<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
    <channel>
        <title>B&amp;H Electrical Engineering Feed</title>
        <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/BHEE</link>
        <description>Reference Global RSS Feed for B&amp;H Electrical Engineering</description>
        <lastBuildDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2026 18:57:11 GMT</lastBuildDate>
        <docs>https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rss2.html</docs>
        <generator>https://github.com/jpmonette/feed</generator>
        <image>
            <title>B&amp;H Electrical Engineering Feed</title>
            <url>https://paradigm-files.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/BHEE/cover-image.jpg</url>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/BHEE</link>
        </image>
        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Bosnia and Herzegovina National Committee CIGRÉ</copyright>
        <atom:link href="https://reference-global.com/2/rss/journal/BHEE" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Operation and Effects Analysis of the System for Conductor Temperature Remote Monitoring and Real-time Ampacity Forecast on the OHL 110 kV Banja Luka 1 – Banja Luka 6/I After Five Years of Operation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0029</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0029</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents architecture of dynamic thermal rate (DTR) system installed on OHL 110 kV Banja Luka 1 -Banja Luka 6/I. The paper presents performance of the system, conductor temperatures reached during the past five years period of exploitation as well as meteorological data from meteorological station in correlation to power consumption data of the area of interest. The critical scenarios in transmission line operation were analysed and conclusions were drawn regarding the justification of the DTR system installation against to a transmission line reconstruction.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental Characterization of Ultra-Fast Electromagnetic Transients Generated by a Cable Pulse Generator for Fusion Generator Simulation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0030</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0030</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the experimental design and analysis of a cable pulse generator used as a simulator of ultra-output electromagnetic waves generated by a fusion generator. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibility of producing rectangular pulses of very short duration (in the nanosecond range) that correspond to the pulses generated by electron guns used in fusion systems. The cable generator consists of a high-voltage transformer, a 50 Ω coaxial water resistor, a 120 m high-voltage cable, and a three-electrode SF6 spark gap. The generated pulses reached peak values up to 50 kV, with durations of 600 ns and rise times below 2 ns. The generator response was measured using a fast capacitive probe and a Kerr cell, and the quadratic deviations from the theoretical response were determined at 50 equidistant points along the rising, peak, and falling parts of the pulse. The obtained results demonstrate the high accuracy and stability of the cable generator, as well as its applicability for simulating electromagnetic pulses of fusion modulators and testing sensitive electronic equipment under extreme conditions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Development of a Transformer Model Using Optimization Method for Parameter Estimation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0028</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0028</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The precise modeling of a transformer, including the estimation of its equivalent model parameters, is fundamental for power system analysis. Accurate determination of these parameters is required for both steady-state and transient studies, with particular attention to low-frequency transients such as transformer energisation. These phenomena are governed by the nonlinear characteristic of the transformer’s iron core, with the nonlinear saturation curve playing a key role in their behaviour and representing a major challenge in transformer modeling. This paper proposes an algorithm for the transformer’s nonlinear saturation characteristic estimation, based on measured inrush current waveforms. The method employs the Nelder–Mead optimization technique to minimize a defined objective function, ensuring minimal deviation between simulated and measured inrush currents with zero remanent flux. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a comparative analysis of measured and simulated inrush current waveforms.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Vegetation Management in Power Line Routes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0025</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0025</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A large part of Slovenia’s electricity transmission network runs through forest areas. Regular maintenance of vegetation along the routes of transmission lines is important to ensure safe and reliable operation of the system. The high volume of work represents a significant maintenance cost. In addition, the planning and management of the work is also a problem, as it has to take into account all the constraints and the time needed to prepare the work. In a study addressing this issue, we identified the need to set up an information system for vegetation management. Based on the requirements identified in the previous study and on the practical application of the process, the Vegeline application was developed to enable users to manage this area. The application is based on data. The data used are laser scanning (LiDAR) data of the routes, tree stand data in the individual areas, weather data (temperature, rainfall, insolation), soil