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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[An Interpretative Analysis of Article 55 of the Albanian Criminal Code: Cumulative Sentencing of Juvenile Offenders and Current Challenges in Albanian Case Law]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The institution of cumulative sentencing, as regulated by Article 55 of the Criminal Code, constitutes an important mechanism of criminal law that governs the determination of punishment in cases where a person has committed more than one criminal offence. The application of this institution to juveniles presents particular legal challenges due to the special nature of juvenile criminal responsibility and the principles governing the juvenile justice system, including the best interests of the child, proportionality, rehabilitation, and social reintegration. This paper analyses the Albanian legal framework governing cumulative sentencing for juveniles, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the provisions of the Criminal Code and those of the Juvenile Criminal Justice Code. Special attention is devoted to the issues arising in judicial practice concerning the maximum custodial sentence of 12 years established by Article 97 of the Juvenile Criminal Justice Code and the impact that the application of the rules on cumulative sentencing may have on this statutory limit. Through an analysis of national legislation, international standards, and relevant case law, the paper seeks to clarify the legal nature of the maximum sentence applicable to juveniles, to examine whether this limit may be exceeded in cases involving cumulative sentencing, and to assess the compatibility of such an interpretation with the fundamental principles of juvenile criminal justice. In conclusion, the study highlights the interpretative and practical challenges arising from the application of this institution and emphasizes the need for a consistent and unified approach that ensures the effective protection of the rights of juveniles in conflict with the law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Role of Solar Energy in Strengthening National Energy Security in Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Energy security constitutes one of the most important components of national security and sustainable economic development. Albania relies primarily on electricity generation from hydropower plants, which makes its energy system vulnerable to climate change, hydrological fluctuations, and the need for energy imports during periods of low production. In this context, solar energy represents a strategic alternative for diversifying energy sources and strengthening national energy security. This study analyzes the contribution of solar energy to enhancing energy security in Albania by evaluating the development of photovoltaic capacities, their impact on reducing dependence on electricity imports, as well as the economic and environmental benefits resulting from the expansion of this sector. The methodology is based on the analysis of strategic documents, scientific literature, and statistical data from national and international institutions. The results indicate that the expansion of solar energy use contributes to the diversification of the energy mix, increased domestic energy production, improved supply reliability, and reduced exposure to external energy risks. The study concludes that solar energy represents an important instrument for strengthening national energy security and supporting Albania’s long-term sustainable development objectives.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cyberbullying and Data Protection: A Comparative Legal Analysis of the EU and Albanian Frameworks]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Cyberbullying has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the digital age, affecting millions of individuals globally. While increasingly recognized as a harmful phenomenon warranting legal intervention, most existing frameworks approach it primarily through criminal law, overlooking its fundamental dimension as a privacy and data protection issue. Cyberbullying inherently involves the unauthorized processing and dissemination of personal data, making data protection law a critical but underutilized tool for victim protection.This paper conducts a comparative legal analysis of the European Union and Albanian frameworks governing cyberbullying through the lens of privacy and data protection. The EU, through the GDPR and the Digital Services Act, offers the most developed rights-based model globally, yet lacks unified cyberbullying-specific legislation. Albania, as an EU candidate state, has fully transposed the GDPR through Law No. 124/2024, yet faces critical gaps in cyberbullying-specific legislation, platform accountability, and enforcement capacity. The paper identifies structural gaps common to both frameworks and advances concrete recommendations, arguing that effective protection requires not merely rights on paper, but robust enforcement infrastructure, meaningful platform accountability, and cross-border legal cooperation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Financial crimes in public administration and the impact on the efficiency of budget expenditures: Legal-economic analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Financial crimes in public administration represent one of the most significant challenges to fiscal sustainability and the effective implementation of public policies. This study examines the relationship between criminal law and public finance, with particular emphasis on the impact of corruption, abuse of office, and financial fraud on the efficiency of public expenditure. Unlike traditional approaches that address these issues separately, this article adopts an integrated legal-economic perspective. The research methodology combines a comparative analysis of criminal and fiscal legal frameworks with the interpretation of data and reports from international organizations. The findings indicate that financial crimes not only increase public expenditures but also distort the allocation of financial resources, resulting in inefficient investments and a decline in the quality of public services. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that inadequate institutional coordination and weaknesses in oversight and control mechanisms create favorable conditions for misconduct and abuse. The article concludes by recommending reforms aimed at strengthening fiscal transparency, enhancing accountability, and aligning domestic criminal legislation with international standards and best practices.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The First Albanian Republic (1925) and Bicameralism: A Cornerstone in the Consolidation of the Albanian State]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In 1925, the First Albanian Republic was established, marking a significant constitutional milestone in the political and institutional development of the Albanian state. This constitutional transformation replaced the political system established under the Organic Statute of Albania (1914) and subsequently reaffirmed by the Statute of Lushnja (1920). Following the political upheavals of 1924, the proclamation of the Republic represented an important constitutional response aimed at restoring political stability and strengthening state institutions. The Fundamental Statute of the Republic introduced a new constitutional order founded on the principle of the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, while establishing a bicameral Parliament composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Although the First Republic existed for less than four years, its constitutional framework and bicameral legislature laid important institutional foundations for the consolidation of the Albanian state. The constitutional reforms adopted during this period contributed to the development of representative government, parliamentary practice, and the modernization of Albania’s constitutional system. More than a century after the establishment of the First Republic and the emergence of Albanian parliamentarism, many of the constitutional and institutional issues that characterized the country’s early democratic development remain relevant. These include concerns relating to the quality of political representation, the effectiveness of parliamentary oversight, and the limited participation of distinguished professionals, academics, and other members of civil society in legislative decision-making. The constitutional model introduced by the First Republic, particularly through its Fundamental Statute and bicameral parliamentary structure, represented an important institutional innovation intended to strengthen constitutional governance and political stability. Bicameralism was designed to promote a more balanced legislative process by introducing an additional level of parliamentary scrutiny, encouraging broader political representation, and reducing the concentration of legislative authority within a single representative body. Within this constitutional framework, the Senate occupied a central institutional position. As the upper chamber of Parliament, it was intended to complement the representative function of the Chamber of Deputies by providing greater continuity, deliberation, and legislative oversight. Through the review of legislation and the exercise of constitutional functions, the Senate contributed to improving the quality of the legislative process, strengthening parliamentary control over the executive, and promoting institutional balance. Moreover, the existence of a second chamber served as an important mechanism for moderating political conflict and encouraging consensus-building within the legislative process. Owing to the nature of their office and method of selection, senators were expected to exercise greater independence from short-term political pressures than members of the Chamber of Deputies, thereby enhancing the stability and effectiveness of parliamentary governance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Explaining the Sustainability Reporting Implementation Gap in an EU Candidate Country: Evidence from Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The implementation of sustainability reporting has become one of the principal challenges accompanying the transition towards more transparent and accountable corporate reporting within the European Union. Although the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) establish a comprehensive regulatory framework, considerably less attention has been devoted to explaining why implementation gaps emerge despite progressive regulatory convergence, particularly within EU candidate countries. This study examines implementation readiness for sustainability reporting in Albania using a mixed-method research design that combines documentary analysis of the reporting practices of the country’s 200 largest companies with survey evidence collected from 127 certified accounting professionals. The study investigates how regulatory readiness, corporate readiness and professional readiness interact to shape implementation capacity during the transition towards European sustainability reporting requirements. The findings demonstrate that although Albania has made significant progress in aligning its regulatory framework with European sustainability reporting developments, implementation capacity remains at an early stage of development. Corporate sustainability disclosures remain fragmented and largely inconsistent with ESRS principles, while most accounting professionals report requiring additional technical preparation before sustainability reporting can be implemented effectively. The evidence suggests that implementation readiness should be understood as a multidimensional process in which regulatory readiness, corporate readiness and professional readiness evolve at different rates, creating an implementation gap between legislative convergence and reporting practice. The study contributes to the sustainability reporting literature by proposing an Implementation Readiness Framework, which positions implementation capacity as the principal explanatory construct linking regulatory reform to reporting quality. In addition, the study provides new empirical evidence from an EU candidate country and offers a transferable analytical perspective that may support future comparative research across emerging institutional environments.