuity in landscapes of change. Living in Anina, together with its industrial landmarks, creates opportunities for reconnection and participation. Industrial heritage provides a framework for collaboration and trust, enabling residents, civic groups, and institutions to converge around shared values and explore new directions. Through community involvement and sustained care for place, environments once defined by work evolve into spaces for reinterpretation across past, present and future. Industrial heritage thus emerges as an active identity resource, capable of guiding participatory regeneration, inspiring collective action and preserving cultural meaning.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Re-linked factories. Connecting industrial heritage with public awareness]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0023</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0023</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This project presents the situation and potential of industrial heritage sites in Iaşi. As the city grows, parts which defined its previous peripheries become encapsulated within the urban fabric, sometimes neighbouring the city center in an even more evident manner, as the scale of the urban environment alters distances. As the plot grows valuable and enticing for urban developers, industrial heritage becomes a subject of endangered architecture, especially if the plot finds itself in an advanced state of decay. Case studies are comprised of examples dating from both pre-communist and communist times: The Cigarette factory, the “Frumoasa“ Workshops, the power plant of the Public bath, the Tram Depot, the “Moldomobila“ Furniture Factory, the District Heating Plant, INCERC – the National Institute for Research and Development in Construction, Urban Planning and Sustainable Spatial Development and the Heavy Equipment + Industrial Machinery Manufacturing (the “FORTUS” Factory). The aim of this research is to establish a digital platform which inventories and raises awareness on the subject of industrial heritage, with the purpose of nurturing collaboration between stakeholders, community and professionals.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The VR Scene: convergent design learning]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0025</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0025</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In an era in which space can be worn on the head, downloaded from the cloud, and reprogrammed in real time, the question “What is space?” gains new intensity. While traditional architecture already engages with a wide array of spatial theories, from absolute to relational, from lived to socially produced, virtual reality destabilises all these conceptual boundaries. This paper examines how virtual reality (VR) can redefine the training of student architects, beginning with a pioneering initiative: The VR Scene, the first architectural design competition entirely conducted in a virtual environment, initiated and juried by the authors at UAUIM in 2022. In a pedagogical climate saturated with graphic representation and outdated methodologies, this initiative proposed something else: a competitive, immersive, interdisciplinary context where eighteen teams of students from different years of study were invited to design and present fully navigable spaces in VR. The VR Scene has generated innovative projects and produced a new kind of educational practice—one in which the boundaries between teacher, student, and expert have blurred into a shared space of exploration and negotiation. In this emerging ecology, architecture is not a finished form, but an ongoing convergence process between thought, technology and humanity. Thus, the study aligns with the theme of the Convergence conference, proposing virtual reality as a pedagogical platform of trust, where collaboration becomes possible and inevitable.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Collaborative materials for circular architecture: chemically optimized rubberized concrete, between sustainable innovation and architectural expression]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The research proposes the development of a sustainable cement composite, obtained by incorporating chemically treated recycled rubber with sodium hydroxide, to reduce the environmental impact of construction. The material valorizes waste from used tires, transformed into an aggregate compatible with the cement matrix through alkaline treatment, leading to improve performance. The properties and expressiveness of the composite support its applicability in sustainable architecture, especially in the creation of prefabricated ventilated facades, modular urban furniture, or decorative elements with variable geometry. The resulting aesthetics contribute to redefining material expression in architecture. The research is conducted within an interdisciplinary framework and is aligned with European strategies on decarbonizing construction and the circular economy.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Unesco site to a comprehensive cultural landscape. The urban plan of Padula (South Italy)]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The paper shows a strategic proposal for the Urban Plan of the Municipality of Padula, in the Vallo di Diano, in South Italy.
In the city there is a Unesco site, the religious complex Certosa di Padula, and a widespread system of archaeological emergencies. The large size of the Unesco site, combined with the morphological difficulties of the city, puts in second light the other sites of historical, cultural and naturalistic value.
The project, developed within an interdisciplinary team, deals with the need to build significant relationships between different parts of the city. The design strategy stems from an interpretation of the territory strongly linked to its geography, cultural forms and identity through an integrated approach that not only protects heritage but also promotes urban development without compromising the site’s authenticity and value.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Educational business tactics in architectural enterprises – Business modelling for financial sustainability]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In recent years, cultural and creative industries have expanded significantly and have come to occupy rapidly a central position in the European economy. Yet, despite this economic prominence and its cultural influence that flows from it, many specialists within these sectors—artists, architects, interior designers, or fashion entrepreneurs—still struggle to achieve sustainable business development and financial stability. A sizeable portion of that challenge arises from an inclination to place the process of the creative act and experimental innovation ahead of disciplined, intentional business planning. Because creative output is complex and market appetite can shift suddenly, practitioners need, alongside professional hard skills, also solid commercial and business acumen. This article affirms that architects, interior designers, and creatives stand to gain sustainability from systematic training, a need that the aBC Business Modelling was consciously designed to address. Grounded in academic inquiry, real-world entrepreneurial practice, and experiential learning exercises, the toolbox was designed to offer a step-by-step framework, from value to customer, financial activities, and operations, with the final goal of running daily operations with clarity and priority, based on their vision.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Co-Housing. Resilience in times of hardship]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Having to deal with an emerging phenomenon in terms of housing, the questions that this study would try to observe critically and answer, are addressed on various levels. In connection to the conference, the central question of this work focuses on the built environment and the relations that arise from it: how can participatory design redefine residential buildings from a sustainability standpoint?
