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        <title>B&amp;H Electrical Engineering Feed</title>
        <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/BHEE</link>
        <description>Sciendo RSS Feed for B&amp;H Electrical Engineering</description>
        <lastBuildDate>Sun, 10 May 2026 12:57:17 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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            <title>B&amp;H Electrical Engineering Feed</title>
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            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/BHEE</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Bosnia and Herzegovina National Committee CIGRÉ</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Digitalization Challenges for Hydropower Plants – Insights from a Drinking Water Recovery Example]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0022</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0022</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Hydropower sector is undergoing a transformation of replacing old analog control systems and leveraging the effect of digitalization to increase operational flexibility, production and safety using digital elements like sensors, wireless platforms, real time monitoring, predictive maintenance and decision support systems etc.. Implementation of digitalization to hydropower plants has a potential of 42 TWh increase in annual production worldwide, hence creates a potential for USD 5 billion annual operational cost savings and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. One of the critical and common applications of digitalization in hydropower sector is unmanned/remote operated hydropower plants, of which there are several examples of in the Water-Energy nexus projects. In Water Distribution Networks (WDN), Pressure Reduction Valves (PRV) are the most common tools to manage excessive pressure due to the topography, resulting in energy waste. To harvest this waste energy, micro hydropower plants can be used for pressure reduction and the harvested energy can be used in remote areas lacking grid connectivity or directly supplied to the local grid. Digitalization has potential advantages on both micro, mini and small sized hydropower plants installed in water networks such as optimal control of water pressure using digital twins of the WDNs, autonomous operation of the plants and proactive or predictive maintenance to ensure trouble-free operation. In this paper, we present the insights from a technical point of view from a practical Water-Energy nexus project and from a short term scientific mission study conducted with a COST action PEN@Hydropower member institute. This research aims to reveal main challenges to be encountered during implementation of digital control and monitoring solutions in a small hydropower plant, including hands on observations during erection, commissioning and operation phases. Review on data collection and storage issues from critical equipment, cleaning out the collected data for analysis and machine learning applications, cyber security issues brought by digital transformation along with the convenience in installation and operation it brings is presented as a guide for future research.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[DTS: An Innovative Synchronization Method for Synchronous Condenser with the Electrical Grid]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0020</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper presents an original deterministic approach to improve the success rate of the synchronization process of a synchronous condenser. In fact, the start-up process of a synchronous condenser cannot rely on the presence of a supply system to regulate its speed during the synchronization process, as happens with traditional synchronous generators. A static frequency converter is used to start the machine, but it should be disconnected before the grid synchronization to avoid damage, making the process uncontrollable. The proposed method aims to analytically determine the optimal frequency and phase angle to disconnect the converter to ensure synchronization with the grid within proper thresholds. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by a comparison with on-field recording of real synchronous condenser start-up processes. This procedure enables significantly reducing the frequency threshold for the synchronization so to limit the thermal and mechanical stresses of the machine and to increase its lifecycle.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Finite Element Analysis of a Jumper Conductor Set Used in Power Transmission Towers Under Wind Effect]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0018</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0018</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Jumper conductor sets are essential components in energy transmission lines, enabling the transfer of electrical energy between insulator strings positioned on either side of tension towers. In cases where the jumper conductor set is relatively long, it is secured to the tower cross-arm through an insulator arm at its mid-length to mitigate oscillations caused by wind. Additionally, counterweights are attached to the jumper conductor to reduce wind-induced lateral movements. However, the effects of counterweight quantity and positioning on the behavior of jumper conductors under lateral wind loads have not been fully investigated. Addressing this gap, the present study examines the behavior of a triple-bundle 1272 MCM ACSR jumper conductor set used in 420 kV energy transmission lines through finite element analysis (FEA). The primary objective is to assess how counterweight quantity and placement influence the lateral sway response of the conductor under wind-induced loading conditions. In the study, mechanical tests were conducted to determine the bending stiffness and sag behavior of jumper conductors, and the results were used to validate the FEA model. A parametric study on 1272 MCM ACSR jumper conductor set revealed that counterweights significantly reduce lateral sway from 32° without counterweights to 15° with 2 kN weights. Symmetrical counterweight placement further enhanced stability of the jumper conductor set. These findings emphasize the importance of counterweight placement in mitigating wind-induced oscillations and ensuring the stability of jumper conductor sets in high-voltage transmission lines. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing the design of counterweight systems to enhance the reliability and performance of transmission line structures.