composition data and technical data of the transmission lines. Based on the data, the application produces a map of permissible heights. Using machine learning algorithms, it produces a forecast of vegetation growth by year for the next 10 years since the last LiDAR survey. By comparing the predicted and allowed vegetation heights, it produces hazard maps showing where and when vegetation will grow beyond the allowed limit. The threat maps are also available as raster files to other applications. Vegeline suggests the most cost-effective course of action and time to the user, based on a cost estimate. The application is integrated with the asset management information system, where work orders are prepared, and the execution of tasks is monitored. The application’s utility is also enhanced by the gradual introduction of laser imaging by drones, which will provide more data in the future and, consequently, more accurate predictions of vegetation growth.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Analytical Approach for Determining the Appropriate Medium Voltage (MV) Cabling Level in Renewable Energy Parks]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0026</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0026</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Renewable energy parks, primarily solar parks and wind farms are connected to the high voltage PCC by medium voltage (MV) cabling system. Cabling system can have significant impact on CAPEX of renewable park. On the other hand, during exploitation power losses can have significant impact on hidden costs of energy park operation (OPEX). CAPEX and OPEX including hidden costs can contribute to unnecessary costs. MV cabling system in renewable energy parks is specific in terms of MV level. This paper gives an analytical approach for determining the appropriate MV cabling level in renewable energy parks. Voltage levels 20 kV, 30 kV, 33 kV and 35 kV were examined. For each voltage level constraints in terms of voltage drop are given and the minimum cable cross-sections is calculated. Calculations of short-circuit levels and power losses have been made for examined voltage levels. Appropriate MV cable level is voltage level with the minimum costs in 20 years exploitation of MV cable system. Mentioned costs are sum of MV cable system costs (CAPEX) and power losses costs in exploitation period.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Modern Light Water Nuclear Reactors of Generation III+ and Small Modular Reactors: Challenges and Solutions in the Field of Nuclear Fuel and Management]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0027</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0027</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses light water cooled reactors (LWR) Generation III+ and small modular reactors (SMR) from the perspective of nuclear fuel characteristics and reactivity control systems. Technological advancements in reactor design have led to improved safety, efficiency, and reliability, particularly through the introduction of passive safety systems and optimization of fuel cycles. Special attention is given to the types of nuclear fuel used in new-generation reactors, including standard UO2 fuel, MOX (mixed oxide fuel composed of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium), and HALEU (high-assay low-enriched uranium with 235U enrichment between 5% and 20%), along with an analysis of their technical advantages. The section on reactor management addresses the concepts of active and passive safety systems, as well as reactivity control strategies under normal and accident conditions. A comparative analysis of several leading reactor technologies (EPR, AP1000, VVER-1200, NuScale) provides insight into different technical solutions regarding safety systems and fuel cycle management. The paper concludes with an overview of key challenges and future perspectives, with a focus on safety aspects.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Discussion of Different Formulas for the Same Quantities Within a Catenary–Based Overhead Line Design in the International Literature]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0023</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0023</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[For the accurate planning of overhead lines, a catenary–based calculation is used, because the conductor curve in the span takes the shape of the catenary. On the other hand, there is a parabola–based calculation, which is considered approximate and is usually applied in the case of overhead line with spans up to 400 metres, since the difference between the catenary and the parabola is then almost negligible. While there are generally no differences in important formulas for parabola–based calculations in different literature, some important formulas differ in the case of the catenary–based calculations. This article deals with the interpretation and evaluation of such different formulas for the same quantities and provides a clear answer regarding the usability of the examined formulas in different literature.