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            <title><![CDATA[Light as a Factor in Health and Quality of Life – Integration of Natural Light and Human Centric Lighting in Architectural Design of Interiors in Residential Buildings]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2025-vol17-05</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article analyses the role of light in residential interior design from historical, technological, and contemporary perspectives, with particular emphasis on the integration of natural and artificial light within the framework of Human Centric Lighting (HCL). It presents the evolution of approaches to light – from ancient principles of building orientation, through nineteenth-century hygienic reforms and modernist postulates, to contemporary technical regulations and lighting quality standards. The development of artificial lighting is discussed, from incandescent and fluorescent lamps to modern LED systems, highlighting their impact on visual comfort, human psychology, and health. A central focus is given to the HCL concept, which involves adjusting lighting parameters to the circadian rhythm and integrating daylight with artificial light to support users’ health and well-being. Based on this framework, a set of design guidelines for residential environments is formulated, covering urban, architectural, and technological aspects. The article emphasises the importance of dynamic lighting scenarios, personalised solutions, and protection against blue light exposure at night. It argues that the integration of natural light and HCL represents one of the key directions in twenty-first-century residential design, in which light serves not only a functional role but also biological, psychological, and aesthetic purposes.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Buckminster Fuller: Systems Thinking, Nature Geometry and Topology – Insight from History]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2025-vol17-04</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article presents the interdisciplinary achievements of the American architect and visionary Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983). They are considered with new attention from a historical perspective and in light of contemporary scientific research. Fuller’s planet-friendly activity anticipated contemporary ecological concepts, treating Man and Nature as coexisting in unity. He introduced systems thinking and topology to architecture before digital technologies provided design tools for architects. He discovered that the tetrahedron is the basic building block of the simplest forms found in nature. In the 1940s he had already formulated an operational procedure for generating vector geometry and developed a computational apparatus that enabled the construction of spherical rod structures. The Climatron (1959) in the St. Louis Botanical Garden and the US Pavilion at Expo’67 in Montreal are presented, two spectacular structures that were ahead of their time. They are now valued not only for showing a way of controlling the environment through structural covering, but as a way of protecting life on Earth through technology. Concern for the environment and changes in science and culture that are evident at the beginning of the 21st century validate Fuller’s efforts as a scientist, philosopher and architect, especially as the connections between his artifacts and the results of the latest scientific research have become obvious. His concept of eco-efficiency is currently being implemented and is an important alternative in architectural design in the era of global climate change.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Carved Doors in Wooden Architecture of the Late 19th – Mid 20th Centuries. City of Mohileu (Eastern Belarus)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2025-vol17-03</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[On the basis of a large number of collected photo materials on the wooden construction of the Belarusian city of Mohileu in the late 19th – mid-20th centuries, a description and characteristics of the method of carving doors of buildings located in this city is given, and connections with monuments of professional stone architecture of the 18th century are traced.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and Morphogenetic It Tools in Architectural Design]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2025-vol17-01</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article focuses on morphogenetic design using IT tools and their application in architectural design. The generative and creative potential of IT media has opened a new dimension in architectural design, especially in architecture aimed at imitating the works of Nature, its form-forming processes, behaviors, or ecosystems. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, new applications of generative tools for architecture were made available, based on systems and mechanisms occurring in Nature, bringing designers closer to creating architecture consistent with the natural environment, not only in terms of visuality, but also in terms of the functioning of the building based on the model of a living organism. The biomimetic approach to designing architectural objects and their complexes is currently moving to a higher level of material, structural, and performative integration. It presents what morphogenesis is and its role in the creation of a new organism, as well as other emergent phenomena occurring in Nature. The instrumentalization of these processes in the IT space is considered, as well as the application of design tools based on these processes. The tools that imitate form-forming processes occurring in Nature are presented: Cellular Automata, L-systems, evolutionary and genetic algorithms, as well as mathematical object-tools (a specific type of sets) such as: Fractals, Voronoi Diagrams, Shape Grammars, which can describe the geometric results of natural form-forming processes.