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Opportunities and Challenges Towards a Further Deployment of Facts and HVDC Technologies in the European Transmission System Context]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0021</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0021</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Towards the integration of an increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) generation, the transition pattern in Europe requires careful planning and extensive investments in the electricity system. The needed RES integration especially concerns the electricity grids, as well as the enabling technologies and measures, which can ensure a clean, secure, flexible, and efficient energy supply. In particular, in the context of the integration of large-scale RES generation, the development of adequate HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) and HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission infrastructures and innovative technologies plays an increasingly pivotal role. The technological progress in power electronics over the latest twenty years has contributed to make HVDC more widespread also in terms of new applications. This has also impacted on the development of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) devices that have recently seen a constant increase in penetration and deployment in the European power system. Both HVDC and FACTS technologies, with their flexibility increase capability, can play a crucial role towards the facilitation of RES integration. Within the European background and considering Italian experiences, the present paper first provides an updated overview of key features and benefits of different FACTS and HVDC technologies. These elements may support the European transmission network planners in their decision-making. Particular attention is devoted to the still open and crucial challenges that regard the further penetration of HVDC and FACTS technologies in the European and Italian system context.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dependence of UHF Partial Discharge Detection and Source Positioning in Power Transformers on Different Input Pulse Frequency Ranges]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0019</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0019</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Transformer insulation is gradually weakened by partial discharges (PDs), which might eventually result in complete transformer failure if left unchecked. Different types of sources can produce PD signals, which can be detected throughout a wide frequency range. Preventive maintenance of power transformers depends on the characteristics of received ultra-high frequency (UHF) PD signals at sensors and the positioning of their source. This study compares and analyses the effects of different input pulse frequency ranges (IPFRs), the transformer tank, the active components of the transformer, dispositions of UHF sensors relative to PD source, the total efficiency of the used antenna and superimposed reflected waves on received signals’ waveforms, times of arrivals (TOAs) and magnitudes of their first peaks (FPs), time differences of appearances and magnitude ratios between the extreme amplitudes and FPs in their first wave packets, as well as variations in their amplitude spectra.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Energy Communities: Overview and Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0017</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0017</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

By the directives of the European Union (EU), the Energy Community (EC) operates in the field of electricity production, distribution, supply, consumption management, aggregation, energy storage, provision of flexibility services, energy efficiency services, and charging services for electric vehicles. To achieve the above, it is necessary to clearly define the EC’s business models, technical design, and organizational structure. This paper will clarify the similarities and differences between the concepts of renewable energy communities and citizens’ energy communities through a comparative analysis. This paper provides an overview of the literature on ECs to create a picture of the current situation in this area. Likewise, the analysis of the literature gave a clear picture of who the possible members of the EC are, their mutual relations and the possible activities of the EC and the way of participating in the market. For an energy management system (EMS), the model of data exchange is given. This requires the exact mapping of EC within the SGAM, which includes communication and information standards. Also, the business models and functions of ECs are explained. For the selected use-cases, an analysis of the functionalities (activities) of the ECs is conducted.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[How to Build, Operate and Maintain HVDC Converter Stations with Sustainability in Mind]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0016</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0016</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Achieving sustainability advancements in power transmission requires an integrated approach that combines cutting-edge technology, operational expertise, and power system’s research which are core values of the CIGRE community. This paper explores a collaborative initiative by the Italian National Study Committees B4 and C3 by involving a technology provider, a transmission utility and a power system research centre, aimed at advancing the sustainability of modern power grids with specific focus on HVDC systems. As global energy demands increase and environmental concerns mount, this paper seeks to address key sustainability challenges through targeted advancements in transmission technology and operational green practices. In the first section a technology outlook is provided including a list of focus points from sustainability perspective. It is provided a comparison of LCA and circularity between HVDC and HVAC systems, offering insights into manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life phases. This analysis addresses key circularity aspects to improve material reuse and minimize environmental footprints throughout the technology’s lifecycle. By establishing a structured comparison, the paper explores how HVDC technology can advance sustainable practices across design and operational stages. The second section contributes to the study by focusing on the integration of large infrastructure projects into the environment, specifically addressing mitigation strategies for visual impacts, interference with priority habitats both at sea and on land. These considerations are essential as HVDC systems require significant physical volumes. A general framework of regulatory and policy needs is given, including EU and national guidelines, to balance the possible environmental impacts and translate the short, medium and long-term results in KPIs not measurable with traditional economical frameworks. The final section includes a comprehensive LCA study, drawing from recent data from updated and improved environmental impact estimates according to the life cycle methodology of the current Italian electricity mix and 2030 scenarios. Although most expertise come from HVAC experience, similar methodology can be translated to the HVDC context, utilizing PNIEC (National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan) targets and projections through 2030. This time-based LCA perspective highlights how the environmental impact of the kWh evolves, emphasizing that as time progresses, the role of power losses becomes more pronounced, with manufacturing and end-of-life impacts relatively diminishing in the overall footprint. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the value of combining technology, utility operations, and research to establish HVDC as a sustainable backbone for future energy grids, providing a replicable model for responsible and effective deployment of advanced transmission systems.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dynamic Line Rating Through Extrapolation At Nearby Spans in Comparable Environments: Predicting Wind with Machine Learning Models Trained on Local Wind Measurements]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0015</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0015</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Due to increasing and variable power flows, many overhead lines approach their traditionally static or seasonal rating limits, which were established decades ago based on very conservative weather conditions for more stable flows. Since expanding infrastructure often entails lengthy delays and high costs, Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) of overhead lines (OHLs) is an alternative solution to leverage unexploited line capacity. In DLR, wind is the primary cooling factor. However, wind speed and direction vary greatly over short distances due to local environmental features like trees, buildings, terrain roughness, conductor level, turbulence, and the atmospheric boundary layer physics. Despite continued advancements, meteorological models still struggle to account for local disturbances, which are very complex in practice to be explicitly incorporated into digital models. Typically, the approach at Ampacimon involves adjusting weather provider wind values and forecasts according to local measurements from sensors installed on the conductor at critical spans. This paper examines the constraints and opportunities of a hybrid approach that employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) techniques to extrapolate wind data from critical span locations to adjacent spans with comparable line and environmental conditions. Three conditions must be met: low distance and angle between spans (such as parallel circuits) and little wind obstruction around the span. This new approach improves the scalability of DLR systems with a more optimized number of sensors, reducing installation costs, yet still ensuring high accuracy. Despite the high variability of wind, satisfactory results, validated in the field against sensor measurements over one year of data at multiple locations, are presented. This study also highlights the critical need to include local sensor-based wind measurements in the process to avoid overestimating the real available capacity.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Overview of Information and Communication Requirements for Local Flexibility Markets]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0012</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0012</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This research investigates the technological underpinnings of Local Flexibility Markets (LFMs). It delves into the synergistic relationship between Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) to ensure seamless LFM operations. A key focus is on the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) architecture, which plays a pivotal role in LFM functionality. The research addresses the critical aspect of interoperability within LFMs. It explores standardized data formats for electricity markets, the Common Information Model (CIM) for efficient data exchange, and relevant standards such as the Common Distribution Power System Model Profile (CDPSM) and the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES). To ensure secure data exchange, the research investigates various ICT protocols and the significance of Internet of Things (IoT) protocols in enabling LFMs. It underscores the importance of a layered cybersecurity approach to protect LFM infrastructure and sensitive data. The findings of this research highlight the importance of a robust ICT architecture, coupled with secure data exchange mechanisms, to ensure the interoperability, reliability, and overall success of LFMs.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Power System Recovery Strategy After a Major Blackout]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0004</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

A plethora of factors have been identified as contributing to the current deficit in energy production and supply. These include power outages, transmission line overloads, discrepancies between energy production and demand, errors in load forecasting, meteorological phenomena, maintenance issues, cyber-attacks, and terrorist or criminal acts. The unpredictability in the production of renewable energy sources, aggravating the problem of consistently matching supply to demand in electricity grids. This article considers the possibility of a power outage over a large area of the interconnected electricity transmission system. It also presents how to prevent such a possibility, as well as the remedial actions to follow to prevent a catastrophic event such as a power outage. The safety criteria of the transmission system, the defense plans and the remedial actions that the system operator should prepare to prevent a major power outage are described. First, the major power outages that have occurred in recent years are presented and their causes are examined. In addition, it has been tried to find similarities between the past power cuts in Turkey and the state of the European electricity grid. A transmission failure simulation test environment has been developed to understand the characteristics of realistic transmission level disturbances propagated to the power system and the effects of such disturbances on the performance of conventional conservation and restoration technologies. By using both Black Start units and connection lines from neighboring system operators, it was ensured that restoration time was minimized by creating separate islands that would eventually be synchronized. In the study, a restoration strategy was presented. The proposed strategy has been tested and validated in the IEEE-39 bus system. The results proved the efficiency of the restoration strategy, as the total restoration time was sufficiently short depending on the complexity of each system, and critical loads were primarily fed.