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            <title><![CDATA[A Unified Inventory Model with Production Cost under Negative Exponential Demand, Weibull Deterioration and Partial Backlogging]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study develops an inventory optimization model for perishable items using deteriorating inventory theory. The framework integrates time-dependent demand D(t) = Ae−αdt with Weibull-based hazard h(t) = αβ(t − γ)β−1e−α(t−γ)β to characterize component non-instantaneous deterioration. The Time Shift Approach (TSA) is used to ensure that the functions are defined in the real domain. Shortages were allowed and partially backlogged. Numerical illustration was used to validate the model and Python script was employed to obtain the decision variables t1, t2 and T as t1 = 5.113399, t2 = 5.163399 and T = 30.729455. Sensitivity analysis identifies demand rate (αd) and hazard variability (σ) as critical parameters. The minimal interval between t1 and t2 indicates that for items with high post-shelf-life deterioration, the optimal strategy requires rapid, sequential actions to preempt stockouts.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The early marriage situation in Bangladesh: evidence from the MICS-2019 survey]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The social issue of early marriage exists everywhere, including Bangladesh. The background elements connected to early marriage cases in Bangladesh are examined in this study. Early marriage is still very common, even though its incidence has been declining over time. To identify the factors that contribute to early marriage, a background analysis of respondents based on the MICS-2019 data was performed. A binary logistic regression was carried out to explore the factors that influence child marriage in Bangladesh. The model suggests that several factors, namely women’s educational attainment, the family’s wealth index, the age of the women studied, the household head’s religion, and the household head’s sex, were crucial in promoting early marriage. In addition to these characteristics, this study looked into whether exposure to ICT and household head ethnicity had any impact on early marriage. It was revealed by classification and regression tree analysis that there is a strong connection between these factors and early marriage, and the interactions of different factors like religion of household head, ICT exposure, etc., are found to be the combined causal factors of early marriage. Early marriage is a barrier to social progress. The progress of society as a whole will be aided by programs that encourage and assist girls to continue their education. To reduce child marriage, strict adherence to the legal minimum age for first marriage may be essential.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Optimal control and cost-effectiveness analyses of a malaria model]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this work, a new mathematical model that incorporates vaccination, treatment and use of sterile-insect technology (SIT) to control the spread of malaria is formulated. The model is shown to be well-posed mathematically and epidemiologically. Optimal control analysis is performed on the model to obtain the number of susceptible humans that will be vaccinated, the number of infected humans that will be treated, and the number of SIT mosquitoes that will be interacting with females in the wild for optimal control of the disease. The results show that combining vaccination, treatment and use of SIT has a greater controlling effect than when any two of the three control methods are combined. However, cost-effectiveness analysis shows that combining treatment and vaccination is more cost-effective, and hence should be adopted.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Double Weighted XGamma Distribution for Cancer Survival Data]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article introduces a novel statistical model, the double weighted Xgamma distribution (DWXGD), for analysing cancer survival data. This study investigate its theoretical properties and illustrate its versatility through graphical representations of the probability density and cumulative distribution function for different values of parameters. Parameter estimation is done using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The practical utility of the proposed distribution is illustrated through the use of a real-world leukaemia dataset, in which it consistently outperforms existing models according to –logL, AIC, BIC, AICC, HQIC and CAIC criteria. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and responsiveness of the DWXGD in modelling skewed or heavily-tailed survival periods, furnishing better forecasts and insightful information for clinical decision-making.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Existence, Uniqueness and Continuous Dependence of Solutions for a Noncontractive Caputo Fractional Delay Equation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study establishes a complete qualitative analysis for a class of noncon-tractive Caputo fractional delay differential equations subject to integral boundary conditions. First, the existence of solutions is proved under mild assumptions using Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem, with the noncontractive property explicitly characterized by the derived condition kop. Uniqueness is then established via an innovative application of the fractional Grön-wall inequality. Furthermore, a rigorous perturbation framework is developed to prove the continuous dependence of solutions on external parameters, ensuring structural robustness. The theoretical results are validated both analytically and through numerical simulations in MATLAB, which illustrate the system’s distinct dynamical behavior across fractional orders α ∈ (0, 1), highlighting enhanced memory effects at lower orders and transitional dynamics at intermediate values. Our results improve, extend and provide a comprehensive analytical foundation for noncontractive fractional delay systems and contribute significantly to the qualitative theory of fractional differential equations with applications in hereditary and memory-dependent processes, as described in the literature.