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[International Cooperation in Asset Recovery and Confiscation: Legal Frameworks, Challenges, and Emerging Trends]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Asset recovery and confiscation have become central components of the international response to corruption, organized crime, money laundering, and other forms of transnational financial crime. Criminal proceeds are frequently transferred across jurisdictions, making effective international cooperation essential for tracing, freezing, confiscating, and repatriating illicit assets. This article examines the principal international legal frameworks governing asset recovery, including the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), and the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). It further analyzes the mechanisms of mutual legal assistance, international cooperation in confiscation proceedings, and asset-sharing arrangements. The article identifies key challenges, including jurisdictional conflicts, differences in national legal systems, beneficial ownership opacity, and human rights concerns. It concludes that while international cooperation has improved significantly over the past two decades, substantial legal and practical obstacles continue to limit the effectiveness of cross-border asset recovery.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Abuse of Duty in Albanian Criminal Law and Its Relationship with Corruption: A Legal-Doctrinal and Practical Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the offense of abuse of duty under Article 248 of the Albanian Criminal Code and its complex relationship with corruption offenses within the Albanian criminal justice system. Using a legal-doctrinal and practical analysis, the study explores the constituent elements of abuse of duty, the institutions responsible for its prosecution - including the Special Structure Against Corruption and Organized Crime (SPAK) and the National Bureau of Investigation (BKH) - and the evolving jurisprudence of the High Court of the Republic of Albania. The analysis shows that abuse of duty is treated in Albanian doctrine and practice as a broad, elastic offense that functions as a residual and complementary provision relative to more specific corruption offenses, a characteristic that has produced flexibility in prosecution but also interpretive inconsistency regarding the harmful consequence, causal link, and the boundary between criminal and administrative liability. The article concludes that legislative refinement of Article 248, greater unification of judicial practice, and continued institutional strengthening are needed to ensure legal certainty and to align Albanian practice more closely with European standards on the rule of law and the foreseeability of criminal law.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence, Electoral Communication, and Democratic Accountability: Young Voters’ Perceptions during Albania’s 2025 Parliamentary Elections]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the role of artificial intelligence in political communication during Albania’s 2025 parliamentary election campaign, focusing on young voters aged 18-25. Using a mixed-methods design, the research combines an online questionnaire with 360 respondents and four structured interviews with technology/media experts and parliamentary candidates. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multi-response analysis, and reliability testing in SPSS, while qualitative interviews contextualized the strategic, ethical, and communicative dimensions of artificial intelligence use. The study conceptualizes artificial intelligence both as a visible tool for producing campaign content and as a less visible infrastructure linked to personalization, microtargeting, algorithmic filtering, and data-driven circulation. Findings reveal a significant gap between digital exposure and critical awareness: 59.5% of respondents reported being slightly or not informed about artificial intelligence use, while videos and animations were the most recognized forms. The Socialist Party was most frequently associated with such content, whereas fake news and manipulated information represented the main concern. The study argues that artificial intelligence can support electoral innovation, but its democratic value depends on transparency, accountability, media literacy, and data protection.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The statute of limitations on the enforcement of criminal sentences: Challenges and the need for reform]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper analyzes the legal institution of the statute of limitations on the enforcement of criminal sentences, examining its foundational elements and the challenges that have emerged in its practical application. It explores the development of Supreme Court jurisprudence concerning this institution and highlights key interpretative trends. Particular attention is given to the difficulties judges encounter when applying statutory limitation rules to the enforcement of sentences, as well as to potential legal solutions addressing these challenges. In addition to doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, the paper adopts a comparative perspective by examining relevant legal provisions in other jurisdictions, including Kosovo and Italy. Furthermore, it identifies existing legal gaps and emphasizes the need to harmonize current provisions with recent developments in criminal legislation, as well as to amend or introduce new provisions to ensure more effective and consistent application of the statute of limitations on the enforcement of criminal sentences.