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Electric Vehicles as Participants in the Flexibility System]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0001</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation system represents a crucial step towards achieving sustainable mobility and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Technological advancements continuously enhance the performance and availability of EVs, making them significant players in the flexibility of energy grid systems. Electric vehicles not only provide an environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional vehicles but also act as mobile battery systems. These systems can be optimized for energy consumption management, balancing supply and demand in the electrical power system. Given the increasing share of renewable sources, the flexibility of EVs becomes essential. The analysis of home EV charger integration was conducted using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software tool, utilizing quasi dynamic simulation. The simulations were performed on a rural network near Mostar on the weekday with the highest consumption, July 18, 2023. The simulation results indicated that the increase in the share of chargers significantly impacts the electrical grid. In the case of connecting 5% of chargers from the total number of consumers on the transformer station, an increase in network losses was recorded, but the transformer load remained below 100%. When the share increased to 15% of the total consumers, losses also increased, leading to transformer overload. However, by implementing load management strategies, where 50% of the 15% of consumers at overloaded transformer stations engage in demand response, system losses are mitigated, and transformer loading conditions are effectively optimized. This paper demonstrates that smart charging, along with strategies for optimizing charging times, can significantly reduce peak loads on transformers, improve the overall efficiency of the electrical power system, and simultaneously provide financial savings for end users.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[New Precautionary Studies and Results for Reducing Bird Caused Faults in Over Head Lines]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0005</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Studies for the prevention of bird-induced malfunctions have been examined in the literature. In studies in the literature, some precautions have been taken to prevent birds from being placed in undesirable dangerous spots on conductors and poles. It has been observed that some of the measures are efficient and some are inefficient. In this direction, a number of measures have been taken to Turkish Transmission Network.When evaluated in terms of the number of individuals and wing spans in Türkiye, storks and seagulls are expected to cause the most malfunctions in OHLs. However, it has been observed that the habitats of seagulls are generally near the sea. It has been observed that storks use OHLs and poles on their migration routes, nesting and resting. It has been determined to the degree that storks are mostly responsible for bird-related malfunctions. Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation has taken various measures to reduce bird-related faults in OHLs. Sheet galvanized metal assembly was carried out in May 2019. Sheet plates are mounted horizontally (flat) on the middle phase console of the poles. As a result of the studies, it was observed that although horizontally mounted galvanized sheets did not prevent nesting, the number of openings of bird-borne OHLs decreased by a minimum of 63 percent and a maximum of 100 percent.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Improvement of Measurements of Lightning Currents Circulating Through the Line Surge Arresters and Transmission Towers]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0007</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Due to the improved surge arresters’ technology and their low cost and simple installation, there is an increasing number of Line Surge Arresters (LSA) application to the overhead lines installed with the aim to improve the lightning protection of the lines and reduce the outage rate due to the lightning. In order to protect the overhead line from lightning it is advisable to know how does the lightning waveshape look like: what is the peak lightning current; maximum current steepness; charge transfer and specific energy. The experimental system for the measurement of lightning current circulating in line surge arresters and through the transmission line tower was installed on the 110 kV transmission line tower. It is equipped with the real-time monitoring and acquisition system for measuring the amplitude and shape of the currents through surge arresters and the overhead line tower. The newly designed system is based on the state-of-the-art in terms of measuring sensors, communication, and information technologies. The lightning current measuring system is equipped with the custom developed software, which will enable the system to download the data from the measuring device, to process the data and to transfer the data automatically to the cloud. The measuring system’s components are chosen according to the specific parameters of the lightning current. The knowledge gained from the measured data will help to define more precisely the procedures to be followed in engineering projects and to specify the phases and towers where line surge arresters have to be installed. On another level, the exploitation of several sources of information simultaneously will help to identify the way to take the maximum possible advantage of the data provided by the lightning detection system.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analysis of Multi-Circuit Overhead Transmission Lines Zone of Influence from the Aspect of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Based on the Use of Artificial Neural Networks]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0003</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Overhead transmission lines that consist of two or more circuits are frequently utilized as a solution in scenarios requiring the transmission of a higher amount of energy per unit of space, when spatial constraints exist, or to achieve cost savings in the construction and maintenance of transmission infrastructure. Despite their numerous advantages, these overhead transmission lines pose significant challenges concerning the intensity of magnetic fields in their vicinity. This paper presents an analysis of the influence zone of multi-circuit overhead transmission lines from the perspective of magnetic fields in the range of extremely low-frequencies. The zone of influence, in this context, is defined as the area surrounding the overhead transmission lines where the magnetic flux density exceeds specified reference values. To determine the magnetic flux density values, a methodology based on the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) was employed. The paper outlines the implementation of this ANN based approach to estimate the magnetic flux density near multi-circuit overhead transmission lines. Two case studies are presented, examining double-circuit overhead transmission lines that have different configurations and rated voltages. For these cases, the zones of influence were determined with respect to extremely low-frequency magnetic field values. Additionally, a comparison was conducted between the obtained influence zones and the safety zones for overhead transmission lines defined by regulatory authorities.