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Regional variations in the management of reusable menstrual material among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Menstruation is a natural biological process, yet menstrual hygiene management (MHM) remains inadequate in many low- and middle-income settings. This study assessed the prevalence, geographic distribution, and determinants of reusable menstrual product use among women in Bangladesh. A secondary analysis was conducted using the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019, including 56,077 women aged 15–49 years. Bivariate associations were examined using chi-square tests, and multivariable relationships were assessed using weighted binomial logistic regression, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals. District-wise spatial mapping and wealth-stratified subgroup analyses were also performed. Approximately two-thirds of women reported using reusable menstrual materials. The lowest prevalence was observed in Dhaka (45%), followed by Kushtia (47%) and Jhenaidah (49%), while higher use was seen in northern and southern regions. Higher odds of using reusable products were associated with rural residence, lower education, poorer household wealth, male-headed households, older age, current marriage, and limited mass media exposure. Substantial variation was observed across wealth quintiles, indicating socioeconomic heterogeneity in determinants. The findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions and menstrual health awareness programs, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, to promote safe and hygienic use of reusable menstrual products in Bangladesh.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A new accurate regression: Overcoming the specification error]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[We develop a simple method that virtually eliminates the regression specification error and spurious relationships. Furthermore, we introduce a strong (real) causality test.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Incompatibility of Model Specifications in GLMs: A Response to the Misclaim of Neuhaus and Jewell (2025)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In our paper (Feng et al., 2024), we identified a critical flaw in the work of Neuhaus and Jewell (1993). Although Neuhaus and Jewell (2025) argue that we misinterpreted their results, we respectfully disagree. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis demonstrating that their claim is unfounded.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[New classes of D-optimal chemical balance weighing designs with correlated errors]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study presents several results concerning the determination of chemical balance weighing designs that satisfy the criterion of D-optimality. The designs are examined under the assumption that all measurements exhibit equal positive correlation and identical variances. We introduce a method for augmenting a regular D-optimal chemical balance weighing design with additional measurements in order to obtain a highly D-efficient chemical balance weighing design.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Existence of solutions to a noncontractive caputo fractional delay integral boundary value problem]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper establishes the existence of solutions for a class of Caputo fractional delay integral boundary value problems (CFDIBVPs) in the Banach space AC1([0, 1], ℝn). The presence of nonlocal boundary conditions and delay arguments produces an associated integral operator that is generally noncontractive. Using a decomposition into condensing components and Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem, we obtain existence results without invoking the Banach contraction principle. Precise estimates in the AC1([0, 1])-norm verified continuity, boundedness, and the self-map property of the operator. An explicit example illustrates how delay and boundary terms determined the operator constant and prevented classical contractivity. The analysis extends fixed-point methods for fractional systems with memory and delay, showing that the boundary and delay structures, rather than the fractional order alone, govern the solvability of the CFDIBVP.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness: Limits and Modern Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a review of selected concepts concerning consciousness, intelligence and artificial intelligence, focusing on their interrelations and interpretative limitations. The aim of the paper is to organize key definitions and viewpoints, and to highlight central issues related to the question of whether conscious machines can ever emerge. Consciousness is often defined as subjective experience, as the capacity for reflection on one’s own mental states, or as an emergent property of complex biological systems. Intelligence, on the other hand, is interpreted as the ability to learn, solve problems, adapt to changing conditions, and control cognitive processes. The development of computational technologies has given rise to weak artificial intelligence, encompassing algorithmic and machine learning systems that can model and predict patterns with high precision. Within this category, generative artificial intelligence, represented by large language models, demonstrates impressive linguistic capabilities but lacks genuine understanding – a feature associated with strong AI. The paper discusses whether computational processes can be equated with real thinking, referring to Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, Searle’s Chinese Room argument, as well as the Turing Test. This review contributes by integrating classical philosophical arguments with a comparative evaluation of contemporary language models (GPT-5, Gemini 2.5, DeepSeek-V3.2), examining their responses to Gödelian questions and reasoning tasks. The analysis indicates that, despite significant progress in building artificial intelligence systems, the question of their potential consciousness remains unresolved and continues to be a subject of profound philosophical debate.