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Methods of Teaching Technical Aspects and Concept Designing in Architectural Education]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2025-vol17-02</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Teaching architectural design is related to some substantial educational problems in many respects. Among them is the issue of mutual relations between concept design and technical aspects in architecture. The student’s attitude in this regard is strongly differentiated. Some of them deny the significance of technical aspects and focus only on the conceptual vision, while others acknowledge the importance of a technical approach to their projects at an early stage of development. Inconsistent is also the position of the teaching staff in this regard. This is a well-known issue among the educators in the discipline of architecture. Some of them propose and insist on some method of integration between the modules of concept and technical designing, which they consider a better and more efficient way of teaching students. This issue is analysed in the paper, and some proposed methods to resolve this problem are specified. They are confronted with the opinions expressed by undergraduate Ph.D. students, given their differentiated experience concerning the analyzed relations and their effect on the methods of their activities.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Some Notes of Anthropomorphism in Architecture and Arts: From Vitruvius to Neufert. Manipulations of the III Reich]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-07</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the role of the human body image in the architecture and art of Western civilization, reflections on its historical status and the evolution of cognitive functions. The influence of the body and its implications on theories of architecture throughout history are considered, with particular emphasis on the period from Vitruvius to Neufert. By tracing the evolution of the interpretation of the body (from the tangible to the phenomenological sphere), changes in the cognitive dimensions of the human body and their manipulation for the needs of the ideology of the III Reich are presented. Architects, despite these transformations, still maintain an anthropocentric point of view, emphasizing geometric and metric aspects in architectural design. However, in the last few decades, with the development of interactive and responsive environments, a new interest has been taken in the role of the human body in the creation and perception of works of art and architecture. By engaging in interaction with elements of these environments, a person activates computer-controlled electronic systems that respond to the dynamics of their body. Human body anthropometric data and their personalization are used today to navigate in visual space defined by the computer. The creative potential of new media coupled with information technology opens up a new field of research on the role of humans in the design and perception of the built environment.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Barn Complex in Mstów: Cultural Value, Revitalization, and Challenges in Preserving Regional Architecture]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-08</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The barn complex in Mstów, situated in the northern Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, represents a unique element of regional cultural heritage. Built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries using local materials such as limestone and wood, the barns reflect the traditional lifestyle of the local community and their adaptation to the natural and socio-economic conditions of the region. Despite their historical and architectural significance, the barns are in a state of advanced degradation due to neglected conservation efforts and the lack of a comprehensive revitalization plan. This article analyzes the cultural, historical, and architectural value of the Mstów barn complex, emphasizing its potential for preservation and sustainable development. By comparing the site with the successfully revitalized barn complex in Żarki, it highlights strategies for adapting traditional architecture to contemporary needs while respecting its cultural and landscape context. Recommendations include preserving the cultural landscape, maintaining traditional aesthetics, and developing new functions that integrate the barns into modern economic and social frameworks. The findings underline the importance of revitalizing the Mstów barn complex as a model for blending heritage conservation with contemporary needs, enriching both the local community and visitors while safeguarding this unique cultural asset for future generations.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Architectural Interior Design for Durability of Interior Components. Material and Intangible Contexts of Selected Durability-Supportive Design Schemes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-05</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The problem of durability is mostly situated in theoretical and practical dimensions within the discipline of architecture in the context of environmental sustainability. Technical durability covers the subject of forming new buildings through embodied energy in building technologies, building materials, and products. The second identified durability framework, defined as emotional durability, concerns the enhancement of the relationship between consumers and products. The paper discusses the interior architectural design for the durability of interior components. The article identifies the supportive design methods to shape interior components while enhancing their durability placed within the two frameworks mentioned above, and analysed in material and intangible aspects, both reflecting the necessity for inclusion of the postulates of environmental sustainability. The research paper recognizes the interior architectural design for adaptive reuse and responsiveness-oriented scheme of biophilic design as supportive schemes for the interior architectural design given the durability of interior components within the material, as well as intangible aspects. The results of the study reveal that the intangibility-related factors dominate in the analysis of responsiveness and adaptive reuse as design schemes to support the durability of constitutive interior components. In particular, the user’s emotional engagement, gained through the experience of natural building materials or secondary products introduced into the component’s structure, is noticeable in both models. The cultural connotations are among the intangible factors common for the discussed models as well. The quotations from the past engage the users and enclosed within the component’s volume, complement and enrich further satisfactory use of components, thus influencing the longevity of spatial objects featuring the inner spaces.