The presentation will first ground the concept of co-housing in its contemporary context, followed by two case studies of co-housing developments in Romania and abroad. It argues that co-housing can be seen as a living laboratory for architecture’s potential to support collective life, especially when residents are involved in the design process. Through a semi-structured interview and comparative analysis of two different co-housing projects, this work positions architecture not merely as a backdrop for social life but as an active agent in community formation. The paper includes diagrams and sketches that illustrate spatial connections, social relations, and the economic or legal aspects involved in this type of housing development, endorsing the hypothesis that sustainability is achieved on various aspects through alliance.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Care infrastructure in Bucharest: A case study on libraries]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper explores how neighborhood libraries in Bucharest function as spaces of care within the urban fabric, proposing that they serve as vital components of social infrastructure that foster trust, inclusion, and community resilience. Drawing on feminist care theory and urban sociology, the study reframes libraries as relational and spatial actors that support everyday life beyond their educational function. The research is part of Care Infrastructure in Bucharest: An Urban Culture Research, a project led by Zeppelin magazine, involving an interdisciplinary team of architects, urbanists, and anthropologists. Through participatory methods—including mapping, field observations, and interviews—the project analyzed the accessibility, condition, and perception of libraries across several Bucharest neighborhoods. A comparison with Prague provides insight into alternative strategies for library development. By integrating cross-disciplinary perspectives and user input, the article demonstrates how collaborative design processes can help reimagine underutilized urban spaces as active infrastructures of care. The study contributes to the conference theme by highlighting the role of architecture in enabling inclusive, care-centered urban practices.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[New architectural ideas require new structural engineering]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Human society evolves through interconnected relationships and is historically shaped by cosmological views that influenced culture and architecture. Religious cosmologies dominated until the 16th–17th centuries, when Galileo and Descartes introduced first scientific paradigms. Newtonian physics framed the 18th–19th centuries, relativity defined the 20th, and the 21st is engaging with quantum and holistic perspectives. These shifts, alongside technological change, suggest a transition toward a more integrated worldview visible in architecture. Architecture mirrors prevailing cosmologies: modernism reflected Newtonian rationalism, postmodernism expressed relativistic plurality, and quantum cosmology— stressing interconnectivity and emergence—inspires parametric and quantum design. This affects aesthetics, construction methods and the architect–engineer relation. Today, holistic approaches encourage collaboration, aligning with broader scientific convergence. Architect and engineer now share responsibility for creating adaptive, ecological, systemic architecture, oriented toward emergent biological paradigms, thus reshaping space, structure, function, and experience.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Between sign and meaning: genius loci as an (in)visible framework in heritage conservation and regeneration]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

A building often preserves, beyond visible traces of the past, an invisible dimension composed of subtle signs intrinsically linked to its historical character. This intangible layer—shaped by collective memory, cultural perceptions, and symbolic references—generates a continuous dialogue between past and present, essential in the conservation and regeneration of built heritage.This paper explores how such (in)visible traces reshape space through two key concepts: genius loci and architectural semiotics. The qualitative methodology combines semiotic analysis with a comparative study of three relevant interventions, addressing how contemporary architecture can engage with historical meaning without falling into rigid preservation.Tourism’s impact on the perception of genius loci is also examined. In heritage cities, visitors’ views often overshadow local voices, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of how the spirit of place is interpreted by different urban actors. Semiotics offers a valuable framework for translating this spirit into a contemporary architectural language, reinforcing memory and identity.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Urban green infrastructure as a collaborative tool in architectural heritage preservation and valorisation]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper investigates the role of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) in the preservation and spatial enhancement of built heritage within cultural-historical settings. Using the Bubanj Memorial Park in Niš, Serbia, as an illustrative example, the research explores how ecological elements can be integrated into heritage conservation to support sustainable development, reinforce place identity, and revitalize neglected memorial landscapes. UGI is positioned as a collaborative and multidisciplinary tool that connects environmental and cultural values. Through conceptual design guidelines rooted in ecological planning and heritage interpretation, the study shows how green systems contribute to the transmission of collective memory and encourage public trust in the urban environment. The findings advocate for a dynamic approach to heritage, treating it as an active component of contemporary urban life. By bridging architecture, landscape, and memory, the paper highlights the potential of UGI to foster inclusiveness, community engagement, and long-term care for shared cultural assets.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Iași Civic Quest: A participatory board game for convergent urbanism and architectural pedagogy]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Iași Civic Quest presents a board-game methodology that translates contemporary urban dilemmas into an accessible, face-to-face simulation. Rooted in the spatial culture of Iași, Romania, the game invites players—students, residents, professionals, and officials—to negotiate real planning scenarios across four domains (Nature, Housing, Academia, and Industry). Drawing on participatory design, tactical urbanism, and architectural pedagogy, the paper argues that analog games can scaffold trust, empathy, and systems literacy. The methodological section details the game’s design-based research framework, modular components, and five gameplay phases (Challenge, Positioning, Intervention, Impact, Reflection). Following informal play tests conducted with architecture students, initial observations suggest substantial pedagogical value: role play fosters empathy; iterative mapping develops critical judgment; and structured reflection nurtures metacognition. The discussion reframes architecture as civic mediation, positioning Iași Civic Quest as a transferable platform for convergent practice in both academic and community settings.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reinterpreting ancient typologies of natural ventilation: a climatic and cfd-based analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bipca-2023-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Ensuring indoor environmental comfort parameters in relation to indoor air quality requirements necessitates the identification of methods that allow for the development of tools to validate the natural ventilation efficiency in relation to factors that can influence system performance. Analysing the historical evolution of natural ventilation, it is observed that the main identified natural physical phenomena by researchers and design specialists in the field are primarily based on the natural forces that generate the exchange of air between the constructed interior environment and the natural exterior environment. The difference in air pressure on either side of the envelope can be generated by two natural factors, either independently or cumulatively, through the action of the wind and temperature difference.
]]></description>
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