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of machine learning in diabetes diagnosis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Diabetes is a serious global health problem that affects millions of people and leads to many complications if not diagnosed early. Early and accurate diagnosis is very important for improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. Machine learning can help to analyze medical data and predict diabetes more effectively. This study compares three machine learning models – logistic regression, random forests, and XGBoost – for predicting diabetes based on medical data. The models were tested in their basic forms and with different techniques for balancing the dataset, such as undersampling, oversampling, SMOTE, and an asymmetric approach. Additionally, variable reduction and probability averaging as a form of ensemble learning were applied. The experiments are based on the dataset available on the Kaggle platform, which contains 100,000 observations. The problem is interesting because diagnostic criteria based on glycated hemoglobin and blood glucose levels do not enable automatic and unambiguous diagnosis in this dataset. However, they will be important independent variables in the classification models considered. The results of the evaluation show the potential of machine learning in supporting specialists in diabetes diagnosis, and highlight the importance of proper data preprocessing for achieving better model performance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[There is no Flaw in Neuhaus and Jewell (1993)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This brief note responds to Feng, Wang, and Liu (2024), who claim that Neuhaus and Jewell (1993) contains a "flaw" and is based on an invalid argument. The opposite is true: there is no flaw in Neuhaus and Jewell (1993), and Feng, Wang, and Liu’s development is based on a misconception of what our paper describes, including their use of an incorrect assumption. This misinformation should be corrected.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Approximate solution for a malaria model using the homotopy analysis method]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Malaria as an infectious disease is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, and transmitted amongst humans through the bites of the female Anopheles mosquito. In this work, we used a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to present a new model for the disease. The model incorporated vaccination, treatment and vector control using sterile-insect technology. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the parameters which affect the endemicity of the disease. The approximate solutions of the system were obtained using the homotopy analysis method. The results obtained showed the region of convergence for the solutions. Plots were used to show this convergence region, highlighting the advantage of HAM over many other approximation methods. MATLAB and Maple were used in the simulation and mathematical analysis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Existence and uniqueness of solutions to a certain Caputo fractional delay integral boundary value problem]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This work investigated the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a certain Caputo fractional delay integral boundary value problem. Using Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem, we establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions to this problem. As a specific example, we consider a non-homogeneous two-term problem with deviating argument under integral boundary conditions. We obtained explicit solutions using the Laplace transform method, and analyzed the phase portraits of the system for all values of α ∈ (0, 1) and the two-parameter Mittag–Leffler function to establish the viability of our solution in real-life applications.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An index for discriminating the direction of anti-sum-asymmetry for square contingency tables]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A square contingency table is a special case of a two-way contingency table wherein the row and column variables consist of the same classification. In square contingency tables, observations tend to be concentrated in the main diagonal cells of the table or nearby, and independence between row and column variables often does not hold. The anti-sum-symmetry model has a symmetrical structure with respect to the anti-diagonal cells of the table. The anti-sum-symmetry model should be applied to square contingency tables with ordered categories. The existing index, which can measure the degree of departure from the anti-sum-symmetry model, cannot discriminate between perfect upper and lower anti-sum-asymmetries. To address this issue, we propose here a directional index which can discriminate between the two types of anti-sum-asymmetries. The proposed index can be interpreted as an index for measuring the degree of perfect anti-sum-asymmetry. We derive an approximately unbiased estimator and an approximate confidence interval for the proposed index. The utility of the proposed index is demonstrated through a real data analysis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A study of the efficiency of chemical balance weighing designs]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Some elements concerning the problem of determining chemical balance designs are considered. A method is presented for determining the best design in classes where no D-optimal design exists. In this case, we obtain a design that is highly D-efficient. The efficiency of such a design is presented as a function of the number of parameters and measurements, and its properties are studied. Charts showing the efficiency function for selected classes of designs are presented.