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhanced Detection and Monitoring of Unauthorized Activities in High-Voltage Power Grids Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) in Turkish Transmission Grid]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0009</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study presents the implementation and evaluation of a fiber-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) system for monitoring overhead high-voltage transmission lines in the Turkish Transmission Grid. The DAS system, deployed on a 154-kV transmission line spanning 40 km, utilizes existing optical ground wires (OPGW) for real-time acoustic and vibrational sensing. The study outlines the fundamental principles of DAS technology, detailing how optical fiber functions as a distributed sensor to detect mechanical disturbances along the transmission line. Signal processing algorithms and feature extraction techniques were developed to analyze recorded acoustic signatures associated with different types of activities, including structural impacts, mechanical tampering, and environmental stressors such as wind-induced vibrations and icing effects. Key signal features, including root mean square (RMS) amplitude, crest factor, zero-crossing rate, spectral centroid, power spectral density (PSD), and wavelet entropy, were extracted and analyzed for their suitability in activity classification. Extensive field tests were conducted, including controlled experiments such as hammering, mechanical and manual unscrewing, and metal cutting at various distances from the interrogation unit. A signal processing pipeline was implemented to enhance detection accuracy, utilizing noise reduction, spectral analysis, and feature-based classification. The developed detection algorithm processes real-time acoustic data and assigns an activity score based on extracted features, enabling efficient identification of anomalies and security threats along the transmission line. The system demonstrated high sensitivity to impulsive events, reliably detecting 22 out of 23 activities with a near-zero false alarm rate. The results indicate that DAS technology is capable of accurately monitoring and detecting unauthorized activities around high-voltage transmission towers and it can serve as an effective non-intrusive monitoring solution for power transmission infrastructure. The DAS technology presented herein has the potential to become an essential tool in ensuring the safety and reliability of Türkiye’s energy infrastructure, enabling rapid response to both human-made and natural threats.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Use of Sampled Values for Power Transfer Analysis at Distribution Level]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0002</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The expansion of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, electric vehicles charging stations, power electronics interfaced loads and the integration of microgrids operating in connected or island modes have caused voltage and current signals to be distorted from their conventional sinusoidal model [1]. The transient phenomena over short timeframes (less than 1s) cannot be detected by conventional means of measurement devices, which focuses more on information concentrators of electric quantities, rather than analyzing the entire variation of the signal. Therefore, new methods of measuring and modelling energy transfer are needed to understand these phenomena in detail and to adapt electric networks to the new requirements of the energy transition. This paper proposes a new method for monitoring the deviation of the current signal from the sinusoidal model at low voltage distribution level through sampled values [2]. A system composed of a sampling unit and an edge computing capacity is proposed to receive the aggregated current signal from multiple loads and analyze its deviation from the sinusoidal model over a predefined timeframe. The deviation from the sinusoidal model is quantified using two statistical indicators, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Goodness of Fit (GoF), which provide a different view about the deviation of the signal. This way, the Distribution System Operator (DSO) can receive aggregated information about the degree of distortion of current signals in a system node.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Survey on Grid Connection and Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: Trends and Challenges]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0006</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Offshore wind energy is a clean, endogenous and efficient renewable source (RES) which will play an important role for the energy transition in Europe. Grid connection and integration of offshore wind energy is critical from a Transmission System Operator (TSO) viewpoint since there is an urgent need for offshore transmission grid development while onshore RES development is in intensive progress. The additional offshore RES capacity must be securely connected to the onshore grid while the energy must be efficiently integrated into the energy interconnected system. The paper investigates general technoeconomic aspects on connection solutions and integration for medium-scale size offshore wind farms (OWFs) while the authors discuss challenges and trends in preliminary planning of grid connection infrastructure to the HV and EHV transmission grid, as well as integration aspects. Finally, the survey paper will provide cited references; recently published bibliography for further reading and discussion.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Training for Operating Staff in Control Centres as One Key Factor for Operating Resilience]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0010</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

In large interconnected power systems the operating conditions become more and more complex. The challenges for the operating staff in the responsible control centres are thereby steadily increasing both in grid and system operations:
- The rising share of decentralised energy sources (DER) inverses the power flow between TSO and DSO and leads to extended coordination needs between control centres.