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Confiscation of Criminal Assets in Albania: Financial law instruments between punitive justice and preventive regulation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The confiscation of criminal assets has become a central instrument in contemporary strategies to combat organized crime, corruption, and money laundering. As modern criminal activity is predominantly motivated by economic gain, measures aimed at depriving offenders of illicit profits are increasingly viewed as more effective than traditional custodial sanctions alone. Asset confiscation therefore serves a dual function: it operates as a punitive response to unlawful conduct while simultaneously acting as a preventive regulatory mechanism designed to disrupt criminal economies and protect the integrity of financial and economic systems. This paper examines the confiscation of criminal assets in Albania within the broader framework of financial law, positioning it at the intersection of criminal justice and preventive regulation. The analysis explores the theoretical foundations of asset confiscation, tracing its evolution from a conviction-based criminal penalty to more expansive models, including extended and non-conviction-based confiscation. Particular attention is given to the Albanian legal framework, its development in the context of post-communist transition, and its alignment with international and European standards on asset recovery and anti-money laundering. The paper further assesses the constitutional and human rights implications of preventive confiscation measures, especially regarding property rights, due process guarantees, and the presumption of innocence. It argues that while Albania’s confiscation regime reflects international best practices and contributes to the effective disruption of organized crime, its legitimacy ultimately depends on proportionality, judicial oversight, and robust procedural safeguards. The study concludes that asset confiscation represents a powerful but legally sensitive financial law instrument requiring careful balance between effectiveness and fundamental rights protection.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The impact of judicial delays on guaranteeing the right to property and the right to a trial within a reasonable time in Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The right to a trial within a reasonable time, often summarized by the maxim “justice delayed is justice denied,” has gained increasing significance in recent years, particularly in the context of property-related proceedings. This principle, enshrined in the Constitution of Albania and international legal instruments, ensures that parties receive timely court decisions, thereby safeguarding the effective restoration of their violated rights. Compliance with this principle is not solely the responsibility of the judiciary; parties to the proceedings are also expected to contribute by avoiding unnecessary delays, cooperating with investigations, implementing court orders, and adhering to procedural deadlines. Such cooperation facilitates efficient judicial processing and supports the administration of justice. In Albania, adjudication within a reasonable time remains a critical challenge. The increasing number of cases reviewed by the European Court of Human Rights underscores a systemic problem. While the legislature has established statutory deadlines for trials across all court levels, practical implementation often falls short. Structural difficulties within the judicial system, compounded by reforms such as the judicial map and the vetting process (procesi vetting), have resulted in staff shortages and increased workloads for judges, limiting their capacity to manage caseloads effectively. These systemic issues have caused significant delays, particularly in cases concerning property rights, thereby affecting both the fundamental right to property and the broader right to due process. The present study focuses on the intersection of these two rights—property rights and the right to a timely trial—and seeks to analyze how delays in judicial proceedings impact their effective protection in Albania.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Voice of Pain: Lamentation (Gjama) 1 from an Anthropological and Psycholinguistic Perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines gjama, the traditional Albanian ritual of lamentation, through anthropological and psycholinguistic perspectives, highlighting its role as a culturally codified and performative expression of grief. Unlike spontaneous expressions of pain, gjama and related lament practices constitute structured vocal and bodily performances that communicate social, emotional, and symbolic meanings. In northern Albania, gjama is performed primarily by men in response to the death of individuals associated with honor, social status, or familial authority, while women participate in complementary mourning practices. The ritual involves formulaic language, repetition, prosodic modulation, rhythmic patterns, and synchronized bodily gestures, thereby transforming personal loss into a collective experience while reinforcing communal cohesion and cultural continuity. From a psycholinguistic standpoint, the vocalizations present in gjama—including screams, tremors, and tonal variations—function as forms of emotional prosody that activate neural circuits associated with empathy, emotional perception, and social cognition in both performers and listeners. These paralinguistic features enable grief to be perceived and shared communally, rendering pain communicable across individuals and generations. Moreover, the linguistic formulas embedded within the ritual provide cognitive and emotional scaffolding, allowing performers to articulate structured expressions of grief even under conditions of intense emotional stress. Historically, gjama can be traced to pre-Christian and medieval Mediterranean mourning traditions. Literary, archaeological, and ethnographic evidence suggests continuity between ancient funerary laments—such as those found in the Epic of Gilgamesh—and contemporary Albanian practices. Anthropological analysis frames gjama as a socially sanctioned mechanism for regulating grief, preserving cultural memory, and affirming social roles. By integrating historical, cultural, and psycholinguistic perspectives, this study demonstrates that lamentation is not merely an emotional response to death but rather a complex, semiotic, and embodied process through which societies structure, ritualize, and communicate collective suffering.