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Stability analysis is used to evaluate sugar beet genotypes with the goal of maximizing root and white sugar yield]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2025-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Sugar beet is regarded as a main source of sugar supply alongside sugarcane. To evaluate new promising hybrids in terms of stability and adaptability, six distinct environments were used to sow 15 different sugar beet genotypes. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that genotype, environment, and their interaction had a significant impact on root yield and white sugar yield. Among 15 genotypes, using AMMI biplot analysis, G5 and G14 were distinguished as adaptive and high-yielding genotypes for root yield, and G6 for white sugar yield. The interaction between the first two principal components of the AMMI 2 biplot model explained 72.3% of the variation resulting from the G + G × E interaction for root yield and 75.2% for white sugar yield. G5 stands out as the genotype with the greatest stability and yield efficiency. The GGE biplot revealed environment 3 as the ideal environment. Genotypes G7, G6 and G5 were selected as the superior stable genotypes with respect to white sugar yield based on the WAASB stability index, while G5 was determined as the most stable genotype by MSTI. Using the GGE biplot, G5’s high white sugar yield and stability within diverse environments made it the optimum genotype.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Visuomotor Functions in the Aging Process: Analysis of Visual Path Speed]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2024-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates age-related changes in visuomotor functions by analyzing gaze path velocity (pixels per second). The research included 50 participants aged 7 to 83 years, divided into four groups: children (7–14 years), young adults (19–39 years), middle-aged adults (45–58 years), and older adults (62–83 years). Eye movements were tracked during a visual scanning task. Statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey HSD tests, and effect size calculations (η&amp;sup2;), evaluated group differences.Significant differences in gaze path velocity were found across groups. Children had an average velocity of 150.44 px/s, serving as a baseline. Young adults showed a substantial increase (365.97 px/s), and middle-aged adults reached the highest velocities (423.48 px/s), indicating peak visuomotor function. Older adults demonstrated a decline (256.15 px/s), reflecting age-related neuroplasticity reductions.A nonlinear trajectory, modeled by a second-degree polynomial equation (R&amp;sup2; = 0.89), peaked at age 46.3 years (Vmax = 406.03 px/s). This pattern reflects rapid growth in childhood, stabilization in middle age, and decline in later life.The findings underscore the importance of age-specific interventions, optimized user interfaces, and neurodegenerative diagnostics. Future studies should expand on sample size and consider health and lifestyle factors to enhance understanding of visuomotor variability.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Comparison of Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients for selected traits of Pinus sylvestris L.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bile-2024-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric (distribution-free) rank statistic proposed by Charles Spearman as a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables. It is a measure of a monotonic relationship that is used when the distribution of the data makes Pearson’s correlation coefficient undesirable or misleading. The Spearman coefficient is not a measure of the linear relationship between two variables. It assesses how well an arbitrary monotonic function can describe the relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables. Unlike Pearson’s product-moment (linear) correlation coefficient, it does not require the assumption that the relationship between variables is linear, nor does it require that the variables be measured on interval scales; it can be applied to variables measured at the ordinal level. The purpose of this study is to compare the values of Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and their statistical significance for six morpho-anatomical traits of Pinus sylvestris L. (original – for Pearson’s coefficient, and ranked – for Spearman’s coefficient) estimated from all observations, object means (for trees), and medians. The results show that the linear and rank correlation coefficients are consistent (as to direction and strength). In cases of divergence in the direction of correlation, the correlation coefficients were not statistically significant, which does not imply consistency in decision-making. Estimation of correlation coefficients based on medians is robust to outlier observations and factors that linear correlation is then very similar to rank correlation.]]></description>
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