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Urban Wooden Architecture as Cultural Heritage in Contemporary Civil Society]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-06</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[On the basis of a review of old Polish literature, the changes in the valuation of urban and small-town wooden architecture in the Polish cultural environment from around the mid-19th century onward are shown. It is also shown how the Polish experience can be used in the future (including the expected „political future”) to protect the wooden heritage of urban architecture in Belarus and Ukraine.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Homely Memory of a Farmstead: Miodusy-Litwa Village Case]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-04</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Based on interviews conducted in 2021 with Krystyna Kołakowska (a former – i.e. a half-century ago – inhabitant of the village of Miodusy-Litwa in Podlaskie Voivodeship), as well as archival photographs and hand-drawn sketches, her reminiscence of a homestead in this petty gentry village from half a century ago is presented. The interviewee recalled the construction of a rammed earthen house with walls reinforced with juniper brushwood. Memories of folk lore, home décor and other elements of past tradition were also noted. The aim of the article is therefore to preserve personal memories as a scholarly source that contributes to the knowledge of the space of the former village in north-eastern Poland.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Documenting a Century-Old Farmhouse in Filipy, Wyszki Commune, North-Eastern Poland]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-03</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In November 2018, and October 2021, a series of field surveys were conducted in gmina Wyszki (Wyszki commune) in northeastern Poland, some 60 km southwest of the region’s capital city of Białystok, to identify any remnants of vernacular architecture that may have historical or cultural value. In particular, a century-old log house in Filipy was selected for more detailed research. Photographs and inventory drawings were taken to document not only the architectural form and construction of the house, but also its furnishing, equipment and interior adornments. It was the accumulative nature of the house’s interior that proved crucial to its cultural value.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[A Farmhouse in Miedwieżyki]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-02</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The results of a drawing inventory of an old village house (dated 1936–1937) in the village of Miedwieżyki in the municipality of Milejczyce, Siemiatycze County, in the southern part of Podlaskie Province, are presented and discussed. The inventory drawings are comparative material for possible future studies of the evolution of folk culture in the area, especially the evolution of vernacular aesthetics of farmhouses. The collected data confirm the thesis of the “accumulativeness” of the interiors of old rural houses in this part of Podlaskie Voivodeship.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hermeneutics of City]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2024-vol16-01</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article analyzes one of the possible methodologies for the perception of city space. The process is carried out on the basis of the downtown area of Bydgoszcz - an area devoid of these types of studies. In examining the problem, the hypothetical-deductive method was used primarily to justify the claim that hermeneutic thought is appropriate in the process of reading the semiotic message of the city.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Reinterpretation of Traditional Carpentry Joints in Contemporary Wooden Architecture]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-10</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article is devoted to the problem of design and fabrication of joints in contemporary wooden architecture. The CAD/ CAM design methodology results in new production and assembly methods used in the creation of novel structural systems. Connections used in structures are often derived from traditional carpentry connections used in a new way. They are reinterpreted and adapted to their new role in new structural systems.The article presents the results of an analysis of three experimental pavilions conducted in the context of the types of element connections used in their construction. Carpentry joints in traditional architecture were used and fabricated with technologies available at the time and were developed and used in post-beam constructions that utilize large, widely-spaced wood to provide structural support to the building. Timber frame technologies were dependent on mechanical connectors (nails, screws, shear plates, nailed plates). Digital era technologies provide new ways of joining elements according to new structural systems.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of CFD Analytical Tools in Architectural Design in the Context of Wind Loads – Part 1]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-11</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article discusses the impact of air flow on architectural form. Climate change related extreme weather events expected in the near future pose a significant challenge and require the integration of building aerodynamics in the architectural design process. Windage analyses carried out at an early design stage are an essential tool in the process of searching for the architectural form of buildings designed to resist extreme wind events.Due to the breadth of the topic and the limitations of the article’s length, the text has been divided into two parts. The first part of the article presents early concepts of building aerodynamics, historical methods of wind flow analysis based on observations and physical models, as well as the use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analytical tools. The article reviews and compares three wind analysis tools based on the CFD methodology: Autodesk CFD, Autodesk Flow Design and Butterfly (Ladybug plug-in). The results of an original study of the aerodynamics of the building of the high-mountain meteorological observatory on Śnieżka using the Autodesk Flow Design software were also presented as a case study of a facility located in extreme weather conditions and designed with a clear reference to aerodynamics. The second part of the article discusses the methodology of research on the aerodynamics of high-rise buildings and the impact of wind load on the architectural form of buildings. Case studies of two high-rise buildings located in Warsaw, made using the Autodesk Flow Design program, were also presented.