- Inaccurate forecasts for decentralised infeed and loading challenge system balancing.
- In highly loaded systems each unavailable device (e.g. for service) endangers the (n-1) security, and lead to the risk of cascading effects, system splits and blackouts.
Control centre staff is one key factor in operating the power system in a safe and secure way, especially in critical situations. The staff has to be steadily aware of the system state in the entire system. Technical knowledge and communication skills of the operators are key factors as well as, coordinated operational concepts and procedures. In interconnected operation, like in the European Network for Transmission System Operators ENTSO-E (ENTSO-E) [1], multiple Transmission System Operators (TSO) are together responsible for coordination and safe operation. The paper outlines the actual situation and challenges in interconnected systems, and the conditions for secure operation are described, with focus on required skills for operators in control centres. Based on that a training program for control centre operators is described, including setups for the training, objectives, organisation and scenarios, as it is actually performed for many operators in the ENTSO-E area [2]. It is elaborated, how the performance of a coordinated training program contributes to safe and secure operation and therefore increases the overall system resilience.
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            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Power System Operation Management Challenges Caused by High-Voltage in the South-Eastern European Region]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0008</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

One of the goals of Transmission system operators (TSOs) is to maintain the voltage profile of the transmission network within acceptable voltage ranges defined in Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485, which ensures safe and reliable operation of the transmission system. Following the successful completion of the SINCRO. GRID project in September 2022, the Slovenian (ELES) and Croatian transmission system operator (HOPS) have secured their own sources of reactive power for voltage regulation, in addition to the operating production units. During the SINCRO.GRID project planning phase, it was estimated that these devices would be sufficient to maintain the voltage profile within acceptable limits in the transmission network of both operators. However, a growing trend of high reactive power flows has been observed in European transmission networks connected to the south-eastern region, leading to overvoltage’s in the area. Due to the increasing number of incidents where transmission network voltages exceed acceptable levels, this issue has been given high priority within ENTSO-E. In this paper, we will analyse the voltage conditions in the Slovenian and Croatian transmission networks, identify the causes of excessive voltages, and present potential strategies to reduce the number of operating hours during which voltages remain too high.
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            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Operational Measures Based on Electrical Distance Matrix Approach for Mitigating Transmission and Distribution Line Overloading]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2025-0023</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2025-0023</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The time equivalent availability of maximum power for photovoltaics (PVs) is approximately 1500 h per year, and for the wind power plants (WPPs) it is about 3000 h per year. The maximum power generation of PVs and WPPs will occur in several hours per day depending on the season, and for the rest of the day the power will be lower or zero. As a result, the transmission and distribution lines will be highly loaded or overloaded for the previously mentioned specific hours, while during the rest of the year the loading will be lower. In order to overcome the problem of unnecessary reinforcement of lines, this paper proposes less costly operational measures using load and generation flexibility based on electrical distance. According to the Zbus matrix allocation method, the complex power flow of each branch j-k can be expressed as a function of the voltage at node j and the current injections at each node. The electrical distance coefficient matrix represents the electrical distance of the bus i from the branch j-k and it measures the impact of the bus injection on the branch j-k complex power flow. Namely, higher value of electrical distance coefficient means higher impact of the bus i injection on the power flow. The proposed algorithm in this paper uses the electrical distance and load flexibility or generation re-dispatch for solving the overloads in the network. Firstly, power flow is solved, which enables to detect the overloads in the network. After that, the Zbus matrix and the electrical coefficients matrix are calculated. We are observing the row of electrical distance coefficient matrix that corresponds to the overloaded branch(es). The maximum electrical coefficient is detected in that row and load or generator in the corresponding bus is scaled (+ or −) appropriately to solve the overloading(s). The proposed methodology will be tested on distribution and transmission network. The results will be presented and discussed.
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            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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