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Femicide in Albania: Analysis of criminal legislation in the perspective of international obligations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the Albanian legal framework regarding the killing of women on gender-based motives, with the aim of assessing its compliance with international standards binding upon the Republic of Albania. Specifically, the analysis focuses on obligations arising from the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Comparative legal analysis reveals significant shortcomings in Albanian criminal legislation with respect to femicide. Notably, the Albanian Criminal Code does not contain a specific provision criminalizing the killing of women as a gender-motivated offense. Furthermore, the criminal provisions fail to explicitly incorporate the aggravating circumstances required by the Istanbul Convention. Even the draft of the new Criminal Code does not fully address the obligations imposed by the Convention. Drawing on comparative examples from Italy, Croatia, Belgium, Malta, and Cyprus, the article argues that Albania must undertake legislative reforms to implement the recommendations made by international organizations concerning femicide. The article concludes that only through further alignment of domestic legislation with international standards, combined with effective practical implementation, can Albania ensure the effective protection of women’s lives and dignity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal Aspects of the Economic Integration Process for the Western Balkans in the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to provide a theoretical and practical examination, as well as a legal analysis, of the Western Balkans’ integration process in the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA). From this perspective, the countries of the Western Balkans have both a moral and legal basis to become part of the European family. Countries such as Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina have made progress in fulfilling their obligations under the SAA while simultaneously promoting economic growth and social welfare for their citizens.All Western Balkan countries have experienced varying levels of progress, including both achievements and setbacks, in implementing the directives required under the Agreement. As a result, these countries do not share the same level of advancement and hold different statuses within the integration process; however, their ultimate objective remains the same. The signing of the SAA—a bilateral agreement establishing mutual rights and obligations—serves as a driving force for legislative reform through alignment with European Union (EU) standards, the strengthening of political dialogue, and the promotion of good neighborly relations aimed at preventing existing or potential conflicts and fostering economic and social development. Through the Agreement, the free movement of goods, services, labor, and capital has been promoted, contributing to the development of an inclusive and mutually beneficial market between the Western Balkans and the European Union. Legal and regulatory frameworks have been harmonized with European standards in areas such as product production, service provision, labor rights, compensation systems, working conditions, transport, energy, fisheries, and financial services.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The approach to the names of living beings in Albanian dictionaries (1954, 1980, 2006)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the treatment of names of living beings in three major Albanian dictionaries (1954, 1980, and 2006) through a comparative diachronic lexical-semantic analysis based on systematically constructed tabulated data. The corpus comprises denominations of domestic animals, wild animals, birds, and fish, organized according to identical criteria to enable direct comparison across lexicographic sources. The analysis addresses both quantitative and semantic developments. The tabulated data indicate a gradual increase in the number of lexical units across all categories from 1954 to 2006, with the most pronounced growth observed in denominations of birds and domestic animals. At the semantic level, the findings reveal a clear developmental trajectory: a predominance of monosemy in the 1954 dictionary, a significant expansion of polysemy in the 1980 dictionary, and a tendency toward stabilization and consolidation of meanings in the 2006 dictionary. The study further identifies differentiated semantic patterns across categories. Birds and domestic animals demonstrate greater lexical enrichment and fluctuation, whereas fish and wild animals exhibit comparatively greater stability. Based on the tabulated data, the lexical field appears to be structurally organized into a paradigmatic core, an intermediate dynamic zone, and a peripheral zone. Overall, the findings suggest that the development of names of living beings in Albanian dictionaries reflects both internal semantic processes and evolving lexicographic principles, underscoring the dynamic and stratified nature of this lexical field.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Gustav Meyer and the Albanology of the nineteenth century]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on Gustav Meyer (1850–1900), one of the founding figures of Albanian studies, whose work played a decisive role in establishing the scientific study of Albanian historical linguistics. During the nineteenth century, Albanology was still an emerging field, characterized by limited empirical data, fragmented descriptions of the Albanian language, and ongoing debates regarding its linguistic classification. In this scholarly context, Albanian was often studied indirectly and lacked a systematic grammatical framework.Meyer’s research marked a decisive turning point by introducing rigorous comparative methods and firmly situating Albanian within the Indo-European language family. Through meticulous analyses of phonetics and morphology, he laid the foundations for the scientific study of Albanian. His work established methodological standards that combined systematic phonetic description with detailed morphological analysis, thereby advancing both the precision and the scope of Albanian linguistics.This paper examines Meyer’s Grammar of the Albanian Language (1888), with particular emphasis on its morphological structure and the systematic integration of phonetics. Selected examples from his work illustrate Meyer’s structured approach and highlight the enduring significance of his contributions to nineteenth-century Albanology. By situating Albanian within a comparative Indo-European framework, Meyer not only advanced the study of the language itself but also contributed to the broader development of historical linguistics in Europe.