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Optimization of the Software Development Cycle Using Micro Frontend Architecture Within Large Organizations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0024</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0024</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In today’s fast-paced software industry, large organizations are under constant pressure to deliver features faster, scale development teams efficiently, and maintain high code quality. Traditional monolithic frontend architectures often become bottlenecks in the development and delivery of complex applications. The paper explores micro frontend architecture as a modern approach to optimizing software development processes, particularly within large and distributed teams. Micro frontend architecture decomposes the user interface into smaller, independent modules developed, tested, and deployed by separate teams. This approach fosters team autonomy, enables parallel development, simplifies maintenance, and allows for the use of diverse technologies within a single application. Through an in-depth analysis of its benefits and challenges, and a case study involving the implementation of a simple Online Shop application, this demonstrates how micro frontends can reduce complexity, increase efficiency, and accelerate development cycles. The paper demonstrates that while the implementation of micro frontends requires careful planning and organizational discipline, it offers a powerful solution for optimizing software development processes in large-scale environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Energy Communities: Overview and Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0017</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0017</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[By the directives of the European Union (EU), the Energy Community (EC) operates in the field of electricity production, distribution, supply, consumption management, aggregation, energy storage, provision of flexibility services, energy efficiency services, and charging services for electric vehicles. To achieve the above, it is necessary to clearly define the EC’s business models, technical design, and organizational structure. This paper will clarify the similarities and differences between the concepts of renewable energy communities and citizens’ energy communities through a comparative analysis. This paper provides an overview of the literature on ECs to create a picture of the current situation in this area. Likewise, the analysis of the literature gave a clear picture of who the possible members of the EC are, their mutual relations and the possible activities of the EC and the way of participating in the market. For an energy management system (EMS), the model of data exchange is given. This requires the exact mapping of EC within the SGAM, which includes communication and information standards. Also, the business models and functions of ECs are explained. For the selected use-cases, an analysis of the functionalities (activities) of the ECs is conducted.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Finite Element Analysis of a Jumper Conductor Set Used in Power Transmission Towers Under Wind Effect]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0018</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0018</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Jumper conductor sets are essential components in energy transmission lines, enabling the transfer of electrical energy between insulator strings positioned on either side of tension towers. In cases where the jumper conductor set is relatively long, it is secured to the tower cross-arm through an insulator arm at its mid-length to mitigate oscillations caused by wind. Additionally, counterweights are attached to the jumper conductor to reduce wind-induced lateral movements. However, the effects of counterweight quantity and positioning on the behavior of jumper conductors under lateral wind loads have not been fully investigated. Addressing this gap, the present study examines the behavior of a triple-bundle 1272 MCM ACSR jumper conductor set used in 420 kV energy transmission lines through finite element analysis (FEA). The primary objective is to assess how counterweight quantity and placement influence the lateral sway response of the conductor under wind-induced loading conditions. In the study, mechanical tests were conducted to determine the bending stiffness and sag behavior of jumper conductors, and the results were used to validate the FEA model. A parametric study on 1272 MCM ACSR jumper conductor set revealed that counterweights significantly reduce lateral sway from 32° without counterweights to 15° with 2 kN weights. Symmetrical counterweight placement further enhanced stability of the jumper conductor set. These findings emphasize the importance of counterweight placement in mitigating wind-induced oscillations and ensuring the stability of jumper conductor sets in high-voltage transmission lines. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing the design of counterweight systems to enhance the reliability and performance of transmission line structures.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dependence of UHF Partial Discharge Detection and Source Positioning in Power Transformers on Different Input Pulse Frequency Ranges]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0019</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0019</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Transformer insulation is gradually weakened by partial discharges (PDs), which might eventually result in complete transformer failure if left unchecked. Different types of sources can produce PD signals, which can be detected throughout a wide frequency range. Preventive maintenance of power transformers depends on the characteristics of received ultra-high frequency (UHF) PD signals at sensors and the positioning of their source. This study compares and analyses the effects of different input pulse frequency ranges (IPFRs), the transformer tank, the active components of the transformer, dispositions of UHF sensors relative to PD source, the total efficiency of the used antenna and superimposed reflected waves on received signals’ waveforms, times of arrivals (TOAs) and magnitudes of their first peaks (FPs), time differences of appearances and magnitude ratios between the extreme amplitudes and FPs in their first wave packets, as well as variations in their amplitude spectra.