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Impact of Climate Change by 2100 on the Microclimate of Public Places]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-08</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Climate change has been mankind’s main concern over the last century, with its many impacts such as rising temperatures, water stress, increase in natural disasters and reduced thermal comfort in urban spaces due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, a phenomenon that causes several deaths around the world every year and for which measures must be taken to mitigate its impact. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of climate change on the urban microclimate and the resulting thermal comfort. The Place de Ettoute in Blida city centre, Algeria, is considered as a case study. This case is considered as a reference on which 3 scenarios, B1, A1B and A2 are applied representing three possible ways of the future of climate change according to the prospective study for 2100 of the IPCC for future periods. Envimet V3.1 is used to model the Ettoute urban square, in a 120x120m square with a 3x3m grid. It is based on a three-dimensional digital model that takes into account fluid dynamics and thermodynamic models to simulate the impact of surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere at the micro-scale of the square. The comparison between the four scenarios shows an increase in temperature (from 0.5 to 1.24°C), particularly at night (8.8 to 10.03°C), which would reduce thermal comfort in Ettoute square, but scenario B1 has less impact on the urban microclimate and scenario A2 represents the worst case. In addition, a reduction in relative humidity (up to −19%) is expected for the scenarios A1B and A2 while a relative increase would be observed for the B1 scenario up to 2%. This study highlights the urgent need for adequate mitigation measures to reduce the impact of UHI for future periods.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Analogue and Computational Form-Finding Techniques in Shell Structures Design]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-09</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article is dedicated to the problem of design of shell structures in terms of architectural form-finding methods from a historical and contemporary perspective. The form-finding theory and techniques formulated by Robert Hooke were put into practice by Antonio Gaudi with his designs of the churches of Colònia Güelland and Sagrada Familia. Moreover thin concrete shell structures were used in the middle of XX century and their structural forms were derived from experiments with physical models. Innovative form-finding techniques were developed by Frei Otto for the design of membrane structures. The article presents some historic, physical models based methods used for experimental determination of form and verification of the structural systems. Nowadays, computational methods are used in static analysis with dynamic environmental load simulation, which allow predicting the behavior of designed forms and structural systems. Architects can use 3D modelling twinned with visual programming to perform conceptual analyses enabling structural optimization of the architectural form. The Exhibition Pavilion of the University of Zielona Góra concept project was presented as an example of the use of computer numerical form-finding tools in supporting architectural design in the analysis of the effectiveness of structural solutions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Application of CFD Analytical Tools in Architectural Design in the Context of Wind Loads – Part 2]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-12</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The second part of the article discusses the assessment of extreme weather conditions on architecture in the era of climate change with the aid of CFD analysis tools. Computer simulations such as CFD have opened up new possibilities for design and research by introducing environments we can manipulate and observe. The article presents two case studies of high-rise buildings: Plac Unii (2013) and Q22 (2017) located in Warsaw, showcasing the increasing role of new technologies, particularly CFD simulation tools, in studying the aerodynamics of urban environments. The paper includes CFD wind studies of the buildings and their urban surroundings performed in Autodesk Flow Design.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Krakow – A City Between Tradition and Modernity]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-13</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The definition of the concept of the city forces us to think not only about the purpose of building and expanding the city, but also about the need to search for new ideas, to think about the benefits they should bring to the quality of the space and the quality of the newly created architecture in it. Not only in the context of climatic threats and challenges to the protection of natural environmental resources, there is a need to translate the quality of space into the needs of the modern and future user of the city, the integration of the new and transformed built environment in accordance with the spirit and identity of the city, with the nature of man and his natural earthly surroundings.The purpose of this work is to demonstrate, based on self-reflection resulting from the analysis of the preliminary phase of the development of the Local Spatial Plan for the New Town in Krakow, the absence in the arrangements proposed in it of comprehensible principles of urban order, creating “fields of gravity” integrating spaces around them, that is, elements crystallizing the layout of the new district of the city creating at the same time threads of connections between tradition, legacy and experience of Krakow’s history.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Długosiodło – A Painted Village]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.24427/aea-2023-vol15-14</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Mural paintings in Długosiodło, a village in Wyszki commune, the Mazovia Province, N-E Poland, have been surveyed, as well as other types of public art in that village. Such semi-vernacular art is a remarkable phenomenon that had arisen from the local culture but is absent in surrounding villages and towns, thus deserving recognition and research from a cultural and sociological viewpoint.]]></description>
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