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Advancing smart metering and regulatory frameworks in Albania’s energy sector]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The energy sector in Albania requires modernization through the implementation of reliable metering systems and the adoption of standardized regulatory criteria. Such measures are essential to ensuring efficiency, transparency, and long-term sustainability within the sector. Without these improvements, economic stability may be significantly compromised. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current metering infrastructure in Albania, with the primary objective of identifying challenges related to energy monitoring and data management and proposing feasible solutions. The analysis examines best practices in metering technologies alongside relevant regulatory frameworks to assess their applicability within the Albanian context. Financial support for this research was provided by the Government of Albania. Particular attention is given to community-specific regulations and innovative approaches to electricity and water metering. Data were collected through stakeholder consultations, technical assessments, and reviews of national regulatory policies. The study outlines a strategic plan for the implementation of smart metering applications, emphasizing the use of digital platforms, process optimization, and adaptability to evolving legal frameworks. Anticipated benefits include improved billing accuracy, reductions in technical and non-technical losses, and increased consumer trust. Conducted in collaboration with energy experts, regulators, and policymakers, this research aims to enhance transparency in the energy sector and support Albania’s alignment with European Union energy standards.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Reinforced Concrete slabs designed by Finite Element Methods - A Case study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2025-0031</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The traditional methodology for designing slab systems typically commences with manual calculations of support and span moments based on linear elastic theory. These moments are subsequently redistributed according to the adopted design framework to achieve an optimal balance between structural performance and cost efficiency. The reinforcement areas are then computed for each region of moment distribution, with supplementary reinforcement introduced to control cracking and mitigate punching shear effects.Contemporary computer-aided design approaches, employing finite element (FE) analysis, determine internal forces at the elemental level under the same linear elastic assumptions. The resulting reinforcement requirements are provided for each mesh element. Accurate control of internal force magnitudes, particularly bending moments is essential when employing linear elastic FE analyses. The quality of the FE mesh is a critical factor, requiring attention to parameters such as element shape, aspect ratio, and the relative size of adjacent elements. Mesh-related irregularities may also arise in slabs supported by interior, edge, or corner columns, as well as in areas containing openings. In the case study below, the design sequence of reinforced concrete slabs using the SAP2000 program (FEM analysis) is described to meet the requirements of flexural behavior, punching shear capacity and overall deformation performance according to the Eurocodes.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[From ethnographic narratives to cultural Tourism: Integrating intangible heritage into sustainable development in Northern Albania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/ajbals-2025-0030</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/ajbals-2025-0030</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the conventional clothing/costumes and decorative accessories from Shkodra and the Northern Highlands, as described by William Le Queux in “An Observer in the Near East” (1907), focusing on their cultural symbolism and potential role in the development of cultural tourism. What is observed reveals a dual dimension of clothing: everyday dressing characterized by elaborately embroidered garments, veils, and urban elements that displayed social status, modesty, and craftsmanship; and festive and ritual clothing, in which costumes and ornaments functioned as public displays of wealth, marital status, and collective identity. Women’s clothing featured embroidered fabrics in red and black, complemented by white veils, colorful silk scarves, and heavy belts adorned with silver, iron, or decorative stones.At the same time, men combined local and Ottoman elements such as the silk-ribbon fez, the silk shawl, and weapons, which were used symbolically, in ritual contexts, including during religious ceremonies.The analysis reveals that colors and ornaments carried specific cultural meanings: red symbolized solemnity and strength, while white represented purity and devotion, and metals (gold, silver, and iron) embodied wealth and social prestige. These cultural codes transformed clothing into a visual language that conveyed identity, faith, and community belonging. In festive contexts, especially during the Festival of Our Lady of Shkodra, clothing and ornaments served as performative instruments combining material and intangible heritage.This rich heritage unlocks exciting possibilities for sustainable cultural tourism. By reviving traditional festivals, designing special tours that celebrate traditional costumes and ceremonies, empowering local artisans, and incorporating intangible traditions (such as hospitality and meaningful ornamental symbols) into authentic visitor experiences, Shkodra can showcase its unique cultural character and attract discerning international travelers. The findings reveal that historical clothing and decorative arts represent more than symbols of belonging and social structure, and they are powerful instruments for safeguarding, sharing, and celebrating Albania’s cultural legacy]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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