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[DTS: An Innovative Synchronization Method for Synchronous Condenser with the Electrical Grid]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0020</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an original deterministic approach to improve the success rate of the synchronization process of a synchronous condenser. In fact, the start-up process of a synchronous condenser cannot rely on the presence of a supply system to regulate its speed during the synchronization process, as happens with traditional synchronous generators. A static frequency converter is used to start the machine, but it should be disconnected before the grid synchronization to avoid damage, making the process uncontrollable. The proposed method aims to analytically determine the optimal frequency and phase angle to disconnect the converter to ensure synchronization with the grid within proper thresholds. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by a comparison with on-field recording of real synchronous condenser start-up processes. This procedure enables significantly reducing the frequency threshold for the synchronization so to limit the thermal and mechanical stresses of the machine and to increase its lifecycle.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Opportunities and Challenges Towards a Further Deployment of Facts and HVDC Technologies in the European Transmission System Context]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0021</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0021</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Towards the integration of an increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) generation, the transition pattern in Europe requires careful planning and extensive investments in the electricity system. The needed RES integration especially concerns the electricity grids, as well as the enabling technologies and measures, which can ensure a clean, secure, flexible, and efficient energy supply. In particular, in the context of the integration of large-scale RES generation, the development of adequate HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) and HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission infrastructures and innovative technologies plays an increasingly pivotal role. The technological progress in power electronics over the latest twenty years has contributed to make HVDC more widespread also in terms of new applications. This has also impacted on the development of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) devices that have recently seen a constant increase in penetration and deployment in the European power system. Both HVDC and FACTS technologies, with their flexibility increase capability, can play a crucial role towards the facilitation of RES integration. Within the European background and considering Italian experiences, the present paper first provides an updated overview of key features and benefits of different FACTS and HVDC technologies. These elements may support the European transmission network planners in their decision-making. Particular attention is devoted to the still open and crucial challenges that regard the further penetration of HVDC and FACTS technologies in the European and Italian system context.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Digitalization Challenges for Hydropower Plants – Insights from a Drinking Water Recovery Example]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0022</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0022</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Hydropower sector is undergoing a transformation of replacing old analog control systems and leveraging the effect of digitalization to increase operational flexibility, production and safety using digital elements like sensors, wireless platforms, real time monitoring, predictive maintenance and decision support systems etc.. Implementation of digitalization to hydropower plants has a potential of 42 TWh increase in annual production worldwide, hence creates a potential for USD 5 billion annual operational cost savings and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. One of the critical and common applications of digitalization in hydropower sector is unmanned/remote operated hydropower plants, of which there are several examples of in the Water-Energy nexus projects. In Water Distribution Networks (WDN), Pressure Reduction Valves (PRV) are the most common tools to manage excessive pressure due to the topography, resulting in energy waste. To harvest this waste energy, micro hydropower plants can be used for pressure reduction and the harvested energy can be used in remote areas lacking grid connectivity or directly supplied to the local grid. Digitalization has potential advantages on both micro, mini and small sized hydropower plants installed in water networks such as optimal control of water pressure using digital twins of the WDNs, autonomous operation of the plants and proactive or predictive maintenance to ensure trouble-free operation. In this paper, we present the insights from a technical point of view from a practical Water-Energy nexus project and from a short term scientific mission study conducted with a COST action PEN@Hydropower member institute. This research aims to reveal main challenges to be encountered during implementation of digital control and monitoring solutions in a small hydropower plant, including hands on observations during erection, commissioning and operation phases. Review on data collection and storage issues from critical equipment, cleaning out the collected data for analysis and machine learning applications, cyber security issues brought by digital transformation along with the convenience in installation and operation it brings is presented as a guide for future research.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[How to Build, Operate and Maintain HVDC Converter Stations with Sustainability in Mind]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0016</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0016</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Achieving sustainability advancements in power transmission requires an integrated approach that combines cutting-edge technology, operational expertise, and power system’s research which are core values of the CIGRE community. This paper explores a collaborative initiative by the Italian National Study Committees B4 and C3 by involving a technology provider, a transmission utility and a power system research centre, aimed at advancing the sustainability of modern power grids with specific focus on HVDC systems. As global energy demands increase and environmental concerns mount, this paper seeks to address key sustainability challenges through targeted advancements in transmission technology and operational green practices. In the first section a technology outlook is provided including a list of focus points from sustainability perspective. It is provided a comparison of LCA and circularity between HVDC and HVAC systems, offering insights into manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life phases. This analysis addresses key circularity aspects to improve material reuse and minimize environmental footprints throughout the technology’s lifecycle. By establishing a structured comparison, the paper explores how HVDC technology can advance sustainable practices across design and operational stages. The second section contributes to the study by focusing on the integration of large infrastructure projects into the environment, specifically addressing mitigation strategies for visual impacts, interference with priority habitats both at sea and on land. These considerations are essential as HVDC systems require significant physical volumes. A general framework of regulatory and policy needs is given, including EU and national guidelines, to balance the possible environmental impacts and translate the short, medium and long-term results in KPIs not measurable with traditional economical frameworks. The final section includes a comprehensive LCA study, drawing from recent data from updated and improved environmental impact estimates according to the life cycle methodology of the current Italian electricity mix and 2030 scenarios. Although most expertise come from HVAC experience, similar methodology can be translated to the HVDC context, utilizing PNIEC (National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan) targets and projections through 2030. This time-based LCA perspective highlights how the environmental impact of the kWh evolves, emphasizing that as time progresses, the role of power losses becomes more pronounced, with manufacturing and end-of-life impacts relatively diminishing in the overall footprint. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the value of combining technology, utility operations, and research to establish HVDC as a sustainable backbone for future energy grids, providing a replicable model for responsible and effective deployment of advanced transmission systems.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Dynamic Line Rating Through Extrapolation At Nearby Spans in Comparable Environments: Predicting Wind with Machine Learning Models Trained on Local Wind Measurements]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0015</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0015</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Due to increasing and variable power flows, many overhead lines approach their traditionally static or seasonal rating limits, which were established decades ago based on very conservative weather conditions for more stable flows. Since expanding infrastructure often entails lengthy delays and high costs, Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) of overhead lines (OHLs) is an alternative solution to leverage unexploited line capacity. In DLR, wind is the primary cooling factor. However, wind speed and direction vary greatly over short distances due to local environmental features like trees, buildings, terrain roughness, conductor level, turbulence, and the atmospheric boundary layer physics. Despite continued advancements, meteorological models still struggle to account for local disturbances, which are very complex in practice to be explicitly incorporated into digital models. Typically, the approach at Ampacimon involves adjusting weather provider wind values and forecasts according to local measurements from sensors installed on the conductor at critical spans. This paper examines the constraints and opportunities of a hybrid approach that employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) techniques to extrapolate wind data from critical span locations to adjacent spans with comparable line and environmental conditions. Three conditions must be met: low distance and angle between spans (such as parallel circuits) and little wind obstruction around the span. This new approach improves the scalability of DLR systems with a more optimized number of sensors, reducing installation costs, yet still ensuring high accuracy. Despite the high variability of wind, satisfactory results, validated in the field against sensor measurements over one year of data at multiple locations, are presented. This study also highlights the critical need to include local sensor-based wind measurements in the process to avoid overestimating the real available capacity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[New Precautionary Studies and Results for Reducing Bird Caused Faults in Over Head Lines]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Studies for the prevention of bird-induced malfunctions have been examined in the literature. In studies in the literature, some precautions have been taken to prevent birds from being placed in undesirable dangerous spots on conductors and poles. It has been observed that some of the measures are efficient and some are inefficient. In this direction, a number of measures have been taken to Turkish Transmission Network.When evaluated in terms of the number of individuals and wing spans in Türkiye, storks and seagulls are expected to cause the most malfunctions in OHLs. However, it has been observed that the habitats of seagulls are generally near the sea. It has been observed that storks use OHLs and poles on their migration routes, nesting and resting. It has been determined to the degree that storks are mostly responsible for bird-related malfunctions. Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation has taken various measures to reduce bird-related faults in OHLs. Sheet galvanized metal assembly was carried out in May 2019. Sheet plates are mounted horizontally (flat) on the middle phase console of the poles. As a result of the studies, it was observed that although horizontally mounted galvanized sheets did not prevent nesting, the number of openings of bird-borne OHLs decreased by a minimum of 63 percent and a maximum of 100 percent.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Survey on Grid Connection and Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: Trends and Challenges]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Offshore wind energy is a clean, endogenous and efficient renewable source (RES) which will play an important role for the energy transition in Europe. Grid connection and integration of offshore wind energy is critical from a Transmission System Operator (TSO) viewpoint since there is an urgent need for offshore transmission grid development while onshore RES development is in intensive progress. The additional offshore RES capacity must be securely connected to the onshore grid while the energy must be efficiently integrated into the energy interconnected system. The paper investigates general technoeconomic aspects on connection solutions and integration for medium-scale size offshore wind farms (OWFs) while the authors discuss challenges and trends in preliminary planning of grid connection infrastructure to the HV and EHV transmission grid, as well as integration aspects. Finally, the survey paper will provide cited references; recently published bibliography for further reading and discussion.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Power System Recovery Strategy After a Major Blackout]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A plethora of factors have been identified as contributing to the current deficit in energy production and supply. These include power outages, transmission line overloads, discrepancies between energy production and demand, errors in load forecasting, meteorological phenomena, maintenance issues, cyber-attacks, and terrorist or criminal acts. The unpredictability in the production of renewable energy sources, aggravating the problem of consistently matching supply to demand in electricity grids. This article considers the possibility of a power outage over a large area of the interconnected electricity transmission system. It also presents how to prevent such a possibility, as well as the remedial actions to follow to prevent a catastrophic event such as a power outage. The safety criteria of the transmission system, the defense plans and the remedial actions that the system operator should prepare to prevent a major power outage are described. First, the major power outages that have occurred in recent years are presented and their causes are examined. In addition, it has been tried to find similarities between the past power cuts in Turkey and the state of the European electricity grid. A transmission failure simulation test environment has been developed to understand the characteristics of realistic transmission level disturbances propagated to the power system and the effects of such disturbances on the performance of conventional conservation and restoration technologies. By using both Black Start units and connection lines from neighboring system operators, it was ensured that restoration time was minimized by creating separate islands that would eventually be synchronized. In the study, a restoration strategy was presented. The proposed strategy has been tested and validated in the IEEE-39 bus system. The results proved the efficiency of the restoration strategy, as the total restoration time was sufficiently short depending on the complexity of each system, and critical loads were primarily fed.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Power System Operation Management Challenges Caused by High-Voltage in the South-Eastern European Region]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0008</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bhee-2026-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[One of the goals of Transmission system operators (TSOs) is to maintain the voltage profile of the transmission network within acceptable voltage ranges defined in Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485, which ensures safe and reliable operation of the transmission system. Following the successful completion of the SINCRO. GRID project in September 2022, the Slovenian (ELES) and Croatian transmission system operator (HOPS) have secured their own sources of reactive power for voltage regulation, in addition to the operating production units. During the SINCRO.GRID project planning phase, it was estimated that these devices would be sufficient to maintain the voltage profile within acceptable limits in the transmission network of both operators. However, a growing trend of high reactive power flows has been observed in European transmission networks connected to the south-eastern region, leading to overvoltage’s in the area. Due to the increasing number of incidents where transmission network voltages exceed acceptable levels, this issue has been given high priority within ENTSO-E. In this paper, we will analyse the voltage conditions in the Slovenian and Croatian transmission networks, identify the causes of excessive voltages, and present potential strategies to reduce the number of operating hours during which voltages